QUESTIONED

DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
MIDTERMS
LESSON 3
ELEMENTS OF WRITING
MOVEMENTS
1. Writing (Pen) Pressure - is
the average force with which
the pen comes in contact with
the paper or the usual force
involves in the writing. This
is one of the most personal
but somewhat hidden
characteristics in writing.
2. Pen emphasis - is the act of
intermittently forcing the pen
against the paper surface with
increase pressure or the
periodic increase in pressure
of the writing.
Shading --- writing with the
use of fountain pen
Rigid/Strong Strokes ---
writing with ball points
• 3. Rhythm - is the balance
quality of movement or the
harmonious recurrence of
strokes or impulse. AS an
element of writing
movements, rhythm accounts
to be one of the very essential
for there is nothing in
handwriting so difficult to
imitate as the exact quality of
a muscular rhythm.
• 4. Skill - refers to the relative
degree of the writer’s
proficiency. It cannot be
accurately measured
although it can be grouped
as to poor, average and good.
Writing skill is independent
to many factors, manual
dexterity being the most
important. Its basis is either
legibility or symmetry.
• 5. Speed - cannot be
measured precisely from
the finished handwriting
but it can be interpreted
in board term as to slow
and drawn, deliberate,
average and rapid.
• INDICATION OF SPEED OF RAPIDNESS IN
WRITING
1. Smooth, unbroken strokes
2. Misplaced and misshaped "i" dots and "t" crosses
3. Joining of initial or of words
4. Letters tapered illegibly towards end of words
5. Mark difference in pressure contact and down strokes
6. Wide writings and Spacing
7. Simplification of letters especially in capitals
• INDICATION OF SLOWNESS IN
WRITING
1. Broken strokes, wavy lines
2. "i" dots and "t" crosses made and placed
perfectly
3. Pauses, unnecessary marks and angles
retouching
4. Carefully made final spacing
5. Little difference in pressure on up and
down strokes
6. Ornamentals of flourishing letters
• 6. Pen lift - an interruption
in a stroke caused by
removing the writing
instrument from the paper.
Disconnection between
letters and letter
combination may be due to
lack of movement control.
Using a ballpoint pen may
cause pen lift due to failure
of the ball to rotate.
• 7. Shading - refers to the more
obvious increase in the width of
the letter strokes or the widening
of the ink strokes due to the
added ink on the flexible pen
point or the use of the stub pen.
• POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED
REGARDING SHADING:
a. its form
b. its intensity
c. its skill
d. its frequency
e. its exact location
• 8. Pen Position (pen
hold) - is the location
of the pen in relation
to the paper surface,
which can be
determined by the
presence of the
emphasis or pen
shading.
9. Pen Scope -
represents the reach
of the hand with the
wrist at rest. It is the
average scope or
limits of the pen
during the process of
writing with the wrist
of the hand at still.
10. Retracing or
Retrace - is the
stroke that goes
back over another
writing strokes; it is
slightly to occur in
others handwriting.
11. Retouching or
Patching - is a
stroke going back
to repair a defective
portion of the
writing stroke.
Careful patching is
a common fault in
forgeries.
12. Size of handwriting – it refers to the
relative size of the letter and length of
ascending strokes in relation to the size
of another letter. Size of letter may be:
large, medium and regular.
13. Ratio of letter – is the relation of tall
and small letters. Two types of ratio.
Regular and irregular.
LESSON 4
ELEMENTS OF LETTER
FORMS
1. ARC - the bend, crook, or curve on the inner side of the upr loop
of such letters as c, h, m, n, etc.

2. BEARD - The slight up and down introductory or sort of double

hitch, seen at the beginning of many capital letters.
• 3. Blunt - the beginning and ending strokes of letters, both small and
capital, in which the pen touch the paper without hesitation, beard,
Hitch or knob.

• 4. Buckle Knot - the horizontal and looped strokes that are often
used to complete such letters as A, F, f, H and D.
• 5. Central Part of the Body - the part of a letter ordinarily formed by
a small circle that usually lies on the line of writing, as the bodies of
a, b, d, g, o, p.

• 6. Dactus Broken or Junction Broken - the disconnected and non-

continuous stroke between two letters.
• 8. Eye Loop or Eyelet - the small loop formed by strokes that extend
in divergent directions as in b, c, f, k, p. q, r, s, v, w, and z

• 9 Foot - the base, or bottom of a letter that lies on the line of writing.
• 10. Hitch - the introductory backward stroke added to the beginning
of many capital letters; it is also occasionally found in some small
letters.

• 11. Hook or Through - the bend, crook, or curve on the inner side of
the bottom loop or curve of small letters.
• 12. Hump - the rounded outer side of the top of the bend, crook, or
curve in small letters such as h, k, m, n.

• 13. Initial Spur - The long initial rising stroke of a letter.

• 14. Knob - found either at the beginning or end of letters, both small
and capital in which the pen touched or left of the paper so slowly
that a tiny pool of ink spread slightly.

• 16. Space Filter or Terminal Spur - an upward horizontal or

downward final stroke usually seen in small letters such as a, s, u, y.
• 17. Whirl - the upward stroke, usually on letters that have a high
loops such as h, d, and I.

18. Lateral Spacing – three types of spacing: (a) Space between Letters
(b) Space between words (c) space between lines.
LESSON 5
 SIGNATURES AND
FORGERY DETECTION
• Signature is a name of a person signed by him
on a document as a sign of acknowledgement.
Signature is said to be one important thing that a
person owns. You can be the riches among the rich
or the poorest among the poor because of your
signature. Almost all documents requires signature
for its complete authenticity. When a person signed
his name, he carries one of his most common
writing acts making his signature highly complex
and individual.
 CLASSES OF SIGNATURE

• a. formal or complete –
class of signature used in
acknowledging
important document
such as will, checks,
contract and business
papers.
•b. Informal or cursory
– a class of signature
for routinely executed
document or made for
personal
correspondence.
•c. Careless Scribble
– Used for mail
carrier, delivery of
goods, purchase of
equipments and an
autograph collector.
 Problems of signature examination:
1. Signature of the careless or erratic writer;
2. Receipt signature;
3. Near – illiterate writer;
4. Signature of physically impaired person;
5. The intoxicated signature;
6. Old age deterioration;
7. The sick bed signature; and
8. Disguised signature or writing.
 FORGERY
• Documents containing disputed signature
occupies the highest level in the hierarchy of
questioned document cases. It is due to this, that
a specialized branch of questioned document
examination was established --- the Signature
Verification. The identification of ones signature
calls for a greater emphasis than in handwriting
identification but the basic principles remains
the same.
 Legal Term
Is an act of simulating, copying or tracing
somebody’s signature without the
permission of the latter’s profit. It has a
variety of classes from simple handwriting
to a more complex form of signature. It is
an act of falsifying, counterfeiting bank
notes, treasury, paper bills, check etc.
The Simple Forgery

Simple forgery is a forged signature made without any

attempt on the part of the forger to imitate or make a
facsimile of the genuine signature of the person purported
to sign the document. As the name implies, this is one of
the simplest type for the forger need not have a genuine
signature at hand in order to make such a forgery. Using
his own style of writing, the forger executes the name of
the person who supposed to sign the document.
This type of forgery is also called as Spurious Signature.
The Simulated Forgery
The Simulated forgery is considered to be the most
skillful type of forgery. Although this from appears or
made in various level of skills depending upon the forger,
The reason for its being branded as the most skilful type,
lies on the fact that this process is done in not just
ordinary way, it takes real skill of different degrees in
order for a forger to successfully imitate the signature
which he intends to sign. Through free-hand imitation a
gifted forger will make a practice over a scratch paper to
twenty-thirty times before signing it to the fraudulent
document.
The Traced Forgery

The traced forgery like a simulated forgery necessarily

requires the aid of a model signature. As the name implies,
the result of an attempt of the forger to make a close
resemblance of the original by means of some tracing
processes so as to transfer it to the fraudulent document.
Most cases of traced are easy to identify than a simulated
one. This is due to the fact that a traced signature is done in
a way foreign from writing or this actually not more of
writing rather than drawing.