WC 190304105085 1-10 (Practicals)

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Wireless Communication
(203105392)
VI SEMESTER
Computer Science & Engineering
Department
LABORATORY
MANUAL
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
WC (203105392) B. Tech. 3rd YEAR
ENROLLMENT NO:
190304105085
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION PRACTICAL BOOK

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PREFACE
It gives us immense pleasure to present the first edition of the WC Practical Book for
the B.Tech . 3rd year students for PARUL UNIVERSITY.
The WC theory and laboratory courses at PARUL UNIVERSITY, WAGHODIA,
VADODARA are designed in such a way that students develop the basic understanding of
the subject in the theory classes and then try their hands on the experiments to realize the
various implementations of problems learnt during the theoretical sessions. The main
objective of the WC laboratory course is: Learning WC through Experimentations. All the
experiments are designed to illustrate various problems in different areas of WC and also to
expose the students to various uses.
The objective of this WC Practical Book is to provide a comprehensive source for all
the experiments included in the WC laboratory course. It explains all the aspects related to
every experiment such as: basic underlying concept and how to analyze a problem. It also
gives sufficient information on how to interpret and discuss the obtained results.
We acknowledge the authors and publishers of all the books which we have
consulted while developing this Practical book. Hopefully this WC Practical Book will serve
the purpose for which it has been developed.
Enrollment No: 190304105085

ENROLLMENT NO:190304105085
INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. The main objective of the WC laboratory is: Learning through the Experimentation. All the
experiments are designed to illustrate various problems in different areas of WC and also to
expose the students to various problems and their uses.
2. Be prompt in arriving to the laboratory and always come well prepared for the practical.
3. Every student should have his/her individual copy of the WC Practical Book.
4. Every student have to prepare the notebooks specifically reserved for the WC practical
work: ”WC Practical Book”
5. Every student has to necessarily bring his/her WC Practical Book, WC Practical Class
Notebook and WC Practical Final Notebook.
6. Finally find the output of the experiments along with the problem and note results in the
WC Practical Notebook.
7. The grades for the WC practical course work will be awarded based on our performance in
the laboratory, regularity, recording of experiments in the WC Practical Final Notebook, lab
quiz, regular viva-voce and end-term examination.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Mr./Ms.............................................................................................................
......................... with enrolment no. ................................................................
has successfully completed his/her laboratory experiments in the WC
(203105392)from the department of
....................................................................................................... during the
academic year ................................
Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................
Head Of Department:...........................................
ENROLLMENT NO: 190304105085
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page No Date of Marks
Sr. Date of
Experiment Title Completio Sign (out of
No From To Start
n 10)
Perform various
1. network commands
for wired and wireless
LAN
2. Write a Program to
Implement CDMA.
Prepared Ad-hoc network

3. in Windows 10 and
described all commands
Write a program to divide
4. the given area and create
clusters using given set of
frequencies
5. Introduction to Android.
Program: Write a
6. simple android
program to print Hello
World!
Display the form for
7. user personal info when
button click.
Create Android Application

8. for Simple Calculator.
Implement Simple Login

9. form in following layout. 1)
Relative Layout, 2) Linear
Layout, 3) Absolute Layout.
10. Case study of evolution

of wireless
communication

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PRACTICAL 1
Aim: - Perform various Network command for wired and wireless LAN
1. Ping Command
The ping command is one of the most often used networking utilities for detecting devices on a
network and for troubleshooting network problems.
When you ping a device you send that device a short message, which it then sends back (the
echo).
The general format is ping hostname or ping IP address.
Syntax:- ping website/domain URL
Output:-
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2. Ipconfig:-
This command shows the Ip address and subnet id of a computer It also display
all the current TCP/IP network configuration values.
Syntax:- path ipconfig
Output:-
3. H
o
s
t
n
a
m
e
:-
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Displays the host name portion of the full computer name of the computer. 190304105085
This command is available only if the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol is installed as a
component in the properties of a network adapter in Network.
Syntax:- hostname
Output:-
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4. Getmac: - Getmac is a Windows command used to display the Media Access Control
(MAC) addresses for each network adapter in the computer.
Syntax: - getmac
Output: -
5.Arp (Address resolution protocol): -
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol This protocol is used by network nodes to match
IP addresses to MAC addresses. The original specification was RFC 826.
Syntax: - Arp -d preferred Ip address
Output: -
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6. NSlookup: -
Ns lookup is a network administration command-line tool available in many

computers operating systems for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain
name or IP address mapping, or other DNS records.
Syntax: - NSlookup <domain Name>
Output: -
7. Nbtstat: -
This command displays the State of net Bios and it also display the IP associated with
particular interface with wins IP address.
Syntax: - nbtstat
Output:-
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8. Net: -
This command manages the all the aspect of the network including network users, network
shares, network print jobs and network settings.
Syntax: - net [accounts | computer | config | continue | file | group | help | helpmsg | local
group| name | pause | print | send | session | share | start | statistics | stop | time | use | user |
view]
Output: -
9. Netstat: - This command displays the foreign address and the local address of a computer.
Syntax: - netstat
Output: -
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10. Netsh wlan show Profiles: -
Netsh command manages your wireless and wired network settings. We can view,
troubleshoot, and configure virtually every network adapter on a local or remote computer
using this command
Syntax: -netsh wlan show (preferred network aspect name)
Output: -
(netsh wlan show drivers)
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(netsh wlan show interface) 190304105085
(netsh wlan show all)
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PRACTICAL 2
Aim: - Write a Program to Implement CDMA.
Theory: -
 Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum

techniques. It is a broadband system.
 CDMA uses spread spectrum technique where each subscriber uses the whole
system bandwidth.
 Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, that use TDMA, CDMA does not assign a specific
frequency to each user.
 Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations
are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence.
 CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications than
other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time,
and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.
 For example, CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by
English allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions.
 Unlike the FDMA or TDMA where a frequency or time slot is assigned exclusively to
a subscriber, in CDMA all subscribers in a cell use the same frequency band
simultaneously.
 To separate the signals, each subscriber is assigned an orthogonal code called “chip”.
Advantages: -
 CDMA provides a high quality of voice with almost no noise during the calls.
 Using CDMA problems like multipath and fading do not occur.
 CDMA has a very low power requirement.
Disadvantages: -
 CDMA lacks the facility of international roaming which is provided by GSM.

 Self-jamming problem occurs in CDMA systems because of loss of orthogonality.
 Since most of the mobile companies use GSM thus there is a lack of handsets for
CDMA technology.
 The problem of channel pollution occurs in CDMA systems which thus degrades the
quality of audio.
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Code: -
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int A, B, codeA[4], codeB[4],Aseq[4],Bseq[4],Cseq[4],i, a = 0, b = 0;
printf("Enter Data A: ");
scanf("%d", &A);
if (A == 0)
{
A = -1;
}
printf("Enter Data B : ");
scanf("%d", &B);
if (B == 0)
{
B = -1;
}
printf("\nEnter codeA : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &codeA[i]);
if (codeA[i] == 0)
{
codeA[i] = -1;
}
}
printf("Enter codeB : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
scanf("%d", &codeB[i]);
if (codeB[i] == 0)
{
codeB[i] = -1;
}
}
printf("\ncodeA : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
printf("%d ", codeA[i]);
}
printf("\ncodeB : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
printf("%d ", codeB[i]);
}
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{
Aseq[i] = A * codeA[i];
Bseq[i] = B * codeB[i];
Cseq[i] = Aseq[i] + Bseq[i];
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printf("\nAseq : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
printf(" %d", Aseq[i]);
}
printf("\nBseq : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
printf(" %d", Bseq[i]);
}
printf("\n\nCseq : ");
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
printf(" %d", Cseq[i]);
}
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)

{
a = a + codeA[i] * Cseq[i];
b = b + codeB[i] * Cseq[i];
}
if (a > 0)
{
printf("\nA : 1");
}
else
{
printf("\nA : 0");
}
if (b > 0)
{
printf("\nB : 1");
}
else
{
printf("\nB : 0");
}
getch();
}
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Output: -
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PRACTICAL 3
Aim: Prepared Ad-hoc network in windows 10 and described all commands.
STEP: 1 - Open Command Prompt in administration mode
STEP: 2 - Type the following command which will scan the virtualization support of your
network interface, “netsh wlan show drivers” (Now, here, if you get a No message then you
have to update your network adapter.) And if the Hosted Network gives you a Yes message
then it means that you can go ahead as the network interface assisted virtualization.
STEP: 3 - Type the below-mentioned command to set up an ad hoc wireless internet

connection, “netsh wlan set hosted network mode=allow ssid=manikanta key= 123456789”
In the place of “network name” provide your desired network name and instead of “pass key”
provide your key which should not be less than 8 characters.
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STEP: 4 – After setting up the hosted network, you need to start it with the following command
“netsh wlan start hosted network”
STEP:5 – To check Ad hoc network, open “Control panel” then click “Network and Internet”
then open “Network and Sharing Center”
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PRACTICAL 4
Aim: Write a program to divide the given area and create clusters using given set of
Frequencies.
FREQUENCY REUSE:
Frequency Reuse is the scheme in which allocation and reuse of channels throughout a
coverage region is done. Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels or
Frequency sub-bands to be used within a small geographic area known as a cell. The shape of
the cell is Hexagonal. The process of selecting and allocating the frequency sub-bands for all of
the cellular base station within a system is called Frequency reuse or Frequency Planning.
→Silent Features of using Frequency Reuse:
• Frequency reuse improve the spectral efficiency and signal Quality (QoS).
• Frequency reuse classical scheme proposed for GSM systems offers a protection against
interference.
• The number of times a frequency can be reused is depend on the tolerance capacity of the
radio channel from the nearby transmitter that is using the same frequencies.
• In Frequency Reuse scheme, total bandwidth is divided into different sub-bands that are used
by cells.
• Frequency reuse scheme allow WiMax system operators to reuse the same frequencies at
different cell sites.
→Formula for size of cluster:
• N is the number of cells which collectively use the complete set of available frequencies is
called a Cluster. The value of N is calculated by the following formula:
• N = I2 + I*J + J2
• Where I,J = 0,1,2,3…
Hence, possible values of N are 1,3,4,7,9,12,13,16,19 and so on.
→Formula for distance between two channel:
• In Frequency reuse there are several cells that use the same set of frequencies. These cells are
called Co-Channel Cells. These Co-Channel cells results in interference. So, to avoid the
Interference cells that use the same set of channels or frequencies are separated from one
another by a larger distance. The distance between any two Co-Channels can be calculated by
the following formula:
• D = R * (3 * N)1/2
Where,
R = Radius of a cell
N = Number of cells in a given cluster
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Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
long double tc,
spectrum, i, j, c, sc, radius, tchannel, tcells,
channels_per_cell, system capacity, frd;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the sprectrum size:");
scanf("%Lf", &spectrum);
printf("Enter the values ofi and j:");
scanf("%Lf", &i);
scanf("%Lf", &j);
printf("Enter the value of simplex channels:");
scanf("%Lf", &sc);
tchannel = spectrum / (2 * sc);
printf("\nTotal no of channels :%Lf", tchannel);
tcells = (i * i) + (i * j) + (j * j); printf("\
nTotal cells are:%Lf", tcells);
channels_per_cell = tchannel / tcells;
printf("\nNo of channels per cell: %Lf", channels_per_cell);
printf("\nclusters c:");
scanf("%Lf", &c);
system capacity = tchannel * c;
printf("\nSystem capacity is:%Lf", system capacity);
tc = 3 * ((i * i) + (i * j) + (j * j));
frd = 300 * (sqrt(tc));
printf("\nFrequency reuse distance is :%Lf", frd);
getch();
}
Output:
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PRACTICAL 5
Aim: Introduction to Android Studio.
WHAT IS ANDROID:
 Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led
by Google, and other companies.
 Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices

which means developers need only develop for Android, and their applications
should be able to run on different devices powered by Android.
 The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was
released by Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version, Android 1.0,
was released in September 2008.
 On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next Android
version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of
improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.
ARCHITECTURE OF ANDROID:
Linux kernel-
At the bottom of the layers is Linux - Linux 3.6 with approximately 115 patches. This
provides a level of abstraction between the device hardware and it contains all the
essential hardware drivers like camera, keypad, display etc. Also, the kernel handles
all the things that Linux is really good at such as networking and a vast array of
device drivers, which take the pain out of interfacing to peripheral hardware.
Libraries-
On top of Linux kernel there is a set of libraries including open-source Web browser
engine WebKit, well known library libc, SQLite database which is a useful
repository for storage and sharing of application data, libraries to play and record
audio and video, SSL libraries responsible for Internet security etc.
Android Libraries-
This category encompasses those Java-based libraries that are specific to Android
development. Examples of libraries in this category include the application
framework libraries in addition to those that facilitate user interface building,
graphics drawing and database access.
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Android Runtime-
This is the third section of the architecture and available on the second layer from
the bottom. This section provides a key component called Dalvik Virtual Machine
which is a kind of Java Virtual Machine specially designed and optimized for
Android.
Application Framework-
The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to

applications in the form of Java classes. Application developers are allowed to make
use of these services in their applications.
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ANDROID LAYOUT:
Linear Layout-
Android Linear Layout is a view group that aligns all children in either vertically or
horizontally
Relative Layout-
Android Relative Layout enables you to specify how child views are positioned
relative to eachother. The position of each view can be specified as relative to
sibling elements or relative to theparent.
Absolute Layout-
An Absolute Layout lets you specify exact locations (x/y coordinates) of its
children. Absolute layouts are less flexible and harder to maintain than other types
of layouts without absolute positioning.
ACTIVITY LIFECYCLE:
Android system initiates its program with in an Activity starting with a call
on onCreate() callback method. There is a sequence of callback methods that start up
an activity and a sequence of callback methods that tear down an activity as shown
in the below Activity life cycle diagram:
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The Activity class defines the following call backs i.e. events. You don't need to implement all the callbacks
methods. However, it's important that you understand each one and implement those that ensure your app behaves
the way users expect.
Sr.No Callback &

Description
1
onCreate()
This is the first callback and called when the activity is first created.
2
onStart()
This callback is called when the activity becomes visible to the user.
3
onResume()
This is called when the user starts interacting with the application.
4
onPause()
The paused activity does not receive user input and cannot execute any code and called
when the current activity is being paused and the previous activity is being resumed.
5
onStop()
This callback is called when the activity is no longer visible.
6
onDestroy()
This callback is called before the activity is destroyed by the system.
7
onRestart()
This callback is called when the activity restarts after stopping it.
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PRACTICAL 6
Aim: Program: Write a simple android program to print Hello World!
Code:
XML Code-
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<TextView
android:layout_width="300dp"
android:layout_height="100dp"
android: textSize="@android: dimen/app_icon_size"
android:text="Hello World!"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintLeft_toLeftOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintRight_toRightOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</androidx.constraintlayout.widget.ConstraintLayout>
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Java code:
package com.example.helloworld_pratical_6;
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity;
import android.os.Bundle;
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Output:
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PRACTICAL 7
Aim: Display the form for user personal info when button click.
Code:
MainActivity.java
package com.example.myapplication;
import android.app.AlertDialog;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.RadioButton;
import android.widget.RadioGroup;
import android.widget.Spinner;

EditText fn,ln,ei,m,p,cp,bd;
Button btn;
String[] country={"India","Japan","USA","China","UK","Canada"};
Spinner sp1;
RadioGroup rd;
@Override
sp1 = (Spinner)findViewById(R.id.spinner);
ArrayAdapter ad = new
ArrayAdapter(this,android.R.layout.simple_spinner_item,country);

ad.setDropDownViewResource(android.R.layout.simple_spinner_dropdown_ite
m);
sp1.setAdapter(ad);
fn = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText);
ln = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText2);
ei = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText3);
m = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText5);
p = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText6);
cp = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText7);
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bd = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.editText10);190304105085

rd = (RadioGroup)findViewById(R.id.gen);
btn = (Button)findViewById(R.id.button);
btn.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
show();
}
}
);
}
void show()
{
String fnm = fn.getText().toString();
String lnm = ln.getText().toString();
String email = ei.getText().toString();
String phone = m.getText().toString();
String birthdate = bd.getText().toString();
String country = sp1.getSelectedItem().toString();
RadioButton sel =
(RadioButton)findViewById(rd.getCheckedRadioButtonId());
String gender = sel.getText().toString();
try {
AlertDialog.Builder alert = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
alert.setTitle("Entered Information");
alert.setMessage("Username: " + fnm + lnm +
"\nEmail: " + email + "\nPhone:" + phone +
"\nCountry: " + country +
"\nGender: " + gender +
"\nBirthday: " + birthdate
);
alert.setPositiveButton("OK", null);
alert.show();
}
catch (Exception e){}
}
}
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Activity_main.xml:

<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
<LinearLayout
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:text="First Name : "
android:textSize="24sp"
android:textStyle="bold" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText"
android:ems="10"
android:hint="First Name"
android:inputType="textPersonName"
android:textSize="20sp"/>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView2"
android:text="Last Name : "
<EditText
android:id="@+id/editText2"
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android:ems="10"
android:hint="Last Name "
android:inputType="textPersonName"
<TextView
android:text="Email ID : "
<EditText
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Email ID"
android:inputType="textEmailAddress"
<TextView
android:text="Mobile : "
<EditText
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Mobile"
android:inputType="phone"
<TextView
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android:layout_width="match_parent" 190304105085

android:text="Password : "
<EditText
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Password"
android:inputType="textPassword"
<TextView
android:text="Confirm Password : "
<EditText
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Confirm Password"
<TextView
android:text="Gender : "
<RadioGroup
android:id="@+id/gen"
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android:layout_width="match_parent" 190304105085

android:orientation="horizontal">
<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioButton4"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1"
android:text="Male"
android:textSize="20sp" />
<RadioButton
android:id="@+id/radioButton3"
android:text="Female"
</RadioGroup>
<TextView
android:text="Country : "
android:textStyle="bold"/>
<Spinner
android:id="@+id/spinner"
<TextView
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android:text="Birth Date : " 190304105085

android:textStyle="bold"/>
<EditText
android:ems="10"
android:inputType="date" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/button"
android:text="Button" />
</LinearLayout>
</ScrollView>
Output:
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PRACTICAL 8
Aim: Create Android Application for Simple Calculator.
Code:
MainActivity.java
package com.example.mycalculator;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;
EditText no1 , no2;

Button add ,mul ,div , sub,equal;
TextView answer;
double ans = 0;
@Override
// for text views

no1 = findViewById(R.id.first_no);
no2 = findViewById(R.id.second_no);
// for button with operations

add = findViewById(R.id.add);
mul = findViewById(R.id.mul);
div = findViewById(R.id.div);
sub = findViewById(R.id.sub);
// for equal to button

equal = findViewById(R.id.equals);
// for answer field

answer = findViewById(R.id.answer);
add.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
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public void onClick(View v) {

String num1 = no1.getText().toString();
if (num1.isEmpty() || num2.isEmpty()) {
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Enter
Numbers",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
else {
double a =
Double.parseDouble(no1.getText().toString());
double b =
ans = a + b;
}
}
});
sub.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
}
else {
double a =
double b =
ans = a - b;
}
}
});
mul.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
}
else {
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double a = Double.parseDouble(no1.getText().toString());
double b =
ans = a * b;
}
}
});
div.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Enter
Numbers", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} else {
double a =
double b =
if (b != 0)
ans = a / b;
else
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "Enter
Valid Numbers", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
});
equal.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
String ans1 = String.valueOf(ans);
answer.setText(ans1);
ans= 0;
}
});
}
}
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Activity_main.xml:

<LinearLayout
tools:context=".MainActivity"
android:padding="20dp"

<TextView
android:text="CALCULATOR"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
android:textColor="@android:color/black" />
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_marginBottom="20dp">
<EditText
android:id="@+id/first_no"
android:ems="10"
android:layout_marginHorizontal="50dp"
android:hint="Enter" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/second_no"
android:ems="10"
android:hint="Enter" />
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
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android:orientation="horizontal"
<TextView
android:id="@+id/answer"
android:layout_marginHorizontal="50dp"
android:hint="ans" />
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_marginLeft="250dp"
<Button
android:id="@+id/sub"
android:text="-"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/add"
android:text="+"
tools:ignore="OnClick" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/div"
android:text="/"
android:layout_marginBottom="16dp" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/mul"
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android:text="X"
<Button
android:id="@+id/equals"
android:layout_width="wrap_content”
android:text="="
</LinearLayout>
OUTPUT:
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PRACTICAL 9
Aim: Implement Simple Login form in following layout: 1) Relative Layout, 2) Linear
Layout, 3) Absolute Layout.
Code:
MainActivity.java
package com.shashank.platform.loginui;
import android.annotation.SuppressLint;
import android.view.Window;
import android.view.WindowManager;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;
ImageView imageView;
TextView textView;
int count = 0;
@SuppressLint("ClickableViewAccessibility")
@Override
requestWindowFeature(Window.FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
getWindow().setFlags(WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_FULLSCREEN,
WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_FULLSCREEN);
imageView = findViewById(R.id.imageView);
textView = findViewById(R.id.textView);
imageView.setOnTouchListener(new
OnSwipeTouchListener(getApplicationContext()) {
public void onSwipeTop() {
}
public void onSwipeRight() {

if (count == 0) {
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.good_night_img);
textView.setText("Night");
count = 1;
} else {
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imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.good_morning_img);
textView.setText("Morning");
count = 0;
}
}
public void onSwipeLeft() {

if (count == 0) {
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.good_night_img);
textView.setText("Night");
count = 1;
}
else {
imageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.good_morning_img);
textView.setText("Morning");
count = 0;
}
}
public void onSwipeBottom() {
}
});
}
}
Activity_main.xml

<RelativeLayout
android:focusableInTouchMode="true"
<FrameLayout
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/imageView"
android:scaleType="centerCrop"
android:src="@drawable/good_morning_img" />
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</FrameLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:id="@+id/linearLayout"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_marginTop="80dp"
<LinearLayout
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<TextView
android:fontFamily="@font/gotham"
android:text="Good "
android:textColor="#ffffff"
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout
<TextView
android:id="@+id/textView"
android:fontFamily="@font/gotham"
android:text="Morning"
android:textColor="#ffffff"
<View
android:background="#deff00" />
</LinearLayout>
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</LinearLayout>
<TextView
android:layout_below="@+id/linearLayout"
android:fontFamily="@font/calibri"
android:gravity="center"
android:text="We pursue a relaxed gaming experience"
android:textColor="#9affffff"
tools:ignore="SmallSp" />
<LinearLayout
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:paddingLeft="32dp"
android:paddingRight="32dp">
<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:textColorHint="#96ffffff"
android:theme="@style/EditScreenTextInputLayoutStyle">
<EditText
android:drawablePadding="16dp"
android:drawableEnd="@drawable/ic_email_white_24dp"
android:hint="Email"
android:inputType="textEmailAddress"
android:maxLines="1"
android:textColor="@android:color/white"
</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
android:textColorHint="#96ffffff"
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android:theme="@style/EditScreenTextInputLayoutStyle">
<EditText
android:drawablePadding="16dp"
android:drawableEnd="@drawable/ic_lock_white_24dp"
android:hint="Password"
android:maxLines="1"
android:textColor="@android:color/white"
</com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
<LinearLayout
android:gravity="center"
<Button
android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
android:background="@drawable/buttonshapewhitebg"
android:text="Sign up"
android:textAllCaps="false"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textColor="#96ffffff"
<Button
android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
android:background="@drawable/buttonshapewhitebg"
android:text="Sign in"
android:textAllCaps="false"
</LinearLayout>
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<TextView
android:text="Forgot Password?"
android:textAlignment="center"
</LinearLayout>
</RelativeLayout>
Output:
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PRACTICAL 10
Aim: Case study of evolution of wireless communication
History of wireless technology:
Marconi, an Italian inventor, transmitted Morse code signals using radio waves wirelessly to a distance of
3.2 KMs in 1895. It was the first wireless transmission in the history of science. Since then, engineers and
scientists were working on an efficient way to communicate using RF waves.
Telephone became popular during the mid of 19th century. Due to wired connection and restricted
mobility, engineers started developing a device which doesn’t requires wired connection and transmit voice
using radio waves.
Invention of first mobile phone – The evolution begins:
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Martin Cooper, an engineer at Motorola during 1970s working on a handheld device capable of two way
190304105085
communication wirelessly, invented the first generation mobile phone. It was initially developed to use in a
car, the first prototype was tested in 1974.
This invention is considered as a turning point in wireless communication which led to an evolution of
many technologies and standards in future.
1G – First generation mobile communication system:
The first generation of mobile network was deployed in Japan by Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph company (NTT) in Tokyo during 1979.
In the beginning of 1980s, it gained popularity in the US, Finland, UK and Europe. This
system used analogue signals and it had many disadvantages due to technology
limitations.
Most popular 1G system during 1980s:
 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
 Nordic Mobile Phone System (NMTS)
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 Total Access Communication System (TACS) 190304105085
 European Total Access Communication System (ETACS)
Key features (technology) of 1G system:
 Frequency 800 MHz and 900 MHz
 Bandwidth: 10 MHz (666 duplex channels with bandwidth of 30 KHz)
 Technology: Analogue switching
 Modulation: Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Mode of service: voice only
 Access technique: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Disadvantages of 1G system:
 Poor voice quality due to interference
 Poor battery life
 Large sized mobile phones (not convenient to carry)
 Less security (calls could be decoded using an FM demodulator)
 Limited number of users and cell coverage
 Roaming was not possible between similar systems
2G – Second generation communication system GSM:
Second generation of mobile communication system introduced a new digital technology for wireless
transmission also known as Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). GSM technology became
the base standard for further development in wireless standards later.
This standard was capable of supporting up to 14.4 to 64kbps (maximum) data rate which is sufficient for
SMS and email services.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system developed by Qualcomm also introduced and
implemented in the mid 1990s. CDMA has more features than GSM in terms of spectral efficiency,
number of users and data rate.
Key features of 2G system:
 Digital system (switching)

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 SMS services is possible 190304105085
 Roaming is possible
 Enhanced security
 Encrypted voice transmission
 First internet at lower data rate
 Disadvantages of 2G system
 Low data rate
 Limited mobility
 Less features on mobile devices
 Limited number of users and hardware capability
2.5G and 2.75G system:
In order to support higher data rate, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) was introduced and
successfully deployed. GPRS was capable of data rate up to 171kbps (maximum).
EDGE – Enhanced Data GSM Evolution also developed to improve data rate for GSM networks. EDGE
was capable to support up to 473.6kbps (maximum).
Another popular technology CDMA2000 was also introduced to support higher data rate for CDMA
networks. This technology has the ability to provide up to 384 kbps data rate (maximum).
Difference Between 1G And 2G:
1G uses associate degree analog signal for communications and use FDMA for channelisation. 1G is
employed for spoken language, information transmission service wasn’t provided by 1G. 2G was medical
care of 1G i.e. it uses the digital signal for communication. 2G uses TDMA and CDMA for dividing the
channels, and it provides voice and digital communication services.
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3G – Third generation communication system:
Third generation mobile communication started with the introduction of UMTS – Universal Mobile
Terrestrial / Telecommunication Systems. UMTS has the data rate of 384kbps and it support video calling
for the first time on mobile devices.
After the introduction of 3G mobile communication system, smart phones became popular across the
globe. Specific applications were developed for smartphones which handles multimedia chat, email, video
calling, games, social media and healthcare.
 Higher data rate

 Video calling
 Enhanced security, more number of users and coverage
 Mobile app support
 Multimedia message support
 Location tracking and maps
 Better web browsing
 TV streaming
 High quality 3D games
3.5G to 3.75 Systems:
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In order to enhance data rate in existing 3G networks, another two technology improvements
190304105085 are
introduced to network. HSDPA – High Speed Downlink Packet access and HSUPA – High Speed Uplink
Packet Access, developed and deployed to the 3G networks. 3.5G network can support up to 2mbps data
rate.
3.75 system is an improved version of 3G network with HSPA+ High Speed Packet Access plus. Later
this system will evolve into more powerful 3.9G system known as LTE (Long Term Evolution).
Disadvantages of 3G systems:
 Expensive spectrum licenses
 Costly infrastructure, equipment and implementation
 Higher bandwidth requirements to support higher data rate
 Costly mobile devices
 Compatibility with older generation 2G system and frequency bands
4G – Fourth generation communication system:

4G systems are enhanced version of 3G networks developed by IEEE, offers higher data rate and capable
to handle more advanced multimedia services. LTE and LTE advanced wireless technology used in 4th
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generation systems. Furthermore, it has compatibility with previous version thus easier deployment and
190304105085
upgrade of LTE and LTE advanced networks are possible.
Simultaneous transmission of voice and data is possible with LTE system which significantly improve
data rate. All services including voice services can be transmitted over IP packets. Complex modulation
schemes and carrier aggregation is used to multiply uplink / downlink capacity.
Wireless transmission technologies like WiMax are introduced in 4G system to enhance data rate and
network performance.
 Much higher data rate up to 1Gbps

 Enhanced security and mobility
 Reduced latency for mission critical applications
 High definition video streaming and gaming
 Voice over LTE network VoLTE (use IP packets for voice)
Disadvantages of 4G system:
 Expensive hardware and infrastructure

 Costly spectrum (most countries, frequency bands are too expensive)
 High end mobile devices compatible with 4G technology required, which is costly
 Wide deployment and upgrade is time consuming
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5G – Fifth generation communication system:

5G network is using advanced technologies to deliver ultra fast internet and multimedia experience for
customers. Existing LTE advanced networks will transform into supercharged 5G networks in future.
In earlier deployments, 5G network will function in non standalone mode and standalone mode. In non
standalone mode both LTE spectrum and 5G-NR spectrum will be used together. Control signaling will
connect to LTE core network in non standalone mode.
There will be a dedicated 5G core network higher bandwidth 5G – NR spectrum for standalone mode.
Sub 6-GHz spectrum of FR1 ranges are used in the initial deployments of 5G networks.
In order to achieve higher data rate, 5G technology will use millimeter waves and unlicensed spectrum for
data transmission. Complex modulation technique has been developed to support massive data rate for
Internet of Things.
Key features of 5G technology:
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 Ultra fast mobile internet up to 10Gbps 190304105085
 Low latency in milliseconds (significant for mission critical applications)

 Total cost deduction for data
 Higher security and reliable network
 Uses technologies like small cells, beam forming to improve efficiency
 Forward compatibility network offers further enhancements in future
 Cloud based infrastructure offers power efficiency, easy maintenance and upgrade of hardware
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Comparison of 1G to 5G Technology:
Li-Fi:
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Companies are also working to improve Wi-Fi networks. Velmenni, a business190304105085
based in Estonia, is
developing a technology called Li-Fi, which plans to deliver not only a faster connection to users but also
a more secure one. Li-Fi operates through LED bulbs, which connect to your computer or laptop via a
dongle.
Throughout real-world testing, Li-Fi’s delivered a consistent speed of 1 gigabyte per second (Gbps). In
labs, however, it’s reached 224 Gpbs, which is fast enough to download more than a dozen high-quality
films in a single second. While this may be a possible real-world speed for future wireless networks, it’s
unlikely for the near future.
How Wireless Network Technology Evolves:

One of the ways the industry’s pushing forward is through outside perspectives. Technologies like Li-Fi,
for example, are coming from smaller companies looking at new ways to deliver a faster, more reliable
network.
Final thoughts
Wireless technology has been continuously evolving to meet increasing demands and higher specification
requirements.
Since the deployment of first generation mobile networks, telecommunication industry facing lot of new
challenges in terms of technology, efficient utilization of spectrum and most importantly security to end
users. Future wireless technologies will provide ultra fast, feature rich and highly secure mobile networks.
60

WC 190304105085 1-10 (Practicals)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION PRACTICAL BOOK

Enrollment No: 190304105085

Enrollment No: 190304105085

This is to certify that

......................... with enrolment no. ................................................................

has successfully completed his/her laboratory experiments in the WC

(203105392)from the department of

....................................................................................................... during the

academic year ................................

Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................

Prepared Ad-hoc network

Create Android Application

Implement Simple Login

10. Case study of evolution

Enrollment No: 190304105085

Syntax:- ping website/domain URL

Syntax:- path ipconfig

5.Arp (Address resolution protocol): -

Syntax: - Arp -d preferred Ip address

Ns lookup is a network administration command-line tool available in many

Syntax: - NSlookup <domain Name>

10. Netsh wlan show Profiles: -

Syntax: -netsh wlan show (preferred network aspect name)

(netsh wlan show drivers)

(netsh wlan show all)

 Code-Division Multiple Access, a digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum

 CDMA lacks the facility of international roaming which is provided by GSM.

for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)

for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)

STEP: 1 - Open Command Prompt in administration mode

STEP: 3 - Type the below-mentioned command to set up an ad hoc wireless internet

→Silent Features of using Frequency Reuse:

→Formula for size of cluster:

→Formula for distance between two channel:

 Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices

The Application Framework layer provides many higher-level services to

Sr.No Callback &

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

android: textSize="@android: dimen/app_icon_size"

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText no1 , no2;

// for text views

// for button with operations

// for equal to button

// for answer field

public void onClick(View v) {

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

public void onSwipeRight() {

public void onSwipeLeft() {

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

History of wireless technology:

Invention of first mobile phone – The evolution begins:

1G – First generation mobile communication system:

Most popular 1G system during 1980s:

 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

 Nordic Mobile Phone System (NMTS)