Naga College Foundation, Inc.

Liboton St., Naga City 4400, Philippines

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Subject: Criminology 2 REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR FINAL

1. What theory stands to reason that if more criminals are sent to prison the crime
rate should go down, keeping known criminals out of circulation? INCAPACITATION
THEORY

2. It mean getting involved with deviant peer groups, just “hanging out”, or
frequenting bars until late into the night and drinking heavily. A HIGH RISK
KIFESTYLE

3. It aimed at making potential criminals fear the consequences of crime showing

that crime does not pay. GENERAL DETERRENCE THEORY

4. Routine Activity Theory is also sometimes referred to as what? LIFESTYLE

THEORY

5. Who he found out using the 3,000 convicts as respondents that defective
intelligence rather than physical characteristics were the main factor why a person
commits a crime. CHARLES BUCKMAN GORING

6. This theory viewed that crime is a “normal” function of modern living; offenses can
be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected
by capable guardians. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY

7. What precipitation occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting
words, or even attacks first the offenders? ACTIVE PRECIPITATION

8. This is suffered by the deprived individuals because of their economic status may
lead to aggression and hostility, and may result to violence and crime is __________?
CONSTANT FRUSTRATION

9. This theory occurs when behavior is reinforced by being either rewarded or

punished while interacting with others; DIFFERENTIAL-ASSOCIATION
REINFORCEMENT

10. It is otherwise known as the escapist mode, in which the individual tends to
reject both the goals and means of the society. RETREATISM

11. It refers to which the individual accepts both conventional goals and means.
CONFORMITY

12. Who reformulated the strain theory of Robert Merton and suggests that
criminality is the direct result of negative affective states? ROBERT AGNEW

13. It is a Greek term which means without norms. NOMOS

14. It refers that when an individual rejects the goal but have legitimate means of
attaining them. RITUALISM

15. What theory holds that criminality is a function of individual socialization? .

SOCIAL PROCESS THEORY

16. It is a one in which rules of behavioural have broken down or become inoperative
during periods of rapid social change or social crisis such as war or famine. ANOMIC
SOCIETY

17. According to this theory disorganized areas cannot exert identifies by their
relatively high level of change, fear, instability, poverty, and deterioration and these
factors have direct influence on the areas delinquency rate. SOCIAL
DISORGANIZATION THEORY

18. Who suggested that mainstream culture is saturated with dreams of opportunity,
freedom and prosperity, and he put it as the American Dream? ROBERT MERTON

19. It is a class of explanation that people examine each other's personality and
behavior and choose partners who are similar to themselves. PHENOTYPIC
ASSORTMENT

20. This theory suggests that the presence of criminal behavior depends on whether
or not it is rewarded or punished and, the most meaningful rewards and punishment
are those given by groups that are important in an individual's life i.e. the peer group,
the family, teachers in school, etc; DIFFERENTIAL-ASSOCIATION THEORY

21. People who are conditioned and had conscience had a high level of what arousal?
CORTICAL AROUSAL

22. What attachment affects the capacity to be affectionate and to develop an

intimate relationship with others? ANXIOUS ATTACHMENT

23. It refers to the post-industrial system, in which the place is highly developed and
dependent upon the division of labor and people are connected by their
interdependent needs for each other’s services and production. ORGANIC
SOLIDARITY

24. It is a stage that the child attains pleasure by sucking and biting; ORAL STAGE

25. Who was the first to make a systematic study of the acquisition of understanding
in children based on his cognitive development theory? JEAN WILLIAM FRITZ
PAIGET
26. It is a class of explanation that tend to choose each other as mates because of
physical and social proximity; they meet each other in the same schools,
neighborhoods, clubs, pubs, and so on. SOCIAL HOMOGAMY

27. It refers to the socialization and social learning that helps to explain the ways in
which children growing up in a violent family learn violent roles and, subsequently,
may play out the roles of victims or victimizer in their own adult families as adults.
INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION

28. Who expanded Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and applied the concept
of development stages? LAWRENCE A. KOHLBERG

29. Who holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental
processes developed in early childhood. SIGMUND FREUD

30. Who recognized the social disorganization theory in early twentieth century?
CLIFFORD R. SHAW AND HENRY D. MCKAY

31. Who tied anomie theory with Freud’s reaction formation idea, suggesting that
delinquency among lower class youth is a reaction against the social norms of the
middle class; ALBERT COHEN

32. It occurs during the third year when children focus their attention on their
genitals. PHALLIC STAGE

33. It evaluates the reality position; EGO

34. It maintains that human actions are developed through learning experiences and
the behavior is learned when it is rewarded and extinguished by negative reactions or
punishment. BEHAVIORAL THEORY

35. It targeted those offenders who have already been convicted and it also claimed
that punishing more criminals will reduce their involvement in criminal activity.
SPECIFIC DETERRENCE THEORY

36. Who first presented victim precipitation theory and applies only to violent
victimization. HANS VON HENTIG
37. What theory stands to reason that if more criminals are sent to prison or keeping
known criminals out of circulation, the crime rate should go down? INCAPACITATION
THEORY

38. Holds that person will engage in criminal behaviour after weighing the
consequences and benefits of their actions. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY

39. What precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristics
that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker? PASSIVE
PRECIPITATION

40. Who believed that people learn from one another through a process of imitation .
GABRIEL TARDE

41. This theory viewed that some people may actually initiate the confrontation that
eventually leads to their injury or death. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY

42. This role is the most common response to middle class rejection, they would not
be a chronic delinquent but may be a truant who engage in petty or status offense is
________? CORNER BOY

43. It refers to the state where youths are incapable of achieving their legitimate goals
in life because of the social conditions that they are into is ____________?

44. What theory stands to reason that is more criminals are sent to prison or keeping
known criminals out of circulation, the crime rate should go down? INCAPACITATION
THEORY

45. It suggests that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class
areas push many of their residents into criminal behaviour patterns. SOCIAL
STRUCTURE THEORIES

46. Which among the following are the main classes of explanations concerning why
similar people tend to get married, cohabit, or become sexual partners? SOCIAL
HOMOGAMY / PHENOTYPIC ASSORTMENT

47. Who developed Differential Reinforcement theory? ERNEST W. BURGESS AND

RONALD L. AKERS

48. This is defined as a characteristics of pre-industrial society, which is held

together by nations, shared values, and unquestioned beliefs. MECHANICAL
SOLIDARITY

49. It refers when the individual accepts the goals but rejects the legitimate means of
attaining them. INNOVATION
50. Shaw and Mckay’s main contention is that the primary causes of criminal
behavior were neighborhood disintegration and slum conditions to place what they
called ___________. TRANSITIONAL NEIGHBORHOODS

51. It refers to when the individuals involved in substituting an alternative set of

goals and means for conventional ones. REBELLION

52. This theory state that social structure within societies may encourage citizens to
commit crime; STRAIN THEORY

53. This theory links criminal acts to the formation of independent subcultures with
a unique set of values that clash with the main stream culture; CULTURAL
DEVIANCE THEORY

54. Those who score high and described as having low self-esteem, excessive anxiety,
and wide mood swings are what human personality? NEUROTICISM

55. What theory explain that predatory street crime by showing how human nature
develops from the interplay of psychological, biological, and social factors?
INTEGRATED THEORY

56. Who expressed the notion that child needs warmth and affection from his/her
mother or a mother substitute. EDWARD JOHN M. BOWLBY

57. What is the most important phenomenon to social development takes place after
the birth between the infant and his mother. EMOTIONAL BOND

58. This theory views that crime ridden neighborhood as those in which residents are
trying to leave at the earliest opportunity during this time are not interested anymore
when it comes to community matters. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY

59. It is a branch of psychology that studies the perception of reality and the mental
process; COGNITIVE THEORY

60. What theory beats the famous saying that says, "Opposite charges attract”?
ALTERNATIVE THEORY

61. Those who score high on sensation-seeking, dominant, and assertive are what
human personality? EXTROVERSION

62. Those who scores high on aggressive, egocentric, and impulsive are what human
personality? PSYCHOTISM

63. Who created social learning theory? ALBERT S. BANDURA

64. Who among of the following is not a proponent of strain theory? PROPONENTS :
EMILE DURKHEIM, ROBERT MERTON, ROBERT AGNEW

65. Who developed general strain theory in 1992? ROBERT AGNEW

66. It dictates needs and desires; ID

67. What is the most basic human drive present at birth? EROS

68. It refers to the focus of sexual attention is on the elimination of bodily waste;
ANAL STAGE

69. This pertains to the group of people under the Marxist socialist system who are
composed of the inferior class. PROLETARIAT

70. The link between premenstrual syndrome and delinquency was first popularized
more than 25 years ago by ____________________. KATHARINA DOROTHEA K.
DALTON

71. An integration or combination of both the “bio”, “psycho”, and the “socio”
components of the individual being that dictates his/her behavior.
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL

72. The first to establish the link between premenstrual syndrome and delinquency.
She found out that females are more likely to commit suicide and be aggressive and
otherwise antisocial just before or during menstruation. KATHARINA DOROTHEA K.
DALTON

73. Is a psychological term used to describe women who are stuck within or have
recently left a violent relationship characterized by the cycle of violence. BATTERED
WOMAN SYNDROME

74. It is in this stage that the abuser is often very loving and remorseful. Promises
are made by the batterer that he will not violently abuse the woman again.
HONEYMOON OR LOVING CONTRITION

75. This component of the human being examines the thoughts, emotions or
behaviors of the individual. PSYCHO

76. This theory argued that the involvement in criminal activities is increased when
women have different opportunities. If female opportunity, efficiency and social
communication are increased, then the rate of criminality increases accordingly.
OPPORTUNITY THEORY

77. Argued that women are involved in crime due to the increasing participation of
women in social movements which changed role of female in family and the feelings
of independence in her work and thought. FREDA ADLER

78. During this stage of violence, relatively minor incidents increase the tension in
the relationship which culminate the eruption of violence. TENSION

79. A common temporary psychological state right after childbirth when a new
mother may have sudden mood swings, feeling very happy, then very sad, cry for no
apparent reason, feel impatient, unusually irritable, restless, anxious, lonely and sad.
POSTPARTUM STRESS SYNDROME

80. A syndrome that does not establish the culpability of any particular person but
rather indicates that a child found with serious, repeated injuries has not suffered
those injured by accidental means. BATTERED CHILD SYNDROME

81. A kind of abuse which degrades and humiliates a woman thereby facilitating the
destruction of her self-esteem and by implication her moral personhood.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE

82. According to this theory, the participation in criminal activity is the result of an
optimizing individual responding to incentives. ECONOMIC MODEL OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR: BASIC THEORY

83. He stated that the development of capitalism had turned workers into a
dehumanized mass who lived an existence that was at the mercy of the capitalist
employers. KARL HEINRICH MARX

84. A term used to describe persons who were normal in all respects except that
something was wrong with the part of the brain that regulates affective responses.
MORAL INSANITY

85. The component of the individual being that examines sociological factors that
might influence the health of an individual like interaction with others. SOCIAL

86. It is the theory which holds that crime is an outcome of class struggle and that
crime is defined by those in power. CONFLICT THEORY
87. It focuses on the critical analysis of communication and language in legal codes.
Those in power use their own language to define crime and law while excluding or
dismissing those who are in opposition POST MODERN THEORY

88. According to this theory, street criminals prey on the poor, thus making the poor
doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by the members of their own
class. LEFT REALISM THEORY

89. This theory explains that people are naturally creative and freedom-loving in
which they are able to do as they please without interference by anyone thereby
resulting to moral deterioration and high crime rates as a function of survival.
RADICALISM

90. It refers to a visceral feeling of oneness with a group that is associated with
increased permeability of the boundary between the personal and social-self resulting
in elevated personal agency. IDENTITY FUSION

91. It emphasize moral deterioration, reflected in crime rates, as the forerunner of

society’s political and economic collapse into war among racial and other groups
fighting to survive. RIGHTISTS RADICALISM

92. It posit fundamental and ultimately fatal contradictions in the structuring of

capitalist liberal democracy; LEFTISTS RADICALISM

93. It occurs when the offended party experiences a loss of some quality relative to
his or her present standing. CRIME REDUCTION

94. This theory proposed that through interaction with others, individuals learn the
values, attitude, techniques and motive for criminal behavior; DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOCIATION THEORY

95. Who developed the social bond or social control theory? TRAVIS W. HIRSCHI

96. Under the theory of Karl Marx, this refers to the relationship that exist among the
people producing goods and services. PRODUCTIVE RELATIONS

97. This theory viewed that process of becoming as a learning experience in which
potential delinquents and criminals master techniques that enable counterbalance
conventional values and drift, back and forth, between illegitimate and conventional
behavior; NEUTRALIZATION THEORY

98. In this technique of neutralization, the criminal argues that it is unfair for them
to be blamed for the crime and that they are being persecuted or punished out of
spite. DENIAL OF RESPONSIBILITY

99. It refers to a person’s sensitivity to and interest in others, what elements of social
bond is this? ATTACHMENT
100. According to this theory, criminality is a function brought about by inequities
found in the capitalist system. KARL MARXS THEORY

101. According to him, only the proletariat is likely to become officially recognized as
criminals because the legal system discriminates against the poor by defending the
action of the wealthy. WILLEM A. BONGER

102. It refers to onset of the menstrual cycle that triggers excessive amounts of the
female sex hormones, which affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. PREMENSTRUAL
SYNDROME

103. A medical diagnosis based on evidence indicating that the child has been
subjected to a pattern of serious and unexplained abuse. BATTERED CHILD
SYNDROME

104. It is the stage of abuse which reinforces the woman’s hope that the relationship
will get better or is at least salvageable. HONEYMOON OR LOVING CONTRITION

105. It is an emotional reaction which falls between baby blues and postpartum
depression. POSTPARTUM STRESS SYNDROME

106. In her study entitled “Selected Studies on the Biology of Antisocial Behavior,”
she conclude that there is in fact an association between elevated levels of female
aggression and menstruation. DIANA FISHBEIN

107. It refers to an emotional reaction which is also known as Adjustment Disorder.

POSTPARTUM STRESS SYNDROME

108. A complex mix of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes that happen in a
woman after giving birth associated with feelings of sadness, anxiety (worry) and
tiredness that last for a long time after giving birth. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

109. It is the component of the individual being that examines how the person
socializes or interacts with another person. SOCIO

110. A standard model of decision-making whereby individuals choose between

criminal activity and legal activity on the basis of expected utility from those acts.
ECONOMIC MODEL OF CRIME

111. It refers to the group of people under the capitalist society as the owners of the
means of production who has the power to control the production of goods.
CAPITALIST BOURGEOISIE
112. Under the biopsychosocial theories of crime, this component examines the
aspect of the human body that influence health like the brain, genetics, or
functioning of major body organs like kidney, liver and etc. BIO

113. According to this theory, the changes or modification of the “bio”, “psycho”, and
the “socio” component of the person affect his/her behavior. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL

114. This theory view crime as function of the capitalist mode of production in which
the rich use the fear of crime as a tool to maintain their control over society.
MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY

115. According to this theory, crime is defined as the application of harm to others
and the act of making people “criminals” is a crime. INSTITUTIVE-CONSTITUTIVE
THEORY

116. A theory which describes a communist form of government in which the power
of the government is absolute and it controls the behavior and actions of its
populace. CONSERVATISM

117. This assumes that the ideal society is one in which there is equality of
opportunity and a general consensus to accept differences in rewards as the
outcomes of fair completion. LIBERALISM

118. These ideologies assume that the ideal society is one in which authority is
unquestioned. The hierarchy of wisdom and virtue is accepted by all as based on
recognizing natural inequalities. CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGIES

119. This theory explains that if one of the members of the gang was killed and the
other members knew who killed their co-member then; there is a big possibility that
this gang will join forces to revenge against the killer, because each member of the
gang feels that they are one family within the group. IDENTIFY FUSION THEORY

120. It is a common theme that racial and ethnic minorities are favored to keep more
capable groups from becoming strong enough to challenge the system; RIGHTIST
IDEOLOGY

121. It occurs when members of a group are prevented from achieving their fullest
potential because of racism, sexism, or some other status bias. CRIME OF
REPRESION

122. This theory focuses on the critical analysis of communication and language in
legal codes. POST MODERN THEORY

123. It is a political pamphlet by the German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels which described the way of life under the capitalist system. COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO
124. Who developed the Differential Association Theory? EDWIN SUTHERLAND

125. Who developed Neutralization theory? DAVID MATZA

127. This principle explains that people’s contacts with their most intimate social
companions – family, friends, and peers – have the greatest influence on their deviant
behavior and attitude development. PRINCIPAL PART OF LEARNING OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR OCCURS WITHIN INTIMATE PERSONAL GROUPS

128. Under the theory of Karl Marx, this pertains to the economic system based on
the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
CAPITALISM

129. It involves the time, energy and effort expended in conventional lines of action
such as getting an education and saving money for the future, what elements of
social bond is this? COMMITMENT

130. Who attempted to formulate a sociological definition of crime that would

designated those acts which can be repressed by punishment, those constituted
natural crime and were considered offenders violating two basic altruistic sentiments
common to all people namely: probity and pity? RAFFAELE GAROFALO

131. The main principle of this school is that “Let the punishment fit the crime”.
CLASSICAL SCHOOL

132. The main notion of this school is “Let the punishment fit the criminal.”
POSITIVIST SCHOOL

133. What is the fundamental notion of Neo-classical school? LET THE CHILDREN
AND LUNATIC CRIMINALS BE EXEMPTED FROM PUNISHMENT

134. What is a generic term of crime which violate an ordinances? MISDEMEANOR

135. This theory suggests that criminal behavior is a dynamic process influenced by
individual characteristics as well as social experiences and that the factors that
cause anti-social behaviors change dramatically over a person’s life span. LIFE
COURSE THEORY

136. What is the other term of schizophrenia? DEMENTIA PRAECOX

137. What theories believe that it is the interaction between predisposition and
environment that produces criminality? BIOSOCIAL THEORY

138. She is publicly known by many as “Margaret, the mother of criminals”; ADA
JUKE

139. Classical school was developed in what century? 18TH CENTURY

140. Physiognomy deals with the study of? FACIAL FEATURES

141. It focuses on the idea that individuals who share genes are alike in personality
regardless of how they are reared, whereas rearing environment induces little or no
personality resemblance; GENETIC INFLUENCES

142. According to Sheldon, people with predominantly _________ traits tend more
than others to be involved in illegal behavior; MESOMORPH

143. What is a term that may be referred to as felony, offense, or misdemeanor.

CRIME

144. It refers to body type characterized by an increased amount of fat number of fat
cells than the average person, as well as higher proportion of digestive tissue?
ENDOMORPH BODY TYPE

145. It involved weighing of pleasure versus pain? HEDONISTIC CALCULUS/UTILITY

146. Who applied the principle of utilitarianism? JEREMY BENTHAM

147. These criminal are those considered as born criminals? CRIMINAL ATAVISM

148. Who believed that social as well as biological factors played a role, and held
responsible for the factors causing their criminality were beyond their control?
ENRICO FERRI

149. What is the other term of manic depression? BIPOLAR DISORDER

150. It arose during the French revolution with the modification that children,
lunatics, and others were not legally responsible for their actions; NEO-CLASSICAL
SCHOOL

151. Life-course Theory otherwise known as what? DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

152. This theory is based on the idea that the assessment of the person’s outer
appearance, primarily the face, may give insights into one’s character or personality.
PHYSIOGNOMY

153. Political and economic forces as the causes of crimes are under what
perspective? CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE

154. Bronfenbrenner stressed the importance of studying a child in the context of

multiple environments, also known as ____________________ in the attempt to
understand his development; ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
155. A stage of development experienced only by female children and occurs when a
girl notices the differences in male and female anatomy and longs to have a penis of
her own. PENIS ENVY

156. It is defined as a stable feature, characteristics, property or condition, such as

defective intelligence, impulsive personality, genetic abnormalities, the physical-
chemical functioning of the brain and environmental influences on brain function?
LATENT TRAIT

157. Phrenology is derived from the theories of German-French anatomist and

physiologist ________________? FRANZ JOSEPH GALL

158. It is a neurological dysfunction that prevents an individual from learning to his

or her potentiality; LEARNING DISABILITY

159. It explains that aggression is a function of the level of an individual needs for
stimulation from the environment. AROUSAL THEORY

160. What oriented people are more cooperative and sensitive to others? K-
ORIENTED

161. When classical school was developed in mid-18th century it was based on what
philosophy? UTILITARIANISM

162. What are the sovereign motives that governed the mankind? PAIN AND
PLEASURE

163. It refers to a body type that is characterized by long arms and legs, and a short
upper body and narrow shoulders, and supposed has a higher proportion of nervous
tissues? ECTOMORPHIC BODY TYPE

164. What perspectives seek to explain the onset of antisocial behaviour such as
aggression and violence by focusing on the physical qualities of the offenders?
BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE

165. What is a perspective regarded crime as the product of internal forces?

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

166. What perspective expressed that criminal behaviour, was the product of
“unconscious” forces operating within a person’s mind? PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE

167. It is the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties
and traits of character PHRENOLOGY

168. What school presumed that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external
factors outside of the individual’s? POSITIVIST SCHOOL
167. Illegal possession and trafficking of dangerous drugs, money laundering, and
illegal possession of firearms are examples of? FELONY

168. It stresses about the relationship between antisocial behaviour and biochemical
makeup and that body chemistry can govern behaviour and personality, including
levels of aggression and depression; BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS

169. It refers to a mental disorder that is characterized by disturbances in thought,

perception and behaviour, by a loss of emotional responsiveness and extreme apathy,
and by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life.
SCHIZOPHRENIA

170. It refers to any of several psychological disorders of mood characterized usually

by alternating episodes of depression and mania. MANIC DEPRESSION

171. Who examined the relationship between personality and physical type, with
regards to criminal behavior? EARNEST A. HOOTON

172. It refers to the quality or condition of a female being masculine or having the
characteristic of the male sex. MASCULINITY

173. The term applied to the crime carried out by women whose office jobs can be
characterized as being set on a low to medium level. PINK COLLAR CRIME

174. This theory holds that the empowered women are involved in more serious
violent crime than non-empowered women due to the masculinity. ANDLER'S
THEORY OF MASCULINITY

175. She was interviewed by Goddard to trace the family history of Martin Kakikak
Jr. DEBORAH

176. What theory under evolutionary suggests that a subpopulation of men has
evolved with genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement and
that men are sexually aggressive who use their cunning to gain sexual conquests
with as many females as possible. CHEATER THEORY

177. The fundamental notion of this school is “Let the children and lunatics criminal
be exempted from punishment’’. NEO CLASSICAL THEORY

178. Who developed the physique theory? WILLIAM H. SHELDON

179. What theory explains the existence of aggression and violent behaviour as
positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution; these traits allowed their bearers to
reproduce disproportionately, which had an effect on the human gene pool?
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

180. Who maintained that criminality is a normal factor rather than a pathological
one? DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM

181. What is a generic term of crime which is punishable by the Revised Penal Code?
FELONY

182. He once explained that criminals commit crimes because they are mentally ill,
sick, and disturbed individuals; that’s why they need to be treated instead of being
punished. CESARE LAMBROSO

183. It is the smallest and most immediate environment in which the child lives;
MICROSYSTEM

184. What theory suggests for an immediate solution to a problem even how minute
it is to avoid the occurrence of a bigger or more complex problem; BROKEN WINDOW
THEORY

185. Criminality, according to this view, cannot be attributed to a single cause, nor
does it represent a single underlying tendency because people are influenced by
different factors as they mature. LIFE COURSE THEORY

186. This is a tendency for youth to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior
as they aged and is thought to occur among all groups of offenders; AGING OUT
PROCESS

187. In this theory, Sigmund Freud proposes that very young girls feel deprived and
envious that they do not have a penis. PENIS ENVY

188. It is the largest and most distant collection of people and places to the child that
still exercises significant influence on the child; MACROSYSTEM

189. What is a generic term of crime which is punishable by the special law such as
Republic Act and Presidential Decree? OFFENSE

190. What is the main notion of classical school? LET THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE
CRIME

191. What perspective that stressed the causes of crime based on economic and
political forces? CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE

192. It pertains to the linkages that may exist between two or more setting, one of
which may not contain the developing child but affects him indirectly nonetheless;
EXOSYSTEM
193. It adds the useful dimension of time, which demonstrate the influence of both
change and constancy in the child’s environment; CHRONOSYSTEM

194. This theory holds that criminality among women is the result of gender
inequality characterized by male supremacy and the effort of the male to control
female sexuality. CRITICAL FEMINIST THEORY

195. It refers to a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality

traits and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head? PHRENOLOGY

196. Who founded the classical school? CESARE BECCARIA

197. What perspective claimed that crime is product of socialization or interaction of

one person to other person, and crime is a function of upbringing, learning and
control? PROCESS PERSPECTIVE

198. It arose during the French revolution with the modification that children,
lunatics, and others were not legally responsible for their actions; NEO CLASSICAL
SCHOOL