REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR FINAL
Naga College Foundation, Inc.
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
Subject: Criminology 2
1. What theory stands to reason that if more criminals
are sent to prison the crime rate should go down,
keeping known criminals out of circulation? .
Incapacitation Theory
2. It mean getting involved with deviant peer groups,
just “hanging out”, or frequenting bars until late into
the night and drinking heavily.
A high risk lifestyle
3. It aimed at making potential criminals fear the
consequences of crime showing that crime does not
pay. General deterrence theory General
deterrence theory
4. Routine Activity Theory is also sometimes referred
to as what? Life Style Theory
5. Who he found out using the 3,000 convicts as
respondents that defective intelligence rather than
physical characteristics were the main factor why a
person commits a crime.
Charles B. Goring
6. This theory viewed that crime is a “normal”
function of modern living; offenses can be expected if
there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that
is not protected by capable guardians.
Routine Activity Theory
7. What precipitation occurs when victims act
provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even
attacks first the offenders?
Active Precipitation Theory
8. This is suffered by the deprived individuals because
of their economic status may lead to aggression and
hostility, and may result to violence and crime is
__________? Constant Frustration
8. This theory occurs when behavior is reinforced by
being either rewarded or punished while interacting
with others;
Differential Association Reinforcement Theory
10. It is otherwise known as the escapist mode, in
which the individual tends to reject both the goals and
means of the society. Retreatism
11. It refers to which the individual accepts both
conventional goals and means. Conformity
12. Who reformulated the strain theory of Robert
Merton and suggests that criminality is the direct
result of negative affective states?
Robert Agnew
13. It is a Greek term which means without norms.
Nomos
14. It refers that when an individual rejects the goal
but have legitimate means of attaining them.
Ritualism
15. What theory holds that criminality is a function of
individual socialization?
Social Process Theory
16. It is a one in which rules of behavioural have
broken down or become inoperative during periods of
rapid social change or social crisis such as war or
famine. Anomic Society
16. According to this theory disorganized areas cannot
exert identifies by their relatively high level of
change, fear, instability, poverty, and deterioration and
these factors have direct influence on the areas
delinquency rate.
Social disorganization Theory
18. Who suggested that mainstream culture is
saturated with dreams of opportunity, freedom and
prosperity, and he put it as the American Dream?
Robert Merton
19. It is a class of explanation that people examine
each other's personality and behavior and choose
partners who are similar to themselves.
Phenotypic Assortment
20. This theory suggests that the presence of criminal
behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or
punished and, the most meaningful rewards and
punishment are those given by groups that are
important in an individual's life i.e. the peer group, the
family, teachers in school, etc;
21. People who are conditioned and had conscience
had a high level of what arousal? Cortical Arousal
22. What attachment affects the capacity to be
affectionate and to develop an intimate relationship
with others? Anxious Attachment
23. It refers to the post-industrial system, in which the
place is highly developed and dependent upon the
division of labor and people are connected by their
interdependent needs for each other’s services and
production.
Organic Solidarity
24. It is a stage that the child attains pleasure by
sucking and biting;
Oral Stage
25. Who was the first to make a systematic study of
the acquisition of understanding in children based on
his cognitive development theory?
Jean William Fritz Piage
26. It is a class of explanation that tend to choose each
other as mates because of physical and social
proximity; they meet each other in the same schools,
neighborhoods, clubs, pubs, and so on.
Social Homogamy
27. It refers to the socialization and social learning
that helps to explain the ways in which children
growing up in a violent family learn violent roles and,
subsequently, may play out the roles of victims or
victimizer in their own adult families as adults.
Intergenerational Transmission
27. Who expanded Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development and applied the concept of development
stages?
Lawrence A. Kohlberg
29. Who holds that the human personality is
controlled by unconscious mental processes developed
in early childhood.
Sigmund Freud
30. Who recognized the social disorganization theory
in early twentieth century?
Clifford R. Shaw and Henry D. Mckay
31. Who tied anomie theory with Freud’s reaction
formation idea, suggesting that delinquency among
lower class youth is a reaction against the social
norms of the middle class; Albert Cohen
32. It occurs during the third year when children focus
their attention on their genitals. Phallic Stage
33. It evaluates the reality position; Ego
34. It maintains that human actions are developed
through learning experiences and the behavior is
learned when it is rewarded and extinguished by
negative reactions or punishment.
Behavioral Theory
35. It targeted those offenders who have already been
convicted and it also claimed that punishing more
criminals will reduce their involvement in criminal
activity.
Specific Deterrence theory
36. Who first presented victim precipitation theory
and applies only to violent victimization.
Hans Von Hentig
37. What theory stands to reason that if more
criminals are sent to prison or keeping known
criminals out of circulation, the crime rate should go
down?
Incapacitation Theory
38. Holds that person will engage in criminal
behaviour after weighing the consequences and
benefits of their actions.
Rational Choice Theory
39. What precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits
some personal characteristics that unknowingly either
threatens or encourages the attacker?
Passive Precipitation
40. Who believed that people learn from one another
through a process of imitation.
Gabriel Tarde
41. This theory viewed that some people may actually
initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their
injury or death.
Victim Precipitation Theory
42. This role is the most common response to middle
class rejection, they would not be a chronic delinquent
but may be a truant who engage in petty or status
offense is ________?
Corner Boy
43. It refers to the state where youths are incapable of
achieving their legitimate goals in life because of the
social conditions that they are into is ____________?
________________________
44. What theory stands to reason that is more
criminals are sent to prison or keeping known
criminals out of circulation, the crime rate should go
down? Incapacitation Theory
45. It suggests that social and economic forces
operating in deteriorated lower-class areas push many
of their residents into criminal behaviour patterns.
Social Structure Theories
46. Which among the following are the main classes
of explanations concerning why similar people tend to
get married, cohabit, or become sexual partners?
Social Homogamy / Phenotypic Assortment
47. Who developed Differential Reinforcement
theory? Ernest W. Burgess and Ronald L. Akers
48. This is defined as a characteristics of pre-industrial
society, which is held together by nations, shared
values, and unquestioned beliefs.
Mechanical Solidarity
49. It refers when the individual accepts the goals but
rejects the legitimate means of attaining them.
Innovation
49. Shaw and Mckay’s main contention is that the
primary causes of criminal behavior were
neighborhood disintegration and slum conditions to
place what they called ___________.
Transitional Neighborhoods
50. It refers to when the individuals involved in
substituting an alternative set of goals and means for
conventional ones.
Rebellion
52. This theory state that social structure within
societies may encourage citizens to commit crime;
Strain theory
53. This theory links criminal acts to the formation of
independent subcultures with a unique set of values
that clash with the main stream culture;
Cultural Deviance Theory
54. Those who score high and described as having low
self-esteem, excessive anxiety, and wide mood swings
are what human personality? Neuroticism
55. What theory explain that predatory street crime by
showing how human nature develops from the
interplay of psychological, biological, and social
factors? Integrated Theory
56. Who expressed the notion that child needs warmth
and affection from his/her mother or a mother
substitute. Edward John M. Bowlby
57. What is the most important phenomenon to social
development takes place after the birth between the
infant and his mother.
Emotional Bond
58. This theory views that crime ridden neighborhood
as those in which residents are trying to leave at the
earliest opportunity during this time are not interested
anymore when it comes to community matters.
Social Disorganization Theory
59. It is a branch of psychology that studies the
perception of reality and the mental process;
Cognitive Theory
59. What theory beats the famous saying that says,
"Opposite charges attract”?
Alternative Theory
61. Those who score high on sensation-seeking,
dominant, and assertive are what human personality?
Extroversion
62. Those who scores high on aggressive, egocentric,
and impulsive are what human personality?
Psychotism
63. Who created social learning theory?
Albert S. Bandura
64. Who among of the following is not a proponent of
strain theory?
Proponents : Emile Durkheim, Robert Merton,
Robert Agnew
65. Who developed general strain theory in 1992?
Robert Agnew
66. It dictates needs and desires; Id
67. What is the most basic human drive present at
birth? Eros
68. It refers to the focus of sexual attention is on the
elimination of bodily waste; Anal Stage
69. This pertains to the group of people under the
Marxist socialist system who are composed of the
inferior class. Proletariat
70. The link between premenstrual syndrome and
delinquency was first popularized more than 25 years
ago by . Katharina Dorothea
71. An integration or combination of both the “bio”,
“psycho”, and the “socio” components of the
individual being that dictates his/her behavior.
Biopsychosocial
72. The first to establish the link between
premenstrual syndrome and delinquency. She found
out that females are more likely to commit suicide and
be aggressive and otherwise antisocial just before or
during menstruation.
Katharina Dorothea K. Dalton
73. Is a psychological term used to describe women
who are stuck within or have recently left a violent
relationship characterized by the cycle of violence.
Battered Woman Syndrome
74. It is in this stage that the abuser is often very
loving and remorseful. Promises are made by the
batterer that he will not violently abuse the woman
again. Honeymoon or Loving Contrition
75. This component of the human being examines the
thoughts, emotions or behaviors of the individual.
Psycho
76. This theory argued that the involvement in
criminal activities is increased when women have
different opportunities. If female opportunity,
efficiency and social communication are increased,
then the rate of criminality increases accordingly.
Opportunity Theory
77. Argued that women are involved in crime due to
the increasing participation of women in social
movements which changed role of female in family
and the feelings of independence in her work and
thought. Freda Adle
78. During this stage of violence, relatively minor
incidents increase the tension in the relationship which
culminate the eruption of violence. Tension
79. A common temporary psychological state right
after childbirth when a new mother may have sudden
mood swings, feeling very happy, then very sad, cry
for no apparent reason, feel impatient, unusually
irritable, restless, anxious, lonely and sad.
Postpartum stress syndrome
80. A syndrome that does not establish the culpability
of any particular person but rather indicates that a
child found with serious, repeated injuries has not
suffered those injured by accidental means.
Battered child Syndrome
81. A kind of abuse which degrades and humiliates a
woman thereby facilitating the destruction of her self-
esteem and by implication her moral personhood.
Psychological Abuse
81. According to this theory, the participation in
criminal activity is the result of an optimizing
individual responding to incentives.
Economic Model of Criminal Behavior: Basic
Theory
83. He stated that the development of capitalism had
turned workers into a dehumanized mass who lived an
existence that was at the mercy of the capitalist
employers. Karl Heinrich Marx
84. A term used to describe persons who were normal
in all respects except that something was wrong with
the part of the brain that regulates affective responses.
Moral Insanity
85. The component of the individual being that
examines sociological factors that might influence the
health of an individual like interaction with others.
Social
86. It is the theory which holds that crime is an
outcome of class struggle and that crime is defined by
those in power. Conflict Theory
87. It focuses on the critical analysis of
communication and language in legal codes. Those in
power use their own language to define crime and law
while excluding or dismissing those who are in
opposition. Post Modern Theory
88. According to this theory, street criminals prey on
the poor, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by
the capitalist system and then by the members of their
own class. Left Realism Theory
89. This theory explains that people are naturally
creative and freedom-loving in which they are able to
do as they please without interference by anyone
thereby resulting to moral deterioration and high
crime rates as a function of survival.
Radicalism
90. It refers to a visceral feeling of oneness with a
group that is associated with increased permeability of
the boundary between the personal and social-self
resulting in elevated personal agency. Identity Fusion
91. It emphasize moral deterioration, reflected in
crime rates, as the forerunner of society’s political and
economic collapse into war among racial and other
groups fighting to survive. Rightists Radicalism
92. It posit fundamental and ultimately fatal
contradictions in the structuring of capitalist liberal
democracy; Leftists Radicalism
93. It occurs when the offended party experiences a
loss of some quality relative to his or her present
standing. Crime Reduction
94. This theory proposed that through interaction with
others, individuals learn the values, attitude,
techniques and motive for criminal behavior;
Differential Association Theory
95. Who developed the social bond or social control
theory? Travis W. Hirschi
96. Under the theory of Karl Marx, this refers to the
relationship that exist among the people producing
goods and services. Productive Relations
97. This theory viewed that process of becoming as a
learning experience in which potential delinquents and
criminals master techniques that enable
counterbalance conventional values and drift, back
and forth, between illegitimate and conventional
behavior; Neutralization Theory
98. In this technique of neutralization, the criminal
argues that it is unfair for them to be blamed for the
crime and that they are being persecuted or punished
out of spite. Denial of responsibility
99. It refers to a person’s sensitivity to and interest in
others, what elements of social bond is this?
Attachment
100. According to this theory, criminality is a function
brought about by inequities found in the capitalist
system.
Karl Marxs Theory
101. According to him, only the proletariat is likely to
become officially recognized as criminals because the
legal system discriminates against the poor by
defending the action of the wealthy.
Willem A. Bonger
102. It refers to onset of the menstrual cycle that
triggers excessive amounts of the female sex
hormones
, which affect antisocial, aggressive behavior.
Premenstrual syndrome
103. A medical diagnosis based on evidence
indicating that the child has been subjected to a
pattern of serious and unexplained abuse.
Battered child syndrome
104. It is the stage of abuse which reinforces the
woman’s hope that the relationship will get better or is
at least salvageable.
Honeymoon or loving contrition
105. It is an emotional reaction which falls between
baby blues and postpartum depression.
Postpartum stress syndrome
106. In her study entitled “Selected Studies on the
Biology of Antisocial Behavior,” she conclude that
there is in fact an association between elevated levels
of female aggression and menstruation.
Diana Fishbein
107. It refers to an emotional reaction which is also
known as Adjustment Disorder.
Postpartum stress syndrome
108. A complex mix of physical, emotional, and
behavioral changes that happen in a woman
after giving birth associated with feelings of sadness,
anxiety (worry) and tiredness that last for a long time
after giving birth. Postpartum depression
109. It is the component of the individual being that
examines how the person socializes or interacts with
another person. Socio
110. A standard model of decision-making whereby
individuals choose between criminal activity and legal
activity on the basis of expected utility from those
acts. Economic model of crime
111. It refers to the group of people under the
capitalist society as the owners of the means of
production who has the power to control the
production of goods. Capitalist Bourgeoisie
112. Under the biopsychosocial theories of crime, this
component examines the aspect of the human body
that influence health like the brain, genetics, or
functioning of major body organs like kidney, liver
and etc. Bio
113. According to this theory, the changes or
modification of the “bio”, “psycho”, and the “socio”
component of the person affect his/her behavior.
Biopsychosocial
114. This theory view crime as function of the
capitalist mode of production in which the rich use the
fear of crime as a tool to maintain their control over
society. Marxist criminology
115. According to this theory, crime is defined as the
application of harm to others and the act of making
people “criminals” is a crime.
Institutive-constitutive theory
116. A theory which describes a communist form of
government in which the power of the government is
absolute and it controls the behavior and actions of its
populace.
Conservatism
117. This assumes that the ideal society is one in
which there is equality of opportunity and a general
consensus to accept differences in rewards as the
outcomes of fair completion.
Liberalism
118. These ideologies assume that the ideal society is
one in which authority is unquestioned. The hierarchy
of wisdom and virtue is accepted by all as based on
recognizing natural inequalities.
Conservative ideologies
119. This theory explains that if one of the members
of the gang was killed and the other members knew
who killed their co-member then; there is a big
possibility that this gang will join forces to revenge
against the killer, because each member of the gang
feels that they are one family within the group.
Identify fusion theory
120. It is a common theme that racial and ethnic
minorities are favored to keep more capable groups
from becoming strong enough to challenge the
system; Rightist ideology
121. It occurs when members of a group are prevented
from achieving their fullest potential because of
racism, sexism, or some other status bias.
Crime of represion
122. This theory focuses on the critical analysis of
communication and language in legal codes.
Post modern theory
123. It is a political pamphlet by the German
philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which
described the way of life under the capitalist system.
Communist manifesto
123. Who developed the Differential Association
Theory?
Edwin Sutherland
125. Who developed Neutralization theory?
David matza
126. This principle explains that people’s contacts
with their most intimate social companions – family,
friends, and peers – have the greatest influence on
their deviant behavior and attitude development.
Principal part of Learning of Criminal behavior occurs
within intimate Personal Groups
___________________
127. Under the theory of Karl Marx, this pertains to
the economic system based on the private
ownership of the means of production and their
operation for profit.
Capitalism
128. It involves the time, energy and effort expended
in conventional lines of action such as getting an
education and saving money for the future, what
elements of social bond is this?
Commitment
130. Who attempted to formulate a sociological
definition of crime that would designated those acts
which can be repressed by punishment, those
constituted natural crime and were considered
offenders violating two basic altruistic sentiments
common to all people namely: probity and pity?
Raffaele Garofalo
131. The main principle of this school is that “Let the
punishment fit the crime”.
Classical school
132. The main notion of this school is “Let the
punishment fit the criminal.” Positivist school .Let the
Children and lunatic criminals be exempted from
punishment
133. What is the fundamental notion of Neo-classical
school?__________________________________
134. What is a generic term of crime which violate an
ordinances?
Misdemeanor
135. This theory suggests that criminal behavior is a
dynamic process influenced by individual
characteristics as well as social experiences and that
the factors that cause anti-social behaviors change
dramatically over a person’s life span.
Life course theory
136. What is the other term of schizophrenia?
Dementia praecox
136. What theories believe that it is the interaction
between pre
disposition and environment that produces
criminality? Biosocial theory
138. She is publicly known by many as “Margaret, the
mother of criminals”; Ada Juke
139. Classical school was developed in what century?
18th century
140. Physiognomy deals with the study of?
Facial features
141. It focuses on the idea that individuals who share
genes are alike in personality regardless of how they
are reared, whereas rearing environment induces little
or no personality resemblance;
Genetic influences
142. According to Sheldon, people with
predominantly _________ traits tend more than others
to be involved in illegal behavior;
Mesomorph
143. What is a term that may be referred to as felony,
offense, or misdemeanor. Crime
144. It refers to body type characterized by an
increased amount of fat number of fat cells than the
average person, as well as higher proportion of
digestive tissue?
Endomorph body type
145. It involved weighing of pleasure versus pain?
Hedonistic calculus/utility
146. Who applied the principle of utilitarianism?
Jeremy Bentham
147. These criminal are those considered as born
criminals?
Criminal Atavism
148. Who believed that social as well as biological
factors played a role, and held responsible for the
factors causing their criminality were beyond their
control? Enrico Ferri
149. What is the other term of manic depression?
Bipolar disorder
150. It arose during the French revolution with the
modification that children, lunatics, and others were
not legally responsible for their actions;
Neo-classical school
151. Life-course Theory otherwise known as what?
Developmental theory
151. This theory is based on the idea that the
assessment of the person’s outer appearance, primarily
the face, may give insights into one’s character or
personality.
Physiognomy
153. Political and economic forces as the causes of
crimes are under what perspective?
Conflict Perspective
154. Bronfenbrenner stressed the importance of
studying a child in the context of multiple
environments, also known as ____________________
in the attempt to understand his development;
Ecological System
155. A stage of development experienced only by
female children and occurs when a girl notices the
differences in male and female anatomy and longs to
have a penis of her own. Penis Envy
156. It is defined as a stable feature, characteristics,
property or condition, such as defective intelligence,
impulsive personality, genetic abnormalities, the
physical-chemical functioning of the brain and
environmental influences on brain function?
Latent trait
157. Phrenology is derived from the theories of
German-French anatomist and physiologist _______?
Franz Joseph Gall
158. It is a neurological dysfunction that prevents an
individual from learning to his or her potentiality;
Learning Disability
159. It explains that aggression is a function of the
level of an individual needs for stimulation from the
environment.
Arousal Theory
160. What oriented people are more cooperative and
sensitive to others? K- Oriented
161. When classical school was developed in mid-18 th
century it was based on what philosophy?
Utilitarianism
162. What are the sovereign motives that governed the
mankind?
Pain and Pleasure
163. It refers to a body type that is characterized by
long arms and legs, and a short upper body and
narrow shoulders, and supposed has a higher
proportion of nervous tissues?
Ectomorphic Body Type
164. What perspectives seek to explain the onset of
antisocial behaviour such as aggression and violence
by focusing on the physical qualities of the offenders?
Biosocial Perspective
164. What is a perspective regarded crime as the
product of internal forces?
Biological Perspective
166. What perspective expressed that criminal
behaviour, was the product of “unconscious” forces
operating within a person’s mind?
Psychological Perspective
167. It is the study of the conformation of the skull as
indicative of mental faculties and traits of character. .
Phrenology
167. What school presumed that criminal behavior is
caused by internal and external factors outside of the
individual’s?
Positivist School
168. Illegal possession and trafficking of dangerous
drugs, money laundering, and illegal possession of
firearms are examples of?
Felony
168. It stresses about the relationship between
antisocial behaviour and biochemical makeup and that
body chemistry can govern behaviour and personality,
including levels of aggression and depression;
Biochemical factors
169. It refers to a mental disorder that is characterized
by disturbances in thought, perception and behaviour,
by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme
apathy, and by noticeable deterioration in the level of
functioning in everyday life.
Schizophrenia
170. It refers to any of several psychological disorders
of mood characterized usually by alternating episodes
of depression and mania.
Manic depression
171. Who examined the relationship between
personality and physical type, with regards to criminal
behavior? Earnest A. Hooton
172. It refers to the quality or condition of a female
being masculine or having the characteristic of the
male sex. Masculinity
173. The term applied to the crime carried out by
women whose office jobs can be characterized as
being set on a low to medium level.
Pink Collar Crime
174. This theory holds that the empowered women are
involved in more serious violent crime than non-
empowered women due to the masculinity.
Andler's Theory of Masculinity
175. She was interviewed by Goddard to trace the
family history of Martin Kakikak Jr. Deborah
175. What theory under evolutionary suggests that a
subpopulation of men has evolved with genes that
incline them toward extremely low parental
involvement and that men are sexually aggressive who
use their cunning to gain sexual conquests with as
many females as possible.
Cheater theory
177. The fundamental notion of this school is “Let the
children and lunatics criminal be exempted from
punishment’’.
Neo classical Theory
178. Who developed the physique theory?
William H. Sheldon
179. What theory explains the existence of aggression
and violent behaviour as positive adaptive behaviors
in human evolution; these traits allowed their bearers
to reproduce disproportionately, which had an effect
on the human gene pool?Evolutionary Theory
180. Who maintained that criminality is a normal
factor rather than a pathological one?
David Emile Durkheim
181. What is a generic term of crime which is
punishable by the Revised Penal Code?
Felony
182. He once explained that criminals commit crimes
because they are mentally ill, sick, and disturbed
individuals; that’s why they need to be treated instead
of being punished.
Cesare Lambroso
183. It is the smallest and most immediate
environment in which the child lives; Microsystem
184. What theory suggests for an immediate solution
to a problem even how minute it is to avoid the
occurrence of a bigger or more complex problem;
185. Criminality, according to this view, cannot be
attributed to a single cause, nor does it represent a
single underlying tendency because people are
influenced by different factors as they mature.
Life Course Theory
186. This is a tendency for youth to reduce the
frequency of their offending behavior as they aged and
is thought to occur among all groups of offenders;
Aging out process
186. In this theory, Sigmund Freud proposes that very
young girls feel deprived and envious that they do not
have a penis.
Penis Envy
188. It is the largest and most distant collection of
people and places to the child that still exercises
significant influence on the child;
Macrosystem
189. What is a generic term of crime which is
punishable by the special law such as Republic Act
and Presidential Decree?
Offense
190. What is the main notion of classical school?
Let the punishment fit the crime
191. What perspective that stressed the causes of
crime based on economic and political forces?
Conflict Perspective
192. It pertains to the linkages that may exist between
two or more setting, one of which may not contain the
developing child but affects him indirectly
nonetheless; Exosystem
193. It adds the useful dimension of time, which
demonstrate the influence of both change and
constancy in the child’s environment;
Chronosystem
194. This theory holds that criminality among women
is the result of gender inequality characterized by male
supremacy and the effort of the male to control female
sexuality.
Critical Feminist Theory
194. It refers to a theory which claims to be able to
determine character, personality traits and criminality
on the basis of the shape of the head?
Phrenology
196. Who founded the classical school?
Cesare Beccaria
197. What perspective claimed that crime is product
of socialization or interaction of one person to other
person, and crime is a function of upbringing, learning
and control?
Process Perspective
198. It arose during the French revolution with the
modification that children, lunatics, and others were
not legally responsible for their actions;
Neo Classical School