GENERAL TERMS

DOCUMENT – any material which contain

marks, symbols or signs either visible partially
visible or invisible that may ultimately convey
a meaning or message to someone, pencil or
ink, typewriting or printing on paper are the
most usual forms of documents.
DISPUTED DOCUMENT – a term suggesting
that there is an argument or controversy over
the documents.
 GENERAL TERMS
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – any document
which some issue has been raised or that which is
under scrutiny.

HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – any document

completely written and signed by one person.
 GENERAL TERMS
EXPERT WITNESS- A legal term used to
describe a witness who by reason of his special
training or experience is permitted to express an
opinion regarding the issue, or a certain aspect
of the issue, which involved a court action
DOCUMENT EXAMINER – one who studies
scientifically the details and elements of
documents in order to identify their source or to
discover other facts concerning them.
 GENERAL TERMS
FORENSIC SCIENCE – the field of science that is used
in the judicial process.
CHARACTERISTICS – any property or mark that
distinguishes and in questioned document examination
commonly refers to as identifying details.
CLASS CHARACTERISTICS- They are those which
conformed to the general style acquired when learning
to write and which is fashionable at the particular time
and place. It is the style taught to the child in school or
by the parents. Not all characteristics encountered is
document examination are peculiar to a single or thing
but rather common to a group
 GENERAL TERMS

 INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS – a
characteristics which is highly personal or peculiar
and is unlikely to occur in other instances
 COMPARISON – the act of setting two or more
items side by side to weigh their identifying
qualities
 EXAMINATION – the act of making a close and
critical study of any material and with questioned
documents is the process necessary to discover the
facts about them.
 GENERAL TERMS
GRAPHOLOGY – the act of attempting to interpret
the character or personality of an individual from
his handwriting
PALEOGRAPHY – it is the study of early writings,
old and ancient scripts. It also focuses on writings
done on papyrus, parchment, vellum, etc.
PETROGRAMS – writings and drawings printed
on the surface of the rocks.
AMBIDEXTROUS – ability to write with both left
and right
 GENERAL TERMS
 ICONOGRAPHS- Is the first form of written
communication which started as far as 20,000 ago
by the Neolithic man was graphically represented
by arranged objects and drawings on the walls of
the caves and big stones.
 PICTOGRAPHS- represented by pictures and
became signs
 HIEROGLYPHICS- a kind of picture writing
used by the Egyptians
 GENERAL TERMS

 CUNEIFORM- A system of writing

invented by the Sumerians that used wedge
–shape symbols.
 SCRIBES- are correspondence/ writing for
the public
 GENERAL TERMS
 PETROGLYPHS – writings or images on the
walls of public area. Most often prohibited by law.
 CACOGRAPHY – characterized as bad writing
 CALIGRAPHY – is the art of beautiful writing
 TECHNIQUE – the quality of skill and execution
of some artistic scientific works
 GENERAL TERMS
 OPINION – In legal language, the document examiners
conclusion.
 STANDARD – a condensed and compact set of authentic
specimen which, if adequate and proper should contain a true
cross section of the material from a known source
 COLLECTED STANDARDS – handwritings executed from day
to day in the course of personal, business and social affairs of life
 REQUESTED STANDARDS – handwritings executed upon
request of the investigator for the sole purpose of comparison
 POST LITEM MOTAM STANDARD-writings produced by the
subject after evidential writings have come into dispute and solely
for the purpose of establishing his contentions
 GENERAL TERMS

 HANDWRITING – is the result of a very

complicated series of acts, being as a whole
a combination of certain forms of visible
mental and muscular habits acquired by
long continued painstaking effort
 SIGNATURE – Name of a person written
in a document as a sign of
acknowledgement
 GENERAL TERMS

 EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE- Is not

simply a signature- it is a signature signed
at a particular time and place, under
particular conditions, while the signer was
at particular age, in a particular physical
and mental condition, using particular
implements, and with a particular reason
and purpose for recording his name.
 GENERAL TERMS
 GUIDED SIGNATURE- is executed while the
writer’s hand or arm is steadied in any way.
Under the law of most jurisdiction such as
signature authenticates a legal document provided
it is shown that the writer requested assistance.
 - It is most commonly written during a serious
illness or on death bed.
 HANDWRITING

Kinds of Writing
 1. Cursive – writing in which the letters
are connected for the most part
 2. Script – disconnected and combination
of capital and small letters
 3. Block (printed) – all letters of the
alphabet are capitalized
 HANDWRITING
Style/type of signature
 1.Conventional type – signatures which are readable or
legible
 2. Highly Individualized type – illegible, series of
intertwining strokes, flourishes and ornamentations
Classes of signature
 1. Formal – complete correct signature for an important
documents
 2. Informal (cursory) – signatures for routine and personal
correspondence
 3. Careless Scribble – careless signatures for the mail
carrier, delivery boy or autograph collector
 HANDWRITING
 DISGUISED WRITING – a writer may
deliberately try to alter his usual writing habits in
hope of hiding his identity
 NATURAL WRITING – any specimen of
writing executed normally without an attempt to
control or alter its identifying habits and its usual
quality of execution
 WRONG HANDED WRITING – any writing
executed with the opposite hand from that
normally used
 HANDWRITING
 NATURAL VARIATION – normal or usual
deviation found between repeated specimen of any
individuals handwriting
 MOVEMENT – most important element of
handwriting, it embraces all the factors related to
the motion of the writing instrument- skill, speed,
freedom hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, tremor and
the like
 HESITATION – irregular thickening of strokes
when the writing slow down or stops while the
writer take stock of the position
 HANDWRITING
 HIATUS – special form of pen lift distinguishable
in that a perceptible gap appear in writing
 PATCHING – retouching or going back over a
defective portion of a writing stroke
 PEN EMPHASIS – the act of intermittently
forcing the pen against the paper surface with
increased in pressure
 PEN LIFT – an interruption in a stroke caused by
removing the writing instrument form the paper
 HANDWRITING
 PEN PRESSURE – the average force with which
the pen contacts the paper as estimated from an
examination of writing
 PEN POSITION – the relation between the pen
point and the paper, specifically the angle between
the nibs of pen and the line of writing and between
the pen point and the paper surface are the
elements of pen position
 SPLICING – a term used by document examiners
to denote the slight overlapping of two strokes
after an interruption in the writing
 HANDWRITING
 RETRACING – any stroke that goes back over another
writing stroke
 RHYTHM – the element of the writing movement marked
by a regular or periodic recurrences
 SHADING – a widening of ink stroke due to added
pressure in a flexible pen point or to the use of a fountain
pen
 SLANT – the angle of inclination of the axis of the letters
relative to the baseline
 SKILL – writer’s proficiency in the art of writing
 HANDWRITING
 TREMOR – a writing weakness portrayed by
irregular shaky strokes
 BASELINE – the ruled or imaginary line upon
which the writing rests
 LINE QUALITY – the visible record in the
written stroke of the basic movement and manner
of holding the writing instrument
 ALIGNMENT – the relation of parts of the whole
line of writing or line of individual letters in words
relative to the baseline
 HANDWRITING
 DIACRITIC – an element added to complete a
certain letter such as dot on small I, j and bar on t
and accent mark on foreign language
 RATIO AND PROPORTION – is the relation
between the tall and short letters
 LATERAL SPACING – is the horizontal spacing
between letters or words
 STROKE STRUCTURE – the series of lines and
curves on the individual letters of the alphabet
 HANDWRITING
 ARC OR ARCH – is the bend, crook or curved
on inner side of a loop such letter as b, c, n and p
 ASCENDER – is the top portion of letter or the
upper loop such as b, d, l, f and k
 BEARD a rudimentary curved initial stroke
 BUCKLE KNOT – the horizontal loop that are
often used to complete such letters as A, B, H and
K
 HANDWRITING
 FOOT – the base or bottom of a letter that lies on
the line of writing
 HITCH – the introductory backward stroke added
to the beginning and ending of many capital letters
or small letters
 HOOK – the bend, curve of the inner side of the
bottom loop or curve of a small letter
 HUMP – the rounded outside top of a bend, crook
or curve in small letter
 HANDWRITING
 SPUR – short horizontal beginning stroke
 MAIN STROKE OR SHANK STEM –
downward stroke of any letter
 INITIAL STROKE – refers to the starting stroke
in handwriting
 CONNECTING STROKE – strokes that connect
letters in cursive writing
 TERMINAL STROKE – the last or finishing
stroke in a signature
 TYPEWRITING
 MANUAL TYPEWRITER – a machine whose operation
depends solely upon mechanical action set motion by
striking a letter or character key
 ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER – a typewriter in which
most mechanical pats have been replaced by electronic
controls
 DEFECT – any abnormality or maladjustment in a
typewriter that is reflected in its work and leads to its
individualization or identification
 TRANSITORY DEFECT – an identifying typewriter
characteristic that can be eliminated by cleaning the
machine or replacing the worn out ribbon
 TYPEWRITING

PERMANENT DEFECT – any identifying

characteristics of a typewriter that can not be
corrected by simply cleaning the typeface or
replacing the ribbon
TYPEFACE DEFECT – the printing surface of the
type blocks or type element
VERTICAL MALALIGNMENT – the result of a
character printing above or below its proper
position
 TYPEWRITING

 BASELINE ALIGNMENT – the alignment of the base of

characters horizontally along an imaginary line
 HORIZONTAL MALALIGNMENT – an alignment
defect in which the character prints to the right of left of its
proper position
 CHARACTER – in connection with typewriting
identification refers to letters, symbols, numerals and
points of punctuation
 PLATEN – the cylinder that serves as the backing for the
paper and absorbs the blow from the typeface
 TYPEWRITING
 OFF ITS FEET – the condition of a
typeface printing heavier on one side or
corner than the remainder of its outline
 REBOUND – a defect in which a character
prints a double impression with the lighter
one slightly offset to the right or left
 TWISTED LETTER – letters which lean
to the right or left of their correct slant
 TYPEWRITING
 CARBON IMPRESSION – any typewriting
placed on the paper by the action of the typefaces
striking through carbon paper
 RIBBON IMPRESSION – typewriting made
directly through a cloth ribbon film
 RIBBON CONDITION – cloth or multiple use
typewriter ribbons gradually deteriorate with use,
and the degree of deterioration is a measure of the
ribbon condition
 ALTERATION
 ALTERATION – any change made on a
document after its original preparation
 CHARRED DOCUMENT – a document that has
become blackened and brittle through burning or
through exposure to excessive heat
 DECIPHERMENT – the process of making out
what is illegible or what has been effaced
 EFFACE – to rub out, to strike or scratch out, or
to erase
 ALTERATION
 ERASURE – the removal of writing, typewriting
or printing from a document
 INK ERADICATOR – a chemical solution
capable of bleaching ink
 INSERTION – the addition of writing and other
material within a document such as between line
or paragraphs, or the addition of whole pages to a
document
 INTERLINEATION – the act of inserting
writing or typewriting between lines of writing
 ALTERATION
 OBLITERATION – the blotting out or smearing
over of a writ5ing to make the original invisible or
undecipherable
 SEQUENCE OF STROKES – the order in
which writing strokes are placed on the paper
 WRITING OFF SET – the result of a paper
coming in contact with fresh ink writing
 ALTERATION
 ENGRAVED PRINTING – letterheads and other
matter that are printed from a metal plate
containing an etched design
 LITHOGRAPHS/ OFF SET PRINTING –
printing from a smooth surface plate that has been
treated so that the printing areas are ink repelling
 CHEQUE WRITER – a machine which is
extended to prevent either erasure or alteration of
the entire cheque
 IODINE FUMES – kind of chemical examination
of ink erasure
 INK, WRITING INSTRUMENT,
AND PAPERS
 INK – a colored fluid or viscous marking material used for
writing or printing
 SECRET INK – a material used for writing which is not
visible until treated by some developing process or
substances and also called sympathetic ink
 SYNTHETIC DYE INKS – any ink consisting simply of
a dye dissolved in water together with the necessary
preservatives
 BLUE BLACK INK – the class fluid that writes blue and
darkness with age to a neutral gray or black
 INK,WRITING INSTRUMENT,
AND PAPER
 NON AQUEOUS INK – ink in which the pigment or dye
is carried in any vehicle other than water
 PENCIL – a writing instrument in which the marking
portion consist of a compressed stick of graphite or
colored marking substances usually mixed with dyes and
waxes
 PENCIL GRADE – a qualitative description of the
hardness or softness of a pencil, that is how dark a stroke it
is capable of making
 COLORED PENCIL – a pencil whose marking pigment
is not black
 INK,WRITING INSTRUMENT
AND PAPER
 COPY PENCIL/INDENIBLE PENCIL – a pencil whose
marking substances consist of a mixture of graphite and
aniline dye
 PEN – any writing instruments used to apply inks to the
paper
 PEN NIB – one of two divisions or points that form the
writing portion of a dip pen or fountain pen
 POROUS TIP PEN – a modern writing instrument in
which the marking element or point consist of a porous
material through which the ink can flow
 INK, WRITING INSTRUMENT
AND PAPER
 BALL POINT PEN – a writing instrument
having as its marking tip a small, truly rotating
ball bearing that rolls the ink onto the paper
 HARD POINT PEN – a modern writing
instrument in which the point is a perforated
plastic unit
 FOUNTAIN PEN – a modern nib pen containing
a reservoir of ink in a specially designed chamber
or cartridge
 QUILL PEN – writing instrument made from the
writing feathers of the goose and swan
 INK, WRITING INSTRUMENT
AND PAPER
 PAPER – a material manufactured in thin sheets
from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substance
used for writing or drawing
 PAPYRUS – a writing material prepared in
ancient Egypt from the pithy stems of papyrus
plant
 PARCHMENT – an animal skin (goat or sheep)
prepared as a writing or printing material
 VELLUM – parchment made from young calves
and kids
 INK, WRITING INSTRUMENT
AND PAPER
 WATERMARKS – translucent design impressive
in certain papers during the course of its
manufacture
 PAPER ANALYSIS – the application of
chemicals on the paper to determine its component
whether or not it came from the same source
 SAFETY PAPER – the term is applied to paper
which has been treated in such a way to minimize
the chances of successful forgery by erasure
whether mechanical or chemical being carried out
in any document
 PHOTOGRAPHS AND OTHER
REPRODUCTION
 PHOTO MACROGRAHS – an enlarged
photograph prepared from a camera with
the use of macro lens
 PHOTOGRAPH- a reproduction made
with a camera and light sensitive material
 PHOTOCOPY – a reproduction of a
document made on paper by any office or
commercial system
 PHOTOGRAPS AND OTHER
REPRODUCTION
 PHOTOSTAT – a commercial reproduction in
which a negative copy while writing on a black
background is made directly on photosensitive
paper
 INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY – reactions in
the infrared (invisible) portion of the spectrum
recorded by the illumination of a document with a
source rich in infrared radiation and by using
infrared emulsions and filters
 COUNTERFEITING
 COUNTERFEITING – the illegal reproduction
of paper bills
 WATERMARK – is the silhouette of the portrait
appearing on the face of the note. Sharp details of
the light and shadow effect can be seen when the
note is viewed against the light
 PAPER – the genuine note is printed on a special
kind of paper which is rough when you run your
fingers through it.
 PORTRAIT – recognize the portrait, it appears
life-like and the eyes sparkle
 COUNTERFEITING
 SECURITY FIBERS – embedded red and blue visible fibers which are
scattered at random on both surfaces of a genuine note and can be picked
off by any pointed sharp instrument.

 EMBEDDED SECURITY THREAD – a special thread implanted off-

center in the note. Broken lines for 5’s, 10’s and 20’s and straight lines for
50’s, 100’s, 200’s, 500’s and 1000’s.

 WINDOWED SECURITY THREAD – on the improved version of

100’s,500’s, and 1000’s and new 200 notes – is a narrow security thread
vertically located like “stitches” at the face of the note with a clear text of
the numerical value in repeated sequence and changes in color from
magenta to green or green to magenta depending on the angle of view

 IRIDESCENT BAND – on the improved version of 100’s, 500’s,1000’s

and 200’s – a wide glistening gold vertical stripe with numerical value
printed in series
 COUNTERFEITING
 SERIAL NUMBER – composed of 1 or 2 prefix
letters and 6 or 7 digits. They are uniform in size
and thickness and well-aligned and glow under the
ultra-violet light
 VALUE PANEL – the numbers found at the four
corners of the front and back of the note – denotes
the denomination of the note
 CONCEALED VALUE – located at the lower
left corner of the face of the note and recognize
when the note is held at eye level, on 500’s only
 COUNTERFEITING
 FLOURESCENT PRINTING – is the invisible
numerical value located off center and glows
when exposed to ultra-violet light
 MICRO PRINTING – are minute and finely
printed words “Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas”or
“Central Bank of the Philippines” located at the
face or back of the note that are clearly printed and
readable
 OPTICALLY VARIABLE INK – present in
1000’s,it changes color from green to blue or blue
to green when held at different angles
 COUNTERFEITING

 VIGNETTE – composed of lines and dots

that make it stand out and gives a bold look
 LACEWORK DESIGN – multi colored
prints and made up of fine web-like
crisscrossing lines that are continuous and
traceable even at the intersection
 COUNTERFEITING
(The New Generation Currency
Upgraded Security Features)

 CONCEALED VALUE- Denominational

value superimposed on the smaller version
portrait at the upper left side of the note
appearing in 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and
1000 peso bill, which becomes visible when
the note is viewed is rotated in 45 degrees
and tilted down,
 EMBOSSED PRINT- Raised prints that
feel rough to touch, (i.e. the words
“REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS and the
filipino word of “20, 50, 100, 200, 500 and
1000, portrait, signature and value
panels) of the note.
 COUNTERFEITING
(The New Generation Currency
Upgraded Security Features)

 SEE- TROUGH MARK- is a word

“PILIPINO” written in Baybayin (Pre-
Spanish Philippine alphabet) and can be
seen in complete form when the note is
viewed against the light
 COUNTERFEITING
(The New Generation Currency
Upgraded Security Features)
 OPTICALLY VARIABLE DEVICE
(OVD)
- Is a reflective foil that bears the image of the
“Blue naped- Parot and a small BSP” in
500 peso bill and “South sea pearl inside
an oyster” in 1,000 peso bill
 COUNTERFEITING
(The New Generation Currency
Upgraded Security Features)
 SECURITY THREAD- Stitch like metallic
thread running vertically across the note which
changes color from red to green when viewed with
different angles. This thread bears the alpha
numeric “BSP 100” clear text in front of 100
peso bill, “BSP 200” in front of 200 peso bill,
“BSP 500” in front of 500 peso bill, “BSP 1000”
in 1000 peso bill and the BSP imprint found at
the back of the note in repeated series.
 COUNTERFEITING
(The New Generation Currency
Upgraded Security Features)
 SERIAL NUMBER- is an alpha numeric
composed of 1 or 2 prefix letters and 6 to 7
asymetric (increasing in size) digits located
at the lower left and upper right corner of
the face of the note
 PERTINENT LAWS AND REGULATINS
TO PROTECTS AND MAINTAIN THE
INTEGRITY OF THE CURRENCY
1. Art. 163, Revised Penal Code (RPC) – making and
importing and uttering (issuing or circulating) false
coins.
2. Art. 166. Revised Penal Code (RPC) – forging
treasury or bank note on other documents payable to
bearer, importing and uttering such false or forged
notes and document.
3. Art. 168, Revised Penal code (RPC) – illegal
possession and use of false treasury or bank notes and
other instruments of credit
 PERTINENT LAWS AND REGULATINS
TO PROTECTS AND MAINTAIN THE
INTEGRITY OF THE CURRENCY

4. Art 176, RPC – Manufacturing and possession of

instrument or implements for falsification.
5. PD 247 – Defacement, mutilation, tearing, burning or
destruction of central bank notes and coins (BSP)
6. Chapter 11, Circular 61, Series of 1995 – Production
and or use of facsimile of legal tender Philippines
Currency Notes.
7. Chapter 111, Circular 61, Series of 1995 –
Reproduction and or use of facsimiles of legal tender
Philippines currency coins.
 COUNTERFEITING
(The New Generation Currency
Upgraded Security Features)
 WATERMARK- a shadow image of the
portrait and the numerical value appearing
in the blank space when the note is viewed
against the light.
 FORGERY
 FORGERY – involves not only a non-genuine
document but an intent on the part of its maker to
defraud
 SIMPLE OR SPURIOUS FORGERY – forged
signature without the attempt to copy a genuine
model
 SIMULATED FORGERY – forged signature
with attempt to copy a model, a free hand
imitation
 FORGERY

 TRACED FORGERY – actually following

the outline of a genuine signature. This are
generally created by three (3) methods:
1. By carbon method
2. By indentation process
3. By direct lighting method
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
QUESTIONNAIRE
 QUESTION
1. Is concerned with the examination of forged,
altered, or suspected papers to see if they are
genuine, or if they have been changed in any
way…

a. Falsification of Document
b. Forgery
c. Questioned Document Examination
d. Estafa
 QUESTION
2. May be committed in two ways: a) by giving to a
treasury or bank notes or any instrument payable to
bearer or two order, and the appearance of a genuine
document; and b) by erasing, substituting, counterfeiting,
or altering by any means, the figures, letters, words, or
signs contained therein.

a. Falsification of Document
b. Forgery
c. Questioned Document Examination
d. Estafa
 QUESTION
3. May be committed by the following means: a)
counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature, or
rubric; b) causing it to appear that persons have
participated in any act or proceeding that they in fact did
not so participate in; c) etc… nevertheless it applies to
documents whether private, public, official or
commercial documents.

A. Falsification of Document
B. Forgery
C. Questioned document Examination
D. Estafa
 QUESTION

4. In addition to its use in developing secret

writing, iodine fumes can be used to…

A. determine if erasures have been made on a

document
B. determine the kind of papers used in writing
C. determine the kind of ink used in writing
D. determine the personal character of the author
 QUESTION

5. Of the following, the most reliable single criterion

in judging the authenticity of paper money is the

A. arrangement of blue and red threads in the paper

B. wet strength of paper
C. quality of the engraving
D. color of the seal
 QUESTION

6. In connection with the analysis of questioned

documents, which of the following is least likely
to be successful?

A. establishment of the age of ink

B. determination of make and age of typewriter
C. restitution of erased or eradicated writing
D. identifying the peculiarity of the individual
 QUESTION
7. What system of handwriting classification based
on the following factors; forms, skill
combination, shading movement, slant,
terminals and embellishment; has proved useful
to police departments of large cities…

A. Sir Edward Richard Henry

B. Lee and Abbey
C. Rolando Wilson
D. Landsteiner and Levine
 QUESTION
8. Handwriting samples of the same writer may vary
somewhat according to the conditions under
which the writing was done. In which of the
following classes of writers are such variations
in genuine writing likely to occur?

A. Men writers
B. Women writers
C. Practiced writers
D. Semi-illiterate writers
 QUESTION
9. In which of the following respects is forged
handwriting most likely to differ from the
genuine writing which the forgery attempts to
imitate?

A. Over all flow or running quality

B. Average height and breadth of letters
C. Starting finishing tails or extraneous flourishes
D. Width of pen or pencil lines
 QUESTION
10. A condition of coin when it is made of metal,
whether of inferior or superior intrinsic value to
that of the genuine coin, and is given the
appearance of one of legal tender …

A. Mutilated coin
B. Priceless coin
C. Counterfeit coin
D. all of the above
 QUESTION
11. It is the act of diminishing, by ingenious means,
the metal in the coin; to take advantage if the
metal abstracted; one appropriates a part of the
metal coin, hence the coin diminishes in intrinsic
value…

A. Mutilated coin
B. Priceless coin
C. Counterfeit coin
D. none of the above
 QUESTION
12. In order to sustain a charge for an offense under
Article 168 of the Revised Penal Code, the
possession of the false treasury and bank notes
must be coupled with…

A. the intention to keep it at home

B. intent to surrender it to the authorities
C. the intention to use it
D. all of the above
 QUESTION
13. Is any written statement by which a right is
established or an obligation extinguished; it
is a deed, instrument or other duly authorized
paper by which something is proved,
evidenced or set forth…

A. Document
B. Rubric
C. Tablet
D. Contract
 QUESTION
14. A classification of falsification, that for the act to
be punished, it must be shown that some
prejudice or damage to a third party must have
been caused or intended to be caused…

A. falsification of a private document

B. falsification of a public document
C. falsification of an official document
D. falsification of a commercial document
 QUESTION
15. A classification of falsification in which
damage is immaterial, for what is important
is the violation of the public faith, and the
destruction of the truth, and the change must
affect the integrity of the document…

A. falsification of a private document

B. falsification of a public document
C. falsification of an official document
D. falsification of a commercial document
 QUESTION
16. A kind of document which is executed by a
private person without the intervention of a
notary public, or of a competent public
official, by which some disposition or
agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth…

A. Private document
B. Public document
C. Official document
D. Commercial document
 QUESTION

17. A kind of document in which a public

official participated…

A. Private document
B. Public document
C. Official document
D. Commercial document
 QUESTION

18. A kind of document which is executed by a

person in authority or by private parties and
notarized by a competent public official…

A. Private document
B. Public document
C. Official document
D. Commercial document
 QUESTION

19. A kind of document which is recognized

by the Code of Commerce and other
Mercantile laws…

A. Private document
B. Public document
C. Official document
D. Commercial document
 QUESTION
20. Is an exemplar which has been obtained from an official
record, personal letter, or any other document that is
known to have been written by the suspect, when the
suspect refuses to write an exemplar, when the suspect is
not available, or when the investigation is conducted
without the knowledge of the suspect.

A. Collected standard document

B. Simulated Document
C. Questioned Document
D. all of the above
 QUESTION

21. It is an instrument that can be legally used in

comparison with a questioned document; its
origin is known and can be proven.

A. Standard document
B. Simulated Document
C. Questioned Document
D. all of the above
 QUESTION
22. This group includes all papers on which it is
alleged that some changes have been made
fraudulently by erasure, addition, or substitution,
etc.

A. Handwriting specimen
B. Document on which the signature is questioned
C. Countersigned
D. Document containing alleged fraudulent
alteration
 QUESTION
23. This group of documents includes those papers
which the entire writing is in question as
spurious, forged, or counterfeit in its entirety fall
into.

A. Wills and Testament

B. Stroke of handwriting
C. Holographic documents
D. None of the above
 QUESTION

24. Fraudulent Tampering with a document

often involves two kinds of erasures,
namely:

A. Mechanical and Chemical

B. Electronic and Chemical
C. Electronic and Mechanical
D. all of the above
 QUESTION

25. A kind of erasure made through the use of a

rubber eraser, sharp knife, razor blade, or
picking instrument.

A. Chemical erasure
B. Electronic erasure
C. Mechanical erasure
D. all of the above
 QUESTION

26. A kind of erasure made by using an ink

eradicator or a blending agent

A. Chemical erasure
B. Electronic erasure
C. Mechanical erasure
D. all of the above
 QUESTION

27. May be accomplished by the insertion of a

word, phrase, of sentence between two lines of
original writing.

A. Forgery
B. Substitution
C. Intercalation
D. Insertion
 QUESTION

28. Standards needed in the examination of

receipt of signature

A. Requested signatures
B. Disguised signatures
C. Other receipt signatures
D. Intoxicated signatures
 QUESTION

29. Kinds of signatures where the examination is

hampered by lack of truly adequate and proper
standards.

A. Intoxicated Signatures
B. Disguised signature
C. Requested Signatures
D. Old-age Signature
 QUESTION
30. Writing characterized by a lack of freedom of
movement, which gives the impression that
every stroke was made with great difficulty.

A. Restrained Training
B. Free-writing Movement
C. Loose Writing
D. Regulated Writing
 QUESTION

31. Writing characterized by too much freedom of

movement and lack of regulation which are
usually tall letters

A. Loose Writing
B. Genuine Writing
C. Restrained Writing
D. Regulated Writing
 QUESTION

32. Primary determinant of writing speed

A. Writing movement
B. Natural writing
C. Rhythm
D. Strokes
 QUESTION

33. Great difference in emphasis in upstrokes

and down strokes

A. indicates speed writing

B. indicates good coordination
C. indicates slow writing
D. indicates variations
 QUESTION

34. No difference in upstrokes and down

strokes

A. indicates speed writing

B. indicates good coordination
C. indicates slow writing
D. indicates variations
 QUESTION

35. Marked uncertainty as to location of the dots

of small letters I, J, and crosses of small letter
Ts.

A. indicates speed writing

B. indicates good coordination
C. indicates slow writing
D. indicates variations
 QUESTION

36. If such a document is intended to be part of the

public record when falsified prior thereto, the
act committed is

A. Falsification of Public Documents

B. Falsification of Private Documents
C. No crime committed
D. May be falsification
 QUESTION

40. In legal language, which of the following

refers to the document examiner’s deduction?

A. Conclusion
B. Judgment
C. Evaluation
D. Opinion
 QUESTION
41. Based on Supreme Court Rulings, which of the
following constitute a document?

A. Pamphlets or books, which do not evidence any

disposition or agreement
B. An outline of municipal payroll
C. Approximately filled out forms of official
documents
D. None of the above
 QUESTION

42. The fully rounded oval or circular form on a

letter complete into “o” is referred to as…

A. Oval
B. Arch
C. Bowl
D. Arc
 QUESTION

43. The lower part of letters such as “m”, “n”, and

“h”, which rest on the base line is known as

A. Ending
B. Hiatus
C. Ball Gap
D. Foot
 QUESTION

44. The gap in continuous stroke, which may be

regarded as a special form of pen lift is
referred to as

A. Pen Lift
B. Hiatus
C. Ball Gap
D. Pen Stop
 QUESTION
45. Which of the following refer to the minute
curve or ankle which often occurs at the end of
the terminal strokes and sometimes occurs at
the beginning of an initial stroke?

A. Beaded
B. Spur
C. Beard
D. Hook
 QUESTION

46. The rounded outside of the top of the curve or

stroke in the small letters “n” and “m” is called
the

A. Shoulder
B. Arch
C. Hump
D. Arc
 QUESTION

47. The widening of the ink stroked is caused

by

A. added pen pressure

B. hesitation
C. stopping of the pen
D. using a fountain pen
 QUESTION

48. Which of the following is most appropriate

to describe disguised writing?

A. alteration indicates forgery

B. change of slant, size, style are perceptible
C. slope
D. deviations are made for identity concealment
 QUESTION

47.The relationship between the heights of the

small letters to the tall letters is

A. Slant
B. Position
C. Ratio
D. Slope
 QUESTION

50. A document is questioned primarily due to the

following reasons except

A. the circumstances regarding its reproduction

arouses suspicion
B. it raises skepticism
C. it is objectionable to someone
D. it is irrefutable
 QUESTION
51. It is any property or mark which is
distinguishable and in document examination
is commonly called as the identifying details…

A. Writing habits
B. Individual Characteristics
C. Characteristics
D. Identifying Details
 QUESTION

52. It is the act of intermittently forcing the

pen against the paper surface.

A. Pen pressure
B. Pen Lift
C. Pen emphasis
D. Pen Stop
 QUESTION

53. It is the act of making a class and critical study

of any material and it is necessary to discover
the facts about that material.

A. Observation
B. Evaluation
C. Examination
D. Investigation
 QUESTION
54. It is the condensed and compact set of authentic
specimen which if adequate and proper should
contain a cross section of the material from its
source.

A. standards requested by the investigator

B. collected standard
C. examples produced by the suspect
D. standard documents
 QUESTION

55. It is any material on which some issue has

been raised, or is under scrutiny.

A. Document
B. Questioned Document
C. Disputed Document
D. Doubtful Document
 QUESTION

56. It is any repeated element or detail which

may serve to individualize writing.

A. Characteristic
B. Recurring Stroke
C. Writing Habit
D. all of the above
 QUESTION
57. Which of the following refer to the irregular
thickening of ink which is found when writing
slows down or stops while the writer takes
stock of the position?

A. Shading
B. Pressure
C. Knob
D. Hesitation
 QUESTION
58. Which of the following refer to the study of
handwriting based on the two fundamental
strokes, the curve and the straight strokes?

A. Graphometry
B. Graphology
C. Bibliotics
D. Graphoanalysis
 QUESTION
59. Which of the following best describe the importance of
contemporaneous writings?
A. Characteristics and qualities of handwriting gradually
change over time
B. Disputes and clarify the occurrence of writing deviation
C. Aids in tracing development of any writing variation.
D. For supplementary examination
E. A& C
F. All of the above
 QUESTION
60. Taking handwriting samples in court includes the
following except:

A. ask the person to sit as comfortably as possible

B. if he has his own pen, he may use it
C. give him enough space to sit and to rest
D. explain the situation and reassure him that it is
natural for anyone to be nervous in such a situation
 QUESTION

61. Disguised writing can be detected because

A. It shows prominent deviations

B. Nervousness of the forger is manifested
C. The common characteristic of the author is
conspicuous
D. Only the appearance of the writing is changed
 QUESTION

62. It refers to the printing surface of a type

block

A. Character
B. Pitch
C. Design
D. Type face
 QUESTION

63. It represents the backbone or main stroke

of the letters.

A. Slant
B. Staff
C. Diacritics
D. Foot
 QUESTION

64. It is the process of making out what is

illegible or what has been effaced.

A. Decipherment
B. Obliteration
C. Collation
D. Comparison
 QUESTION

65. An examination of documents wherein it is

viewed the source of light behind it, letting
light pass through the paper.

A. Transmitted Light Examination

B. Infrared Light Examination
C. Oblique Light Examination
D. Ultraviolet Examination
 QUESTION

66. It is the art of attempting to interpret the

personality of a person from one’s
handwriting.

A. Questioned Document Examination

B. Psychology
C. Polygraphy
D. Graphology
 QUESTION

67. Signatures used to acknowledge delivery,

purchase of goods and mail.

A. Complete
B. Cursory or customary
C. Formal
D. Careless scribble
 QUESTION

68. It refers to the smearing over a writing to

make the original undecipherable.

A. Decipherment
B. Interlineation
C. Restoration
D. Obliteration
 QUESTION

69. A signature written by a forger in his own style

of handwriting without attempting to copy the
form of the genuine signature.

A. simple forgery
B. traced forgery
C. simulated forgery
D. cut-and-paste forgery
 QUESTION

70. A forehand imitation and regarded as the

most skillful type of forgery

A. Spurious forgery
B. Traced forgery
C. Simulated forgery
D. Simple forgery
 QUESTION

71. It refers to the proportion of strokes to each

other in width as affected by shading.

A. Pen pressure
B. Pen lift
C. Pen emphasis
D. Alignment
 QUESTION

72. It is a document completely written, prepared

and signed by the person living without
assistance of any witness, not even a lawyer.

A. Questioned document
B. Disputed document
C. Holographic document
D. Official document
 QUESTION
73. It is the result of a very complicated series of acts
being as a whole, a combination of a certain form of
visible, mental, and muscular habits acquired by
long continued painstaking effort.

A. Movement
B. Handwriting
C. Motor Coordination
D. Movement impulse
 QUESTION

74. It is the delicate way in which various muscles

used in writing work together to produce
written forms.

A. Movement
B. Handwriting
C. Motor coordination
D. Movement impulse
 QUESTION
75. It is an element of handwriting embracing
skills, space, freedom, hesitation, rhythm,
emphasis, tremor, etc., and is also considered
the most important element of handwriting.

A. Spacing
B. Line Quality
C. Movement
D. System
 QUESTION

76. It is the rounded outer side of the top of

the bend or curve on strokes in letters.

A. Hump
B. Arc
C. Arch
D. Hiatus
 QUESTION

77. It refers to the added element used to complete

certain letters, and can either be a crossbar of a
dot.

A. Ligature
B. Blunt
C. Diacritic
D. Hump
 QUESTION

78. It is the ruled imaginary line where the

letters rest.
A. Top line
B. Middle line
C. Baseline
D. Line Quality
 QUESTION

79. This provides a 3-dimensional enlargement

which is important when searching for
identifying handwriting characteristics.
A. Stereoscopic microscope
B. Infrared microscope
C. Comparison microscope
D. Compound microscope
 QUESTION
80. This category of forgery is basically a drawing
and consequently lacks free natural movement
inherent in a person’s normal writing.

A. Simple
B. Simulated
C. Spurious
D. Traced
 QUESTION

81. It is defined as the art of beautiful

handwriting.

A. Calligraphy
B. Stylish writing
C. Cacography
D. Artistic writing
 QUESTION

82. It is the retouching of the writing stroke as

an attempt to improve an imitation.

A. Patching
B. Retracing
C. Shading
D. Make-up
 QUESTION

83. It is a group of muscles that push the pen

up to form the upward strokes.

A. Extensors
B. Flexors
C. Intensors
D. Reflexors
 QUESTION
84. This group of habits is part of a basic writing system,
or which are modifications of the system of writing
found among a very large group of writers, that they
have only slight identification value.

A. Individual characteristics
B. Personal characteristics
C. Class characteristics
D. Unknown characteristics
 QUESTION
85. This type of microscope brings two separated
images into the same field of view in the
eyepiece so that the magnified images
apparently lie side by side.

A. Comparison microscope
B. Stereoscopic microscope
C. Infrared image converter
D. Electron microscope
 QUESTION

86. This type of microscope provides instant

comparison of ink and has a valuable total
magnification for the detection of alteration

A. Comparison microscope
B. Stereoscopic microscope
C. Infrared image converter
D. Electron microscope
 QUESTION

87. It is the act of removing certain parts to

change the meaning of the document.

A. Intercalation
B. Obliteration
C. Erasure
D. Substitution
 QUESTION

88. It is the relation of the successive characters of

a word signature or line of writing to an actual
or imaginary baseline.

A. Rhythm
B. Alignment
C. Line Quality
D. Proportion of letters
 QUESTION
89. This movement is produced in most part by
action of the hand as a whole with the wrists as
center of action, but with some involvement of
the fingers.

A. Finger movement
B. Hand movement
C. Forearm movement
D. Whole Arm movement
 QUESTION

90. It refers to the more obvious increase in

the width of the strokes.

A. Shading
B. Pen emphasis
C. Pen pressure
D. Rhythm
 QUESTION

91. It is the general term for all authenticated

writing of the suspect.

A. Writing habit
B. Standards
C. Characteristics
D. Exemplars
 QUESTION

92. It is the harmonious recurrence of stroke or

impulse and is a quality of movement that
produces a natural result.

A. Alignment
B. Shading
C. Quality
D. Rhythm
 QUESTION

93. It refers to a specimen of a person’s

handwriting executed in the normal course of
business, personal, or social activity.

A. Physical evidence
B. Collected Standard
C. Dictated Standard
D. Formal Standard
 QUESTION

94. An alignment defect of typewriters which

occur when a character print above or below
its proper position.

A. Rebound
B. Horizontal
C. Twisted
D. Vertical
 QUESTION
95. The properties or marks of the handwritings of
an individual which are highly peculiar or
personal and is unlikely to occur in other
instances.

A. Collected standard
B. Individual characteristics
C. Class characteristics
D. Personal characteristics
 QUESTION

96. Children or illiterate forgers usually

employ this group of movement.

A. Hand movement
B. Forearm movement
C. Finger movement
D. Whole arm movement
 QUESTION
97. It is the minute voluntary talon-like formation
often found at the commencement of an initial
upstroke or the end of a terminal stroke.

A. Hook
B. Blunt
C. Hump
D. Beard
 QUESTION

98. It is the beginning and ending stroke of both

small and capital letters in which the pen
touches the paper without hesitation.

A. Beard
B. Buckle Knot
C. Blunt
D. Hook
 QUESTION

99. It is a cursory signature for routine

document and personal correspondence.

A. Formal
B. Informal
C. Careless
D. Complete
 QUESTION

100. It is the result of an attempt to transfer to a

document an exact facsimile of a genuine
writing.

A. simple forgery
B. spurious forgery
C. simulated forgery
D. traced forgery
 QUESTION
101. In this category of forgery, the forger simply
writes the name in question with no immaterial
attention disturbing his usual writing process.

A. simple forgery
B. traced forgery
C. simulated forgery
D. cut-and-paste forgery
 QUESTION
102. Refer to the correspondence between
result obtained and the truth.
a. accuracy
b. precision
c. scientific examination
d. accidental
 QUESTION
103. A writing portrayed by irregular shaky
strokes or one which deviate from a uniform
stroke.
a. rhythm
b. tremor
c. variation
d. hiatus
 QUESTION
104. The condition of a typeface printing heavier
on one side or corner than the remainder of its
outline.
a. off-its-feet
b. rebound
c. twisted letter
d. clooged
 QUESTION
105.The father of Questioned Document

a. Albert S. Osborn
b. Col Calvin Godard
c. William Burt
d. John Van Dyke
 QUESTION

106. No two specimen writing prepared by any

one are identical in every detail since this is an
integral part of natural writing.
a. rhythm
b. alignment
c. variation
d. normal
 QUESTION
107. The red and blue security fibers scattered at
random on both surface and can be picked off
by a pointed instrument.

a. security thread
b. security fiber
c. watermark
d. seal
 QUESTION
108. It is produced when the writer concentrate
on what he is writing rather than on how the
pen is being moved.

a. good line quality

b. poor line quality
c. line quality
d. quality of line
 QUESTION
109.The capability to write or its refers to
writer’s proficiency.

a. characteristics
b. skill
c. natural writing
d. normal
 QUESTION
110. If the tall letters have loops twice longer
than the height of the short letter, the ratio is
said to be:
a. normal
b. low
c. high
d. level
 QUESTION

111. It is composed of lines and dots that make it

stand out and gives a bold look.

a. watermark
b. portrait
c. vignette
d. security thread
 QUESTION

112. Changes made on a document after its

original preparation.

a. erasures
b. alteration
c. abrasion
d. obliteration
 QUESTION
113. Sharp details of the outline of the light and
shadow effect and discernible when viewed
with the aid of a transmitted light.

a. portrait
b. vignette
c. watermark
d. serial number
 QUESTION

114. The process of making out what is illegible

or what has been effaced.
a. alteration
b. decipherment
c. erasure
d. restoration
 QUESTION
115. It details indention or indented writings and
it records transparencies of any indention.
a. Video Spectral Comparator
b. Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
c. Stereoscopic microscope
d. compound microscope
 QUESTION

116. They have peculiar style and are uniform in

size, thickness and alignment is even.
a. vignette
b. serial number
c. paper
d. portrait
 QUESTION

117. It shows an even flow of metallic grain.

a. genuine coin c. fake coin
b. precious coin d. false coin
 QUESTION
118. It measures the thickness of paper.
a. type angle measurement
b. typewriting measuring plate
c. paper thickness gauge
d. paper prints
 QUESTION

119. Any matter made a part of the document

after its original preparation.
a. addition
b. subtraction
c. obliteration
d. interlination
 QUESTION
120. A glistening gold colored vertical 10 mm
wide with figure 500 repeatedly printed
throughout the length of the band located 33
mm from left side of the note.
a. security thread
b. iridescent band
c. security fibers
d. lace work design
 QUESTION
121. Multi-colored prints and made up of fine
web-like crisscrossing lines that are
continuous and traceable even at the
intersection.
a. micro printing
b. watermark
c. lace work design
d. portrait
 QUESTION
122. The angle of inclination of the axis of letters
relative to the baseline.
a. size c. hiatus
b. slant d. script

123. Where is the watermark located in a note?

a. left of portrait
b. right of portrait
c. center of portrait
d. below of portrait
 QUESTION

124. A number of the consistency of results

obtained in repeated study or
experimentation.
a. accuracy
b. opinion
c. precision
d. judgment
 QUESTION

125. A combination of rather limited letters and

design which due to frequent use become
almost automatic with many writers.
a. writing
b. signature
c. rhythm
d. alignment
 QUESTION

126. The name of a person written by his own

hand as a sign of acknowledgement.
a. signature
b. forger
c. writer
d. pen name
 QUESTION

127. A security feature which can be only

found in the New Design Series 1000 peso
note?
a. security thread
b. fluorescent printing
c. optically variable ink
d. iridescent band
 QUESTION

128. It is the horizontal spacing between strokes.

a. alignment c. baseline
b. hiatus d. lateral spacing
129. What is the highest denomination in the
legal tender notes in circulation?
a. 500 c. 1000
b. 200 d. 100
 QUESTION
130. Which denomination bears a concealed
value in a New Design Series Peso Bill?
a. 500 c. 20
b. 200 d. 100

131. All letters of the alphabet are capitalized.

a. script c. cursive
b. block d. size
 QUESTION

132. Handwritings prepared upon request of

the investigator for the sole purpose of
comparison.
a. requested standard
b. collected standard
c. best standard
d. sole standard
 QUESTION

133. The photography used in questioned

documents examination.
a. ultra-violet photography
b. photomicrography
c. photomacrography
d. infra-red photography
 QUESTION
134. One of which is not a typeface defect:
a. actual breakage c. clogged type
b. characters d. dirty type
135. One of the following is not kind of
genuine tremor:
a. tremor of age c. tremor of fraud
b. tremor of weakness d. tremor of
illness
 QUESTION

136. A questioned document expert should give

a hasty conclusion and should always give a
hasty and offhand opinion. This statement is:
a. Absolutely true
b. Absolutely false
c. useful in some cases
d. Standaard FBI procedure
 QUESTION

137. A legal term which includes not only a

non-genuine document also an intent on the
part of its maker to defraud.
a. Estafa
b. Forgery
c. Falsification
d. Malversation
 QUESTION

138. The following are basic points in

procuring collected standard except:
a. Amount of writing standard
b. similarity of subject matter
c. The material should be dictated
d. Relative dates
 QUESTION

139.One of the following is not a primary sign

of forgery.
a. Slow broken stroke
b. Wavering lines
c. Carelessness
d. unnecessary retouching
 QUESTION
140. In order to reach the conclusion that two
writings were written by the same writer there
must be a sufficient number of similarities and
there must not be present:
a. error in grammar
b. tremor of old age
c. significant and unexplained divergences
d. differences in slant of letters
 QUESTION
141. A person who by reason of his technical skill
or experience is permitted to give or express his
opinion regarding an issue or a certain aspects
of the issue that is involved in a law suit.
a. Document Examiner
b. Expert Witness
c. Forensic Scientist
d. Handwriting identification writer
 QUESTION
142. Changes or deterioration in an individuals
handwriting which remains while the cause
of such deterioration is still affecting the
writer and reverts to the normal condition
upon its termination.

a. Transitory change c. Permanent change

b. Temporary defect d. Tremor
 QUESTION

143. The main purpose of photographing a

questioned document is…..

a. enlargement c. reproduction
b. record d. decipherment
 QUESTION

144. In utilizing a stereographic photograph ,

what particular condition is manifested?

a. grainy image c. overlapping image

b. two image d. three dimensional
 QUESTION

145. Questioned document verifiers/

examiners by nature shall maintain
vigilance on the grounds that all the time
they are facing the following enemies.

a. outsiders c. Depositors
b. insiders d. all of the above
 QUESTION

146. A repeated element or detail which may

serve to individualize writing is referred to
as:

a. writing habit c. natural variation

b. characteristics d. none of the above
 QUESTION
147. It applies to any characteristics of hand writing
of hand writing sufficiency unique and well-fixed
to serve as fundamental point in the identification
is referred to as:

a. class characteristics c. natural variation

b. significant writing habits d. none of the
above
 QUESTION

148. A magnified photograph of a small object

obtained without the use of a microscope but
by means of a short focus lens and yellow
extension.
a. photo macrograph c. photograph
b. micro-photograph d. photomicrograph
 QUESTION

149. A microspically small photograph.

a. Photomicrograph c. Stereoscopic photomicrograph

b. micro-photograph d. photo macrograph
 QUESTION

150. Writing of a person who deliberately try

to alter his usual writing habits in the hope
of hiding his identity.

a. disguise writing c. forgery

b. Natural writing d. consive writing
 QUESTION

151. Documents the origin of which are

known & can be legally used as examples
to compare with other matter in question.

a. holograph document c. legal document

b. standard document d. all of the above
 QUESTION

 152. Which denomination has a composite

portrait of three Filipino heroes during the
Japanese War?
a. 10-piso
b. 1000-piso
c. 50-piso
 QUESTION

 153. Under what law, prohibits and penalizes

defacement, mutilation, tearing, burning or
destruction of central bank notes and coins.

a. PD No. 247
b. PD No. 248
c. PD No. 249
d. PD No. 246
 QUESTION

 154. A person possesses and use of false

treasury or bank notes and other instruments of
credit is penalized under what particular law?
a. Article 167 of RP
a. Article 168 of RPC
b. Article 169 of RPC
e. Article 170 of RPC
 QUESTION
 155. The examination of signatures is considered a specialized branch
of handwriting, for the following reasons, except?
a. A signature is most practices by many people therefore most fluently
written
b. A signature is a means to identify a persons and have a great personal
significance
c. A signature is a word written without conciuos thought about the
mechanics of its production and is written automatically
d. A signature is the only word the illiterate can write with confidence
e. A signature is written with more attention to spelling and some other
details
 QUESTION
 156. The factors to be considered in the
selection of standards are the following, except?
a. Similarity of subject matter
b. The amount of the standard
c. Writing material used
d. Relative dates of the standard
e. Different authors in the preparation of standard
document.
 QUESTION
 157.He quote that handwriting is an acquired skill
and clearly one that is complex perceptual motor
task, sometimes referred to as the neuro- muscular
task, that our hand contains 27 bones controlled by
more than 40 muscles.
a. Albert S. Osborn
b. Ordway Hilton
c. Roy A. Huber
d. Alfred Dreyfus
 QUESTION
 158. He was a US Navy Officer and the first Questioned
Document Examiner in New Crime Laboratory of the Chicago
Department. He authored one of the best text in the field
which is the “Scientific Examination of Questioned
Document” and “Detecting and Deciphering Erased Writing”.

a. Albert S. Osborn
b. Ordway Hilton
c. Roy A. Huber
d. Alfred Dreyfus
 QUESTION
 159. He is considered the father of the science of
questioned document examination in North America and
also known for founding the American Society of
Questioned Document Examiners  (ASQDE) on
September 2, 1942.

a. Albert Sherman Osborn

b. Ordway Hilton
c. Roy A. Huber
d. Alfred Dreyfus
 QUESTION

 160. The order in which writing strokes are

placed on the paper.

a. Sequence of strokes
b. Sequence of intersection
c. Sequence of writing
d. Sequence of entries
 QUESTION

 161. This is an illness wherein a person is

unable to write in n orderly fashion, but can
still manipulate writing materials.

a. Agraphia
b. Aphasia
c. Dyslexia
d. Paragraphia
 QUESTION
 162. The following are the new features in the banknotes of
New Generation Currency, except?
a. More realistic portraits of former Philippine presidents and heroes
b. Tourist destinations and notable animals found in the country on
the reverse
c. New BSP logo and Republic of the Philippines Seal
d. New euro-like design with large numbers for easy identification
e. All of the above
 QUESTION
 163. A French Army who is convicted of treason based
on the mistaken of handwriting identification.

a. Albert Sherman Osborn

b. Ordway Hilton
c. Roy A. Huber
d. Alfred Dreyfus
 QUESTION
 164. Generally the examination of questioned document is
restricted to scientific comparative examination which
means that the determination of authenticity, genuineness,
authorship relies on the submitted standard document, this
statement is?

A. absolutely true
B. absolutely false
C. Maybe true
D. Maybe false
 QUESTION
 165. It is also known as a second opinion. Where
numerous numbers of handwriting problems may
occur most especially when the identity is somewhat
difficult to prove, the expert should seek another
expert’s opinion.
a. Advice
b. Verification
c. Contradiction
d. Certification
 QUESTION

 166. The following is not an example of

class characteristics, except?

a. Ordinary copy book form

b. Ordinary scale of proportion or ratio
c. Usual systematic slant
d. All of the above
 QUESTION
 167. As a matter of practice, central banks regularly change the
designs of their money whether coins or banknotes solely for the
purpose of?

a. To guard against counterfeiters

b. By making it very difficult and costly for counterfeiters to
produce exact copies of our money
c. To protect the integrity of our money
d. A&B
e. All of the above
 QUESTION

 168.He patented the first ball point pen

writing tool in 1888.

a. Lewis Walterman
b. John Loud
c. George Lazlo Biro
d. Yukio Horie
 QUESTION
 169. This ink has been used as over a thousand years.
Formerly it was made of fermented infusion of gall nuts
to which iron salts were added. The ink was composed of
suspension of the black, almost insoluble ferric tennate.

a. Iron Gallatonate Ink

b. Logwood inks
c. Indian Inks
d. Dyestuff ink
 QUESTION
 170. Under the best evidence rule, the original document must be produced
whenever its contents are the subject of inquiry.  Original document must be
produced, except in the following cases:

a. When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court,
without bad faith on the part of the offeror;
b. When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party against whom
the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after reasonable notice;
c. When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents which
cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact sought to be
established from them is only the general result of the whole; and
d. When the original is a public record in the custody of 
e. all of the above
 QUESTION
 171. Secondary evidence is admissible in court unless
the offeror must prove the following: 

a. the existence or due execution of the original

b. the loss and destruction of the original or the reason for
its non-production in court
c. on the part of the offeror, the absence of bad faith to which
the unavailability of the original can be attributed. The correct
order of proof is as follows: existence, execution, loss, and
contents.
d. all of the above
 QUESTION
 172. Are minute and finely printed words
“Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas” or “Central Bank
of the Philippines” located at the back of the
note.
A. Micro printing
B. Concealed value
C. Ultra violet light
D. Vignette
 QUESTION
 173. The paper used in Philippine peso bill is
“hygienically treated” or has anti-bacterial
properties, this statement is.

A. True
B. Partly true
C. False
D. Partly False
 QUESTION
 174. A reflective foil that bears the image of
the South Sea Pearl Parrot and a small BSP
Logo. The color of the parrot changes from red
to green when the note is rotated at 90°
A. Optically Variable device patch
B. Hologram patch
C. Optically variable ink
D. hologram foil
 QUESTION

 175. A legal term for standard document?

A. Specimen
B. Exemplar
C. Sample
D. all of the above