Criminal Sociology

Criminal sociology - investigates the social causes of criminal behavior in an

effort to ultimately end them.Criminal sociologist identify the sources outside
of a person in society that influence and even as some theorists believe,compel
criminal action.
                            

Criminology Theories

1. Strain Theory - people has aspirations like wealth and education.

     There goals are blocked along the way. They resort to illegal
     activities what they  can not achieved through legitimate means.
     People may reduce their aspirations or increase   opportunities.
   
2. Learning Theories - follow the lead of Sutherland's  theory of
     differential association. Criminals learn from their peers.

3. Control Theories - focuses on the relationship of  a person to

     their parents, teachers, officers of the law and other agents of
     socialization. Effective    bonding with such authority figure help
     keep people out of trouble from the law.
 
4. Labelling Theory - People who are branded as criminals will
     eventually criminal.

5. Conflict Theory - society is based on conflict  between competing

     interests group.

6. Radical Theory - crime is seen as a reflection of   class struggle.

7. Left Realism - people of the working class prey  upon one

    another.Poor people victimize other  poor people of their
    own race and kind.
 
8. Peacemaking Theory - making "war on crime"  will not work.
    Making peace is the solution to crime.

9. Feminism - crime can not be understood without  considering

    gender. Crime is shaped by the different social experiences and
    power is exercise   by men and women. Men may use crime to
    exert control over women and to demonstrate  masculinity.

10.Critical Theory - Inequality in power and material  well being

     create conditions that lead to street crime and corporate crime.
     Capitalism and its   market economy are especially criminogenic
     because they create vast inequalities that    impoverishes many
     and provides opportunities for exploitation for the powerful.
     
11.Social Disorganization - disorganized communities   cause crime
     because informal social controls breakdown and criminal cultures
     emerge. They  lack collective efficacy to fight crime and disorder.

12. Classical - crime occurs when the benefits      outweigh the

      costs,when people pursue self  interest in the absence
      of effective punishments.  Crime is a free willed choice.
   
13. Positivist - Crime is caused or determined.Placed more
     emphasis on biological deficiencies, while  later scholars would
     emphasize psychological and    sociological factors.Use science to
     determine the factors associated with crime.

14. Individual Trait - criminals differ from non criminals   on a number

      of biological and sociological traits.These traits cause crime in
      interaction with the   social environment.
    
15. Differential Association - crime is learned through associations
      with criminal definitions.These  definitions might be generally
      approving of   criminal conduct or be neutralization that justify
      crime only under certain circumstances.Interacting  with anti
      social peers is a major cause of crime.Criminal behavior will be
      repeated and become  chronic if reinforced.When criminal
      subculture exist then many individuals can learn to commit crime
      in  one location and crime rates, including violence  may become
      very high.
   
16. Anomie - the gap between a persons goal or   economic success
      and the opportunity to obtain this goal creates structural
      strain.Norms weakens   and anomie ensues,thus creating high
      crime rates.When other social institutions such as family are
      weak to begin with or also weakened by a persons goal, the
      economic institution is dominant.When   such an institutional
      imbalance exists,then crime rates are very high.
 
17. Rational Choice - Building on classical theory,crime  is seen as a
      choice that is influenced by its costs and benefits,that is, by its
      rationality.Crime will be  more likely to be deterred if its costs
are
      raised especially if the costs are certain and immediate.
      Information about the costs and benefits of crime  can be
      obtained by direct experiences with  punishment and punishment
      avoidance and  indirectly by observing whether others who
      offend are punished or avoid punishment.
 
18. Routine Activities - crime occurs when their is an  intersection
     in time and space of a motivated offender,an attractive target,
     and a lack of capable  guardianship.Peoples daily routine activities
     affect the likelihood they will be an attractive target who 
     encounters an offender in a situation where no effective
     guardianship is present.Change in   activities in society can affect
      crime rates.
 
19. Developmental Life Course - crime causation is a  
      developmental process that starts before birth  and continues
      throughout the life course.  Individual factors interact with social
      factors to  determine the onset,length, and end of criminal 
      careers.The key theoretical issues involve
      continuity and change in crime.Some theories  predict continuity
      across the life course,others predict continuity for some
      offenders and change  for other offenders, and some predict
      continuity and change for the same offender.

20. Integrated - these theories use components from  other

      theories,usually strain,control, and social learning to create a
      new theory that explains   crime.They are often are life course
      theories,arguing that causes of crime occur in a sequence  
      across time.

Introduction to Criminology
Criminology - the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior and law
enforcement.

3 Main School of Thought

1. Classical school
2. Positivist school
3. Chicago school

Classical school - based on utilitarian philosophy developed in the 18th

century. This school of thoughts argues:
1. That people have free will to choose how to act.
2. Deterrence is based upon the notion of the human being as a hedonist who seeks pleasure and avoid pain and a
rational calculator weighing up the cost and benefits of the consequences of each action.
3. Punishment of sufficient severity can deter people from crime as the cost (penalties) outweigh benefits and that the
severity of punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
4. The more swift and certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior.

Prominent Philosophers of Classical school

1. Cesare Becarria - author of crimes and punishment.
2. Jeremy Bentham - inventor of the panopticon - type of institutional building designed to allow an observer to observe
inmates of an institution without them being able to tell whether or not they are being watched.

Positivist school - presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and 

external factors outside of the individuals control.
                               

Positivism can be  broken in 3 segments which include:

                  1. Biological
                 2. Psychological
                 3. Social - - one of the largest
contributors  
                     to biological positivism and founder of

                     the Italian school of criminology is

Cesare
                     Lombroso.
                       

Italian School
 Cesare Lombroso - an Italian doctor and sometimes regarded as the father of criminology. Considered also as the
founder of criminal anthropology. He suggested that physiological traits such as the measurement of the check bones or
hairline or a cleft palate, considered to be throwbacks to neanderthal man, were indicative of "atavistic criminal
tendencies". This approach has been superseded by the beliefs of Enrico Ferri.
 Enrico Ferri - a student of Lombroso, believe that social as well as biological factors played a role and held the view that
criminals should not be held responsible when factors causing their criminality were beyond their control.
 Sociological positivism - suggest that societal factors such as poverty, membership of subcultures or low levels of
education can predispose people to crime.
1. Adolphe Quetelet - made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into relationship between crime and
sociological factors. He found that age, gender, poverty, education and alcohol consumption were important factors
related to crime.
2. Rawson W. Rawson - utilized crime statistics to suggest a link between population density and crime rates with
crowded cities creating an environment conducive for crime.
3. Joseph Fletcher and John Glyde - also presented papers to the statistical society of London on their studies of crime
and its distribution.
4. Henry Mayhew - used empirical methods and an ethnographic approach to address social questions and poverty.
5. Emile Durkheim - viewed crime as an inevitable aspect of society with uneven distribution of wealth and other
differences among people.

Chicago school - arose in the early 20th century, through the work of Robert
Park, Ernest Burgess and other urban sociologist at the university of Chicago.
Park and Burgess identified five concentric zones that often exist as cities
grow, including the zone in transition which was identified as most volatile and
subject to disorder.
 Edwin Sutherland - suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older, more experienced criminals that they
may associate with. (differential association).

2 Main difference between the classical and positivist schools of criminology

Classical school                           Positivist
school

1.Free will                                  
1. Determinism
2. Philosophy                              2.
Scientific methods

De minimis - is an addition to a general harm principle.The general harm

principle fails to consider the possibility of other sanctions to prevent harm,
and the effectiveness of criminalization as a chosen option.

Thanatos - a death wish.

Tagging - like labeling, the process whereby an individual is negatively defined

by agencies of justice.

Criminology Consists of 3 Principal Divisions

1. Sociology of Law - which is an attempt at scientific
    analysis of the conditions under which criminal law
    influences society.
2. Criminal Etiology - which is an attempt at scientific
    analysis of the study of causes or reasons for
    crime.
3. Penology - concerned with control crime by
    repressing criminal activities through the fear of
    punishment.

Crime - is a wrong doing classified by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

Felony - is a serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison.

Misdemeanor - is a crime for which the punishment is usually a fine and/or up to

one year in jail.

*Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and by

  the common law.

Etiology - study of causes and reasons for crime.

Atavism - the view that crime is due to a genetic throwback to a more primitive
and aggressive form of human being.

Elements Necessary For A Crime To Occur

1. Desire or motivation on the part of the criminal.
2. The skills and tools needed to commit the crime.
3. Opportunity.

Spree killer - is someone who embarks on a murderous assault on 2 or more

victims in a short time in multiple locations.

Spree killing - killings at two or more locations with almost no time break
between murders.

Spree murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders without a

cooling off period.

Serial murder - two or more murders committed by an offender/offenders  with a

cooling off period.

Mass murderer - are defined by one incident with no distinctive time period
 between the murders.

Thrill killing - a premeditated murder committed by a person who is not

necessarily suffering from mental instability and does not derive sexual
satisfaction from killing victims or have anything against them and sometimes do
not know them but instead motivated by the sheer excitement of the act.

Victimology -studies the nature and cause of victimization.

Psychology - the scientific study of the human mind and its functions.

Psychiatry - the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of
mental disorders.

Ecology - the environment as it relates to living organisms.

Demography - the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human

populations.

Epidemiology - the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and
control of disease.

Anthropology - the social science that studies the origins and social
relationships of humans.

Impulse - a sudden strong urge or desire to act.

Kleptomania - is an irresistible impulse to steal in the absence of economic

motive.

Prototype - is a standard or typical example.

Pathological - is caused by or evidencing a mentally disturbed condition.

Criminal Justice System

Criminal Justice System - is the system of practices and institutions of
governments directed at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime
or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation
efforts.

Goals of Criminal Justice

1. to protect individuals and society
2. to reduce crime by bringing offenders to justice
3. to increase the security of the people

Criminal Justice System consists of three main parts

1. legislative - create laws
2. courts - adjudication
3. corrections - jail, prison, probation, parole

Participants of Criminal Justice System

1. police - first contact of offender since they investigate wrongdoing and makes arrest.
2. prosecution - proves the guilt or innocence of wrongdoers.
3. court - venue where disputes are settled and justice is administered.
4. correction - after accused is found guilty, he is put to jail or prison to be reformed.
5. community - where the convict after service of sentence comes back to be integrated to be a productive member of
society.

Community Policing - the system of allocating officers to particular areas so

that they become familiar with the local inhabitants.

Early History of Punishment

1. Early Greece and Rome
     a. most common state administered punishment
         was banishment and exile.
     b. economic punishment such as fins for such crime
         as assault on slave, arson, or house breaking.
2. Middle 5th to 15th century
     a. blood feuds were the norm.
     b. law and government not responsible for conflict.
3. Post 11th century feudal periods
     a. fine system, punishment often consisted of
         payment to feudal lord.
     b. goals, public order and pacifying the injured.
     c. corporal punishment for poor who can not pay.
4. 1500's
     a. urbanization and industrialization, use of torture
         and mutilation showed and punishment began to
         be more monetary based.
     b. use of gallery slaves - ship-rowers.
     c. shipped inmates to american colonies
5. 1700's - early 1800's
     a. increase in prison population
     b. gap between rich and poor widens
     c. physicality of punishment increases

Goals of Punishment
1. General Deterrence - the state tries to convince
    potential criminals that the punishment they face is

    certain, swift, and severe so that they will be afraid

    to commit an offense.
2. Specific Deterrence - convincing offenders that the
    pains of punishment is greater than the benefits of
    crime so they will not repeat their criminal offending
3. Incapacitation - if dangerous criminals are kept
    behind bars, they will not be able to repeat their
    illegal activities.
4. Retribution/Just Desert - punishment should be no
    more or less than the offenders actions deserve, it
    must be based on how blameworthy the person is.
5. Equity/Restitution - convicted criminals must pay
    back their victims for their loss, the justice system
    for the costs of processing their case and society
    for any disruption they may have caused.
6. Rehabilitation - if the proper treatment is applied,
    an offender will present no further threat to society
7. Diversion - criminals are diverted into a community
    correctional program for treatment to avoid stigma
    of incarceration.The convicted offender might be
    asked to make payments to the crime victim or
    participate in a community based program that
    features counseling.
8. Restorative Justice - repairs injuries suffered by
    the victim and the community while insuring
    reintegration of the offender.Turn the justice
    system into a healing process rather than a
    distributor of retribution and revenge.

3 Broad Categories of Crime

1. Sensational crime
2. Street Crime
3. Corporate Crime, White Collar Crime, and
    Organized Crime.

Sensational Crime - certain offenses are selected for their sensational nature
and made into national issues.Much of what we know about crime comes from the
media.

Street Crime - includes a wide variety of acts both in public and private spaces
including interpersonal violence and property crime.
Justice - the quality of being just, fair and reasonable.

Rule of law - is a legal maxim whereby governmental decisions be made by

applying known legal principles.

Judge - a public officer who presides over court proceedings and hear and
decide cases in a court of law either alone or as part of a panel of judges.

Prosecutor - the person responsible for presenting the case  in a criminal

trial against an individual accused of breaking the law.

Law - is a system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of

a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political and social
authority and deliver justice.

Plaintiff - the person who brings a case against another in court of law.
Respondent - the defendant in a lawsuit.

Appellee - the respondent in a case appealed to a higher court.

Appellant - the party who appeals the decision of the lower court. A person who
applies to a higher court for a reversal of the decision of a lower court.

Stare Decisis - the legal principle of determining points in litigation

according to precedent. Latin for "to stand by that which is decided", general
practice of adhering to previous decisions when it makes new one.

Miranda Doctrine - criminal suspect has the right to remain silent which means
they have the right to refuse to answer questions from the police.They have the
right to an attorney and if they can not afford an attorney, one will be provided
for them at no charge.

Pro Bono - legal work done for free.

Writ - a form of written command in the name of the court or other legal
authority to act or abstain from acting in some way.

Subpoena - is a writ issued by a court authority to compel the attendance of a

witness at a judicial proceeding.

Summon - a legal document issued by a court or administrative agency of

government authoritatively or urgently call on someone to be present.

Discretion - the use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out

operations in the criminal justice system.

What is twelve table? early Roman laws written around 450 BC which regulated
family.religious, and economic life.

What is the medical model of punishment?

- a view of corrections holding that convicted offenders are victims of their
environment or sick people who were suffering from some social malady that
prevented them into valuable members of society.

What is the difference between Indeterminate sentence and Determinate sentence?

1. Indeterminate sentence
    a. a term of incarceration with a stated minimum
        and maximum length. ex. 3-10years
    b. prisoner is eligible for parole after the minimum
        sentenced has been served.
    c. based on belief that sentences fit the criminal,
        indeterminate sentences allow individualized
        sentences and provide for sentencing flexibility.
    d. judges can set a high minimum to override the
        purpose of the indeterminate sentence.
2. Determinate sentence
    a. a fixed term of incarceration ex. 3 years
    b. these sentences are felt by many to be
        restrictive for rehabilitative purposes.
    c. offenders know exactly how much time they
        have to serve.

Various Factors Shaping Length of Prison Terms

1. Legal Factors
    a. the severity of the offense
    b. the offenders prior criminal record
    c. whether the offender used violence
    d. whether the offender used weapons
    e. whether the crime was committed for money
2. Extra Legal Factors
    a. social class
    b. gender
    c. age
    d. victim characteristics

What are the institutions of socialization?

1. Family
2. Religion
3. Schools
4. Media

Family - is the primary institution of socialization in society.

Juvenile Delinquency
PD 603 - Child and Youth Welfare Code

RA 9262 - Anti Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004.

RA 9344 - Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006

Youthful offender - over 9 years old but under 18 years old at the time of the
commission of the offense.

Crime Theories Applicable to Juvenile Delinquency

  1. Rational Choice - causes of crime lie within the
      individual offender rather than in their external
      environment.
  2. Social Disorganization - absence or breakdown of
      communal institutions and communal relationships
      that traditionally encouraged cooperative
      relationships among people.
                  
                    Communal Institutions
           1. Family
          2. School
          3. Church
          4. Social Groups

   3. Strain Theory - crime is caused by the difficulty of

      those in poverty in achieving socially valued goals
      by legitimate means.
  4. Differential Association - young people are
      motivated to commit crimes by delinquent peers
      and learn criminal skills from them.
  5. Labelling Theory - once a person is labeled criminal
      they are more likely to offend. Once labeled as
      deviant, a person may accept that role and more
      likely to associate with others who have been
      similarly labeled.
  6. Social Control Theory - proposes that exploiting
      the process of socialization and social learning
      builds self control and can reduce the inclination
      to indulge in behavior recognized as anti social.

Four Types of Control That Can Help Prevent Juvenile Delinquency

  1. Direct - punishment is threatened or applied for
      wrongful behavior and compliance is rewarded by
      parents, family and authority figures.
  2. Internal - youth refrains from delinquency through
      the conscience or super ego.
  3. Indirect - by identification with those who  
      influence behavior because his/her delinquent act
      might cause pain and disappointment to parents
      and others with whom he/she has close
      relationships.
  4. Control - through needs satisfaction, if all
      individuals needs are met, there is no point in
      criminal activity.

Breed vs. Jones - A US court decision where it held that juveniles can not be
tried when acquitted in juvenile court then tried again in adult criminal
court.Double jeopardy applies to juveniles as well as adults.
Juvenile Delinquency - is the participation in illegal behavior by minors who
fall under a statutory limit.

Juvenile Delinquent - is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and

commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an
adult.

Crimes Commonly Committed by Juvenile Delinquents

1.  Status offenses - is an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people and most often applied to offenses only
committed by minors. example, under age smoking.
2. Property crimes - is a category of crime that includes theft,robbery,motor vehicle theft,arson,shop lifting and vandalism.
3. Violent Crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim.
Age of Majority - is the threshold of adulthood as it is
conceptualized,recognized or declared by law.The vast majority of country
including the Philippines set majority age at 18.

Young Adult - a person between the ages of 20 and 40 whereas adolescent is a

person between the ages of 13 and 19.
 
Types/Categories of Juvenile Delinquency
1.  Delinquency - crimes committed by minors which are dealt with by the juvenile courts and justice system.
2. Criminal behavior - crimes dealt with by the criminal justice system.
3. status offenses - offenses which are only classified as such because one is a minor, such as truancy which is also dealt
with by juvenile court.
Truancy - is any intentional unauthorized absence from compulsory schooling.

Vandalism - Ruthless destruction or spoiling of anything beautiful or

venerable.The term includes criminal damage such as graffiti and defacement
directed towards a property without the permission of the owner.

Graffiti - is writing or drawings scribbled,scratched or sprayed illicitly on a

wall or other surface in a public place.

Defacement - refers to marking or removing the part of an object designed to

hold the viewers attention.

Types of Offenders That Emerge in Adolescence

1. Repeat Offender - (life-course-persistent offender) - begins offending or showing anti-social/aggressive behavior in

adolescence or even childhood and continuous in adulthood.
2. Age Specific Offender (adolescence-limited offender) - juvenile offending or delinquency begins and ends during their
period of adolescence.

Human Behavior and Crises Management

Crisis Management - is the process by which an organization deals with a major
event that threatens to harm the organization or the general public.

Crisis - is any event that is expected to lead to an unstable and dangerous

situation affecting an individual, group, community or society.

Risk Management - involves assessing potential threats and finding the best

ways to avoid those threats.

Crisis Management - dealing with threats after they have occurred.Crises

Management is occasionally referred as incident management.

Crisis Negotiation - is a technique for law enforcement to communicate with

people who are threatening violence including barricaded subject, hostage taker,
stalkers, threats, workplace violence or person threatening suicide.
Forensic Psychology - forensic discipline that evaluates behavioral patterns and
how they relate to crime.

Hostage Negotiation - a negotiation conducted between law enforcement agencies,

diplomatic or other governmental representatives for the release of a person
held hostage against their will by criminal, terrorist or other elements.

Crises Management Plan - crises management methods of a business or

organization.

3 Elements of Crises Management

  1. threat to the organization or public
  2. element of surprise
  3. short decision time

Types of Crises
  1. Natural Disaster
  2. Technological Crises
  3. Confrontation
  4. Malevolence
  5. Organizational Misdeeds
  6. Work place violence
  7. Rumors
  8. Terrorist attacks/Man made disasters

Natural Disaster - considered acts of god - such as environmental phenomena as

earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, landslides, storms, tsunamis and
droughts that threaten life, property and the environment itself.

Technological Crises - are caused by human application of science and

technology.

Confrontation Crises - occur when discontented individuals and/or groups, fight

business, government and various interest groups to win acceptance of their
demands and expectations.

Common Type of Confrontation Crises

  1. Boycott
  2. Picketing
  3. Sit-ins
  4. blockade
  5. Occupation of buildings
  6. Resisting/Disobeying police
  7. Ultimatums to those in authority

Crises of malevolence - opponents or miscreants individuals use criminal means

or other extreme tactics for the purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward
a company or country with aim of destabilizing or destroying it. ex. product
tampering, kidnapping, terrorism, espionage.
Crises of Organizational Deeds - occurs when management takes actions it knows
will harm stakeholders without adequate precaution.

3 Types of Organizational Misdeeds

  1. Crises of skewed management values
  2. Crises of Deception
  3. Crises of Management Misconduct

Human Behavior - refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which
are influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority,
rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion and genetics.

Factors Affecting Human Behavior

  1. Genetics
  2. Attitude
  3. Social Norms
  4. Perceive behavioral control
  5. Core faith
  6. Survival instinct

Psychiatric Disorders Associated with Criminal Behavior

1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Delirium
3. Delusional Disorder
4. Dementia
5. Impulse Control Disorder
6. Intoxication or withdrawal from medication or drugs
7. Malingering
8. Mood disorders such as major depression, anxiety disorders and
    bipolar disorders
9. Personality disorders, especially anti social personality disorder
10.Pervasive developmental disorder (autism)
11.Psychotic disorder
12.Schizophrenia
13.Schizo-afflective disorder
14.Schizophreniform disorder
15.Substance dependence and abuse
16.Traumatic brain injury

Mental Illness/Mental Disorder - a health conditions that changes a persons

thinking, feelings or behavior and that causes the person distress and difficulty
in functioning.

Schizophrenia - a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in

the relation between thought, emotion and behavior, leading to faulty perception,
inappropriate actions and feelings,withdrawal from reality and personal
relationships into fantasy and delusion and a sense of mental fragmentation.

Autism - a mental condition present from early childhood characterized by great

 difficulty in communicating and forming relationship with other people and in
using language and abstract concepts.

Hypnosis - the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person

apparently losses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to
suggestions or directions.

Stalking - is a term used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an

individual or group to another person.

Human Behavior and Crisis Management

Definition of Terms
2 Basic Instinct/Impulse
1. Eros – life instinct – preservation of life
2. Thanatos – Death instinct

3 Possible Causes Of Crime And Delinquency

1. Conscience so over bearing – strong
2. Weak Conscience
3. Desire for immediate gratification of needs

3 Components Of The Human Personality

1. ID
2. Ego
3. Super Ego

3 Dimension Of Personality Related To Criminal Behavior –

    Eysencks Theory
1. Psychotism
2. Extroversion
3. Neurotism

46 Chromosomes – normal person.

Female – XX on 23rd chromosomes

Male - XY on 23rd chromosomes

Anal – Anus is the source of gratification.

Basic concept Of The Crisis Theory

1. Equilibrium
2. Time
3. Change

Behavior -
1. Overt – directly seen
2. Covert – motives, emotions

Catatonic – wax – motor disorder, will stay in one position for a long period
without moving, harmless.

Change – the result of crisis on individual.

Coprolalia – obtaining of sexual pleasure by using or hearing certain dirty

words

Criminal Psychology – Human conduct against criminal laws.

Crisis – A state provoked when a process faces obstacle, hazard to important

life goals that is for a time insurmountable through the utilization of customary
method of problem solving.

Delusion – erroneos belief

1. Delusion of persecution
2. Delusion of grandeur – you feel as a powerful person

Dyspareunia – painful intercourse

Ego – In charge with reality.

Electra Complex – For female, female child develop hatred to the mother but
sexual attraction to the father.

Equilibrium – state of balance or adjustment between opposite or divergent

influences.

Exhibitionism – exposure of genitals in pjublic.

Extroversion – sensation seeking, anventurous, dominant, assertive.

Faotreurism – rubbing genitals to other person.

Fetishism/Fatalism – sex objects are not human.

Frigidity – inability to have sexual arousal and enjoy coitus.

Genetic Basis Of Criminology – bad seed theory.

Genital – With other person.

Gonorrhea – infection of genitals acquired through sexual contacts.

Symptoms
                          1.  Inflammation
                           2.  Discharge of white,
yellow or yellowish green fluid  
                               from the urethra
                          3.Burning sensation when
urinating

Treatment – injection of penicillin

Halucination – perceive something without realistic basis.

Hebephrenic – harmless, excessive withdrawal from human contact, characterized

by silliness and child like mannerism.

Herpes – infection of the genetals acquired after 2-20 days of sexual contact
with the carrier.

Symptoms
1. Sores, ruptures, and blisters
2. It is recurrent

Treatment – no sure cure yet

Histrionic – characterized bhy over reactivity. OA

Homosexuality – sexual attraction and relationship with the person of the same
sex.

ID – Based on pleasure principle. Animal instinct.

Incest – sex with close relative

Insanity – Symptoms
1. Halucination
2. Delusion

Klismaphilia – erotic activity involving the anal region

Masochism – he is the one being hurt.

Mental disorder – is insanity. Is known as severe psychosis, also called

schizophrenia.

Narcisism – love of one's self

Narcisistic Personality – inflated ego, “mataas ang pagtingin sa sarili”

Necrophilia – sex with a corpse

Neurotism – low self esteem, mood swings, excessive anxiety.

 Oedipus Complex – For male, male child develop hatred to the father but sexual
attraction to the mother.

Oral – Mouth is source of gratification. From birth up to 3 years.

Paranoid – characterized by extreme suspiciousness, most dangerous.

Paranoid Personality – characterized by suspiciousness but absence of delusion

and halucination. Neurotic.

Paraphilias – abnormal ways of sexual gratification.

Personality Disorder – not insane

1. Psychopath/Sociopath/Anti-social personality
2. Narcisistic Personality
3. Paranoid Personality
4. Histrionic
5. Schizoid Personality

Phallic – Source of pleasure is the sex organ. About 5 years old.

Phedophilia – having sex with children, usually below 13 years old.

Psychology – Study of behavior.

Psychopath – no sense of shame, no morality, do not learn from their experience.

Psychosexual development
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Genital

Psychotism – aggressive, egocentric, impulsive.

Sadism – a person who achieve sexual satisfaction by seeing the partner suffer.

Sado-Masochism – both sadism and masochism

Schizoid Personality – extreme social withdrawal.

Sexual Disorders -
1. Sexual Dysfunctions
2. Paraphilias
3. Gender identity Disorder

Sexual Dysfunction – sexual disorder. Arousal disorder.

1. Failure to achieve orgasm
2. Premature orgasm

Sigmund Freud – psycho analytic theory.

Super Ego – In charge with morality – conscience.

Syphilis – STD disease acquired 3-4 weeks after sexual contact with an infected
person.

Symptom – Sore or chancre in the penis or scrotum for male, cervix or vaginal

walls for woman, can be diagnosed by blood test.

Treatment – antibiotics

Time – involves the period of disorganization, period of upset, and the period
of adaptation.

Transvestism – cross-dressing, sexual gratification by wearing the clothes of

the opposite sex.

Types Of Psychosis
1. Disorganized or hebephrenic
2. Catatonic
3. Paranoid
4. Undifferentiated

Undeffirentiated – simple schizophrenia, do not care about their hygiene

anymore, harmless, taong grasa.

Venereal Diseases – sexually transmitted diseases

1. Gonorrhea
2. Syphilis
3. Herpes
4. Aids

Voyeurism – peeping tom

XYY – appearance of extra chromosomes, violent people. Aggressive, usually tall.

Zoophilia/Bestiality – having sex with animal

Seminar on Contemporary Police Problem

Contemporary Police Problem may be Classified into the following:
1. Police Misconduct - is a broad category.The term refers to a wide range of procedural,criminal and civil violations.
2. Police Corruption - is the abuse of authority for personal gain.
Misconduct - is procedural when it refers to police who violate police department
rules and regulation.
 Criminal - when it refers to police who violate the penal laws.

Civil - when it refers to police who violate a citizens civil right.

Common forms of Misconduct

1.  Excessive use of physical or deadly force
2. Discriminatory arrest
3. Physical or verbal harassment
4. Selective Enforcement of the law
5. False arrest and imprisonment
6. Perjured testimony about illegal searches

Common Forms of Police Corruption

1.  Bribery
2. Extortion
3. Receiving of Fencing Stolen goods
4. Selling drugs,theft of drugs and money from drug dealer
5. malicious prosecution
6. Making false report and committing perjury
7. Protecting illegal gambling
8. Theft of seized property
9. Receiving discounts on purchases
10. Selling information about police operation

What are the safeguards against police misconduct

1.  Establish Code of conduct
2. Train new recruit ethically and properly
3. Investigate and Discipline violators
4. Establish independent body ex. Pleb
 Despite legal safeguards and well intentioned reforms, Police problems have continued to produce headlines.
 What can society do against the age-old problem of police misconduct and corruption? ans. Monitor and Correct.
Trends in the forms of Police Corruption
  1. Drugs - became the major driver of corruption replacing
      gambling, prostitution and alcohol.
  2. Corruption is systemic in police departments.

Systemic - affecting the entire system, group, body or society as a whole.

Standard strategies for reducing Police Corruption

  1. Create permanent external oversight over the police with
      particular emphasis on monitoring police officer  behavior.
  2. Holding supervisors responsible for the integrity of their
      subordinate.
  3. Reforming merit promotion and assignment.
  4. Changing police culture.
  5. Creating training programs in integrity for recruits and in-service
      personnel particularly first line supervisors.
  6. Creating an effective internal integrity monitoring unit.
  7. Annually evaluating the integrity of all officers.
  8. Making the Chief responsible for enforcing all disciplines.
  9. Proactively investigate misbehavior.
  10. Improving standards for recruitment and training.

Information about  Police corruption comes from several sources

  1. Appointed commission/Body of investigation
  2. Civil and Criminal investigations of police behavior
  3. Investigations undertaken by the police themselves
  4. Accounts by public media
  5. Observations by outside witnesses
  6. Surveys of police officers and the public
  7. Accounts by people involved in corrupt activity

Being  on the Pad - this phrase is associated with bribery and extortion, a
category of police corruption.

Police Brutality - actions such as using abusive language, making threats, using
force or coercion unnecessarily, prodding with night sticks and stopping and
searching people to harass.

Most Common Types of Corruption in the PNP

1. Case Fixing - subjective imposition of penalties or downright
    sabotage of the investigation process in exchange
    for  money or other things for personal gain.
2. Bribery - receipt of cash or a gift in exchange for past of future
    assistance in avoidance of prosecution.
3. Extortion - common practice of holding "street court" where
    incidents such as minor traffic tickets can be avoided
    with a cash payment  to the officer and no receipt given.
4. Protection - taking of money or other rewards from vice operators
    or from legitimate companies operating illegally
    in return for protecting them from law enforcement activity.
5. Recycling - use or sale of confiscated items and evidence, usually
    drugs or narcotics.
6. Selective Enforcement - occurs when police officer exploit their
    officer discretion e. areglo, balato.
7. Internal Pay-Offs - sale of work assignments, day offs, holidays,
    vacation period and even promotion.

Police Ethics and Community Relations

PNP Philosophy
  1. Service
  2. Honor
  3. Justice
 PNP Core Values
  1. Makadios (God-Fearing)
  2. Makabayan (Nationalistic)
  3. Makatao (Humane)

Ethical Acts to be Observed by PNP members

  1. Morality
  2. Judicious use of authority
  3. Integrity
  4. Justice
  5. Humility
  6. Orderliness
  7. Perseverance

Definition of Terms
 Customs - established usage or social practices carried on by tradition that have obtained the force of law.
 Traditions - bodies of belief, stories, customs and usages handed down from generation to generation with the effect of
an unwritten law.
 Courtesy - a manifestation of expression of consideration and respect for others.
 Ceremony - a formal act or set of formal acts established by customs or authority as proper to special occasion.
 Social Decorum - a set of norms and standard practiced by the members during social activities and other functions.
Police Community Relation - generally refers to the sum total of attitudes and
behavior between police and the communities they serve.

Public Relations - a collection of communication techniques used by individuals

or organizations to convince an audience about the merits of an idea,
organization, program, practice or policy.

Community Service - refers to the activities whereby police engage in pro-social

activities to enhance the well being of the community beyond law enforcement and
other maintenance.

Community Participation - involves members of the community taking an active

role in trying to genuinely help the police.
Police Traditions
1. Spiritual beliefs
2. Valor
3. Patriotism
4. Discipline
5. Gentlemanliness
6. Word of Honor
7. Duty
8. Loyalty
9. Camaraderie

Spiritual Beliefs - can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality,

an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being or the
deepest values and meanings by which people live.

Valor - great courage in the face of danger. Strength of mind or spirit that
enables a person to encounter danger with firmness.
Patriotism - love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it.

Discipline - the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior

using punishment to correct disobedience.

Gentlemanliness - characteristic of or having the character of a gentleman. A

man whose conduct conforms to a high standard of propriety or correct behavior.

Word of Honor - a verbal commitment by one person to another agreeing to do or

not to do something in the future.

Duty - a task or action that someone is required to perform.

Loyalty - a strong feeling of support or allegiance. Is faithfulness or a

devotion to a person, country, group or cause.

Camaraderie - mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time
together. Goodwill and lighthearted rapport between or among friends.

Probation Law of the Philippines PD 968

What is Probation? ans.- is a disposition under which a defendant after
conviction and sentence is released subject to conditions imposed by the court
and to the supervision of a probation officer.

Who can apply for Probation? ans. any first time convicted offender who is 18
years old or above.

Is probation a right? ans. no, it is a mere privilege for adult offenders. Under

RA 9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006) a child in conflict with the
law (CICL) is granted the right to probation as an alternative to imprisonment if
qualified under the Probation law.

Where shall an application for Probation be filed? ans. the application shall be

filed with the court that tried and sentenced the offender.

What will happen if the application for Probation is denied? ans. the offender
will be sent by the sentencing court to prison to serve his sentence.

When should an application for Probation be filed? ans. anytime before the

offender starts serving his sentence but within 15 days from the promulgation of
notice of judgment of conviction. Under section 42 of RA 9344, The Juvenile
Justice and Welfare Act of 2006, the court may after it shall have  sentenced a
child in conflict with the law and upon application at anytime placed the child
on probation in lieu of service of his sentence.
 May an offender be released from confinement while his application for Probation
is pending? ans. yes, the applicant may be released under the bail he filed in
the criminal case or under recognizance.

How many times can one be granted Probation? ans. only once.

RULES ON GRANT OF PROBATION

1. After having convicted and sentenced a defendant, the trial court may suspend the execution of the sentence and place
the defendant on probation, upon application by the defendant within the period for perfecting an appeal.
2. Probation may be granted whether the sentenced imposed a a term of imprisonment or fine only.
3. No application for probation shall be entertained or granted if the defendant has perfected an appeal.
4. Filing of application for probation operate as a waiver of the right to appeal.
5. The order granting or denying probation shall not be appealable.
6. Accessory penalties are deemed suspended once probation is granted.
7. The convict is not immediately put on probation. There shall be a prior investigation by the probation officer and a
determination by the court.
 
Will Probation be automatically granted to one whose sentence is 6 years or
less? ans. no, the applicant may be denied by the court if:
1. The offender would be better rehabilitated if he/
    she is sent to prison to serve his/her sentence.
2. There is undue risk that the offender will likely
    commit another crime.
3. Probation will depreciate the seriousness of the
    offense committed.
  Under section 70 of RA 9165, the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, the court may in its discretion, placed
the accused under probation even if the sentence provided under section 11 of the act is higher than that provided
under the probation law.

What will happen if a probationer violates the conditions of probation? ans.

1. The court may modify the conditions of probation
    or revoke the same.
2. If the violation is serious, the court may order the
    probationer  to serve his prison sentence.
3. The probationer may also be arrested and criminally
    prosecuted if the violation is a criminal offense.
   The court order  shall not be subject to appeal.
 Probation is not coterminous with its period. There must be an order issued
 by the court discharging the probationer. Upon 
 finding that he has fulfilled  the terms and conditions of his probation, the court may order the final discharge of the
probationer.
This shall have the following effects:
       a. case is deemed terminated.
       b. all civil rights suspended or lost are
            restored.
                 c. offender's liability for any fine imposed is
                     discharged.

Who are disqualified from the benefits of

probation: ans.                                 
                       
1. Those sentenced to serve a prison term of more 6 years.

2. Those convicted of any crime against the national

    or the public order.
3. Those previously convicted of an offense which is
    punished by imprisonment of not less that one
    month and one day imprisonment and/or a fine of
    not less than P200.
4. Those who have been  placed on probation once.
5. Those serving sentence.
6. Those whose conviction is on appeal.
7. Those convicted of an offense against the omnibus
    election code, insurgency law, wage rationalization
    act.

There are two kinds of conditions imposed upon the offender under  probation:
 
1. Mandatory or general – once violated, the 
    probation is cancelled.
      1) To report to the probation officer within 72
           hours after he receives the order of the court
           granting probation.
      2) To report to his probation officer at least once a
           month.
      3) not to commit any other offense while on
          probation.
     
2. Discretionary or special – additional conditions  
    which the court may additionally impose for the
    probationer’s correction and rehabilitation outside      prison. The
enumeration is not exclusive, as long 
    as the probationer’s Constitutional rights are not  
    jeopardized.
     

How long is the period of probation? ans.

1. not more than 2 years if the sentence of the
    offender is 1 year or less.
2. not more than 6 years if the sentence is more than
    one year.
3. When the penalty is a fine only and the offender   
    is made to serve subsidiary imprisonment, probation

    shall be twice the total number of days of subsidiary

    imprisonment

What is Parole? ans. it is the release of a prisoner from prison after serving

the minimum period of his indeterminate sentence.

Who can not be granted parole? ans. generally, those sentenced to a term of

 imprisonment of one year or less or to a straight penalty or to a prison
sentence  without a minimum term of imprisonment.

Who may grant parole to a prisoner? ans. the board of pardon and parole, an
agency under the Department of Justice.

When may a prisoner be granted parole? ans. whenever the board of pardon and
parole finds that there is a reasonable probability that if released, the
prisoner will be law abiding and that his release will not be incompatible with
the interest and welfare of society and when a prisoner has already served the
minimum penalty of his/her indeterminate sentence of imprisonment.

What happens if a parolee violates the conditions of his parole? ans. he shall

be rearrested and recommitted or returned to prison to served the unexpired
portion of the maximum period of his sentence.

What is executive clemency? ans. it refers to the commutation of sentence,

conditional pardon and absolute pardon may be granted by the president upon
recommendation of the board.

What is commutation of sentence? ans.  it is the reduction of the period of a

prison sentence.

What is conditional pardon? ans. it is the conditional exception of a guilty

offender for the punishment imposed by a court.

What is absolute pardon? ans. it is the total extinction of the criminal

liability of the individual to whom it is granted without any condition
whatsoever resulting to the full restoration of  his civil rights.

Who may file a petition for conditional pardon? ans. a prisoner who has served
at least one half of the maximum of the original indeterminate and/or definite
prison term.

Who may grant commutation of sentence and pardon? ans. the president.

Who may file a petition for commutation of sentence?

ans.  the board may review the petition of a prisoner
for commutation of sentence if he/she meets the following minimum requirement:
  at least 1/2 ( one half) of the minimum of his indeterminate and/or definite prison term or the aggregate minimum of
his determinate and/or prison terms.
 at least 10 years for prisoners sentenced to one reclusion perpetua or one life imprisonment, for crimes/offenses not
punishable under RA 7659 and other special law.
 at least 12 years for prisoners whose sentences were adjusted to 40 years in accordance with the provisions of article 70
of the RPC as amended.
 at least 15 years for prisoners convicted of heinous crimes as defined in RA 7659 committed on or after January 1, 1994
and sentenced to one reclusion perpetua or one life imprisonment.
 at least 17 years for prisoners sentenced to 2 or more reclusion perpetua of life imprisonment even if their sentences
were adjusted to 40 years in accordance  with the provision of article  70 of the RPC as amended.
 at least 20 years for those sentenced to death which was automatically commuted or reduced to reclusion perpetua.
Who may file a petition for absolute pardon? ans. one may file a petition for
 absolute pardon if he had served his maximum sentence or granted final release
and discharge or court termination of probation.

Is a prisoner who is released on parole or conditional pardon with parole

conditions placed under supervision? ans. yes, the prisoner is placed under the
supervision of a probation and parole officer.

PD 968 - Probation law of 1976 - this is the title of the decree/law. It took
effect July 24, 1976.

Purpose of the law

1. promote the correction and rehabilitation of an offender by providing him with individualized treatment.
2. provide an opportunity for the reformation of a penitent offender which might be less probable if he were to serve a
prison sentence.
3. prevent the commission of offenses.

Probationer - a person placed on probation.

Probation officer - one who investigates for the court a referral for probation
or supervises a probationer or both.
  The Probation administration shall be headed by the Probation administrator who shall be appointed by the president
of the Philippines.
 There shall be an assistant probation administrator who shall assist the administrator perform such duties as may be
assigned to him by the latter and as may be provided by law.

Qualifications of the Administrator and Assistant Probation Administrator.

1.  at least 35 years of age
2. holder of a masters degree or its equivalent in either criminology, social work, corrections, penology, psychology,
sociology, public administration, law, police science, police administration or related field.
3. at least 5 years of supervisory experience or be a member of the Philippine bar with at least 7 years of supervisory
experience.

Regional Probation officer and Assistant regional Probation Officer - appointed

by the president upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Justice.

Provincial and City Probation officer - appointed by the Secretary of justice

upon the recommendation of the administrator and in accordance with civil service
law and rules.

Qualifications of Regional, Assistant Regional, Provincial and City Probation

officers.
1. Bachelors degree with a major in social work, sociology, psychology, criminology, penology, corrections, police science,
administration or related fields.
2. at least 3 years in work requiring any of the above mentioned disciplines or is a member of the Philippine bar with at
least 3 years of supervisory experience.
 when practicable, the provincial or city probation officer shall be appointed from among qualified residents of the
province or city where he will be assigned to work.