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Foundation of Special and Inclusive Education

Chapter 3
Making Schools Inclusive

Name: Bernabe, Caira L. Date: February 25, 2022

Yr. & Course: 3A – BSED Fil

Essay:

1. What can stakeholders do to create inclusive education cultures?

The following are some steps that stakeholders can take to create inclusive
education cultures: (1) Set the parameters for inclusion, in this matter of steps,
the government can do is to identify about the professional people, the
government staff and the people who work in the government are the ones that
the government pays attention too. Because they are the people who have a
great influence or have a stable job to help to those children who need to have a
good education. They are also the hope of children who lack of education, so
here, the government measures the people who have the responsibility to help
children in needs not only financially but also with school materials. (2) Build key
people, in this matter, the government gives more focus to teachers who practice
teaching. Because according to this, teachers should be the affiliates of children
in learning especially the Department of Education where it will be the center to
further enhance the quality of education and achieve what a school wants to help
achieve the dream of young thirsty for knowledge and wisdom. And (3) Identify
and eradicate barriers, in this matter, the focus here is on how to better recognize
and resolve barriers to achieving inclusive education including values and
prevailing attitudes that prevent children from wanting a good education and a
bright future due to changing times and modern technology. So there are roles
and policies that the school implements. And there are also the programs they
carry out in the presence of a unity, identity and cooperation of each other.
2. Give 5 common barriers to inclusion and discuss briefly.
1. Attitudes, values system, misconceptions and low societal norms. This
barrier can affect of a person’s culture and personality. Because this
includes the unfair and unequal treatment of fellow human beings,
especially the discrimination that continues to occur in our society today.
2. Physical Barriers - Students with disabilities continue to encounter
physical barriers to educational services, such as a lack of ramps and
elevators in multi-level school buildings, heavy doors, lack of proper
comfort room, inaccessible washrooms or inaccessible transportation to
and from school. Students at the post-secondary level also experience
difficulty in securing accessible students housing and transportation before
and nowadays.
3. Lack of teacher training and low teacher efficacy – this barrier lead to
improper teaching of children. There is also discomfort and there is no
good closeness between teacher and student. Because when there are
teachers who do not go through a lot of training, it causes many reasons
for children to fail especially in their behavior and also the failure of one
teacher to have a good job.
4. Poor language and communication - One of the reasons why language is
not used properly is because a person is accustomed to what language he
or she used to use, so when it comes to school or elsewhere it becomes
difficult for a person to communicate with other people. And the second is
because of a person's shyness, sometimes he can not talk or lack of self
confidence to interact with other people. That is why teachers teach
children from daycare to college with perseverance and comprehensive
understanding because I know many students still experience this problem
and not just disabled persons.
5. Lack of Funding – While people, school administration and teachers may
mention a lack of funding for education, its more about the administration
mismanagement and accountability and the high pay and benefits given to
administrators that are the essential problem in lack of school funding.
That’s why so many teachers are discouraged due to lack of school
funding.
3. Compare and contrast Special education, Inclusion and Mainstreaming in terms
of Curriculum, Learners and Philosophy. The similarities of special education,
inclusion and mainstreaming the goal of both mainstreaming and inclusion is to
educate disabled children in least restrictive environment and regularly. But they
are differences in approach; inclusion appears to be more sensitive to the special
needs of the disabled and more comprehensive too. Mainstreaming tries to treat
disabled at par with regular, normal students and conducts education for the
disabled as far as possible in regular classrooms.
4. What are the other steps that educators can take to facilitate societal shift and
inform policy? Discuss
 Involve other sectors of society. In this step, the connection of educators
with other sectors of society is very important. Just like the sector that is
about children’s health, the first thing teachers approach is the
Department of Health. Next is the Department of Social Welfare
Development. But not only this can help the needs of educators but there
are also other sectors that voluntarily help especially in campaigns and
trainings that they accompany in developing and helping in the matter of
education.
 Collaborate – in this step, for me teachers collaborate with families about
individual children’s needs, goals, programs, and progress over time and
ensure families are informed about their rights as well as about special
education. In building positive relationships with students, teachers
encourage students to self-advocate, with the goal of fostering self-
determination over time. Teachers also work with families to self-advocate
and support their children’s learning.
 Recognize the shift in roles of the teachers. In special education, teachers
work to ensure that those with different needs are given what they need to
be able to succeed on the same level as students who can function in
mainstream education. Or if not, because some special needs are severe
and limit the outcomes of students, that they are able to get what they
need in order to be able to achieve to their maximum potential.
 Include transitions in planning. Transition planning is designed to provide
students with special needs essential life skills and services to ensure a
 seamless transition into adult life. It is designed to help students with
disabilities in high school get ready for life after high school. It is also
focused on what the student likes to do and what the student is good at,
so it is very important that the student be a part of the transition process.
5. What is Universal Design for Learning?
In my own understanding about the Universal Design for learning means
planning to build physical, learning and work environments so that they are
usable by a wide range of people, regardless of age, size or disability status.
6. What is Differentiated Learning?
Differentiated learning is a very specific and detailed task that the teacher must
carefully prepare before the lesson is delivered. It Must also be flexible and
change according to the student’s progress. The goal is to give to these special
students full access to the curriculum according to the learning standards set by
the district.