V Semester Diploma Examination, April / May – 2020

Sub: APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING Code: 15ME52T

Note: Answer any Six from Part- A and any Seven from Part –B
Scheme of Evaluation
Marks
Q. No. Part – A Total
allotted
1 Definitions- Each definition carry 1M 1x5 05
Sketch-Barrel Calorimeter 02
2 Explanation 02 05
Dryness fraction formula 01
3 Requirements of good steam boilers (Any Five) 1x5 05
Advantages of jet condensers 3
4 Disadvantages of jet condensers 05
2
Equation of critical pressure ratio 01
5
Figure 02 05
Explanation 02
6 Differences between impulse and reaction turbines (Any Five) 1x5 05
7 Diagram-Pressure Compounding 03
05
Explanation 02
Sketch- Centrifugal Compressor 03
8 05
Explanation 02

9 Properties of good refrigerant (Any Five) 1x5 05

Marks
Q. No. Part – B Total
allotted
10 (a) From Steam Tables: At P = 7 bar Values of hf, hfg and tsat 01
Enthalpy of wet steam ,h 01 05
Enthalpy of superheated steam ,hsup 02
Actual heat required = hsup-h 01
(b) From Steam Tables: At P = 8 bar Values of Sf, Sfg and tsat 01
Entropy of wet steam , S1 01 05
Entropy of superheated steam, S2 02
Change in entropy = S2-S1 01
11 From Steam Tables: At P1 = 10 bar Values of hf, hfg,Vg and tsat 01
Enthalpy of superheated steam ,hsup 02
Value of Vsup 01
Internal energy of superheated steam ,Usup 02 10
From Steam Tables: At P1 = 1.6 bar Values of hf, hfg,Vg 01
Internal energy of expanded steam ,Ue 02
Change in entropy = Usup - Ue 01
Boiler mountings 03 05
12 (a) Boiler mountings 02

(b) Comparison of high pressure and low pressure boiler (Any five) 1x5 05

1
13 Cochran boiler - Sketch 05
10
-Working 05
14 (a) Functions of cooling tower 03
05
Applications of cooling tower 02
(b) Parallel flow jet condenser - Sketch 03
- Explanation 02 05

Throat pressure , P2 01
Values of h1,h2,h3,x2,x3 03
Velocity at throat, V2 01
15 Area of Throat, A2 01 10
Throat Diameter, d2 01
Velocity at Exit , V3 01
Area at Exit, A3 01
Diameter at Exit, d3 01
Calculations:
Blade velocity, Vb 01
Velocity Diagram 05
Inlet angle of the blades, θ = 28=  01
16 10
Power developed by the turbine wheel, P 01
Diagram Efficiency,ηb 01
Loss of kinetic energy 01
Velocity Diagram 04
Values of Vw, Vw1,Vf and Vf1 02
17 10
Inlet Blade angle, θ 01
Driving force on the wheel, Fx 01
Axial thrust on the wheel, Fy 01
Power develop by the turbine, P 01
Work done for isentropic process 03
Power required, P 01
18 No heat is rejected during isentropic ,Q=0 01
Work done for isothermal process 10
03
Power required, P
Heat rejected during isothermal process is equal to work of 01
compression ,Q=W 01
19 (a) Definitions each carry 1M 1x5=5 05
(b) Vapour Compression Refrigeration System :Flow diagram - 03
05
:Explanation 02

Dr. K P SOMASHEKHAR
Selection Grade Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Govt., Polytechnic, Tumakuru
Mobile No: 8123342324
Whatsapp No: 8310068320
e-mail: somashekar.kp@gmail.com

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 V Semester Diploma Examination, April/ May – 2020
Sub: APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING Code: 15ME52T
MODEL ANSWERS

PART A
1. (i) Dryness Fraction:
Dryness Fraction is the ratio of mass of the actual dry steam to the mass
of same quantity of wet steam and it is denoted by 'x '.
x=

Where, mg = Mass of dry steam.

mf = Mass of water particles in suspension.
(ii) Sensible heat:

It is the amount of heat absorbed by one kg of water when heated at constant

pressure, from 0oC (freezing point) to temperature of formation of steam
i.e saturated temperature(tsat). It is denoted by hf.

(iii) Entropy:
It is the thermodynamic property of a steam which increases with the addition of heat
and decreases with the removal of heat. It is denoted by S. Change in entropy of a
steam is given by, ds=dQ/T.
Where ds = Change in entropy
dQ = Change in heat
T =Absolute temperature
(iv) Internal Energy:
It can be defined as the actual heat energy stored in the steam, above the
freezing point of water.
Or
It is difference between enthalpy and the external work done during evaporation.
Internal energy of the steam = Enthalpy – External work done during evaporation.

(v) Specific Volume of Steam:

It is the volume occupied by the steam per unit mass at a given temperature and
pressure. It is represented by Vg and is expressed in m3/ kg. It is the reciprocal of
density of the steam.

3
2. Barrel calorimeter:

Figure 1: Barrel calorimeter

A simple barrel calorimeter is as shown in figure 1. It is used for determining the dryness fraction of
wet steam. It consists of copper calorimeter placed on a wooden blocks and provided with a cover. It
contains a known quantity of cold water and is surrounded by an outer vessel with insulation. A
thermometer is inserted through one of the holes in the wooden cover and a steam supply pipe is also
inserted into the calorimeter with a control valve and steam nozzle as shown in figure. The whole
assembly is placed over a platform of a weighing bridge.

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5
 3. Requirements of a good steam Boilers
Following are the requirements of good steam boilers.
1. It should produce large quantity of steam with less fuel consumption.
2. It should have quick starting capacity.
3. It should meet the fluctuation of loads.
4. Occupy less space.
5. Light in weight.
6. Easy to clean and inspect.
7. Low initial cost and operating cost.
8. Less number of joints.
9. Should comply with safety regulations as per Indian boiler Act.
10. Should provide smokeless combustion.

4. Advantages and disadvantages of jet condensers

Advantages:
1. Simple in design
2. Lower manufacturing cost
3. Light in weight
4. Small floor space required
5. It requires less quantity of circulation water
6. Best suitable for low capacity plants
7. Low running and maintenance cost
8. These plants are economical and simple.
Disadvantages:
1. Less suitable for high capacity plants
2. Condensate is wasted
3. High power is required for air pump
4. Low thermal efficiency.

5. Physical Significance of Critical pressure ratio

Figure 2: Physical significance of critical pressure ratio

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 The critical pressure ratio is given by

To know the significance of critical pressure ratio, consider two vessels A and B connected by
convergent nozzle as shown in figure 2(a). Let the vessel A contains steam at high and steady pressure
P1, and vessel B contains steam at another pressure P2 which may be varied as and when required. If
the pressure P2 in the vessel B is made equal to pressure P1 in the vessel A. At this stage there is no
flow of steam through the nozzle. Now the pressure P2 in the vessel B is gradually reduced, the
discharge through the nozzle will increased accordingly as shown in figure 2(b). As the pressure P2 in
the vessel B go on reduces and approaches the critical value, the rate of discharge will also approaches
its maximum value. If the pressure P2 in the vessel B is further reduced, it will not increase the rate of
discharge, but the discharge will remain the same as that at critical pressure as in figure2(b). The ratio
of exit pressure to the inlet pressure is called critical pressure ratio.

6 Differences between Impulse and Reaction Turbine:

Sl No Impulse turbine Reaction turbine

The steam flows through the nozzles The steam first flows through guide blades
1.
and impinges on the moving blades. (fixed) and then through the moving blades.
It consists of nozzles and moving It consists of fixed blades and moving
2.
blades. blades, both the blades acts as nozzles.
The steam impinges on the buckets The steam flows over the moving blades
3.
with KE. with pressure and KE.
The steam may or may not be The steam must be admitted over the whole
4.
admitted over the whole circumference circumference.
The relative velocity of steam while The relative velocity of the steam while flowing
5. sliding over the blades remains over the moving blades increases.
constant.
6. The blades are symmetrical. The blades are not symmetrical.
The number of stages required are The number of stages required are more for
7.
less for the same power developed. the same power developed.
8. Low efficiency. High efficiency.
Suitable for low power Suitable for medium and high power
9.
requirements. requirements.
It occupies less space per unit
10. It occupies more space per unit power.
power.

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 7. Pressure Compounding:

Figure 3: Pressure Compounding

The pressure compounded steam turbine consists of alternate rows of fixed nozzles and moving
blades arranged in series as shown in figure 3. Each set consists of one row of fixed nozzles and one
row of moving blades, is called a stage. The whole pressure drop from initial high pressure to low
exhaust pressure is split into a series of smaller pressure drops which occurred in the different stages
arranged in series.

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 8. Centrifugal Compressor :

Figure 4: Centrifugal compressor

A simple form of centrifugal compressor is as shown in figure 4. It consists of a rotor or impeller to

which a number of curved vanes are fitted symmetrically. The impeller rotates in an air tight volute
casing with inlet and outlet points. The casing of the compressor is so designed that the kinetic energy
of the air is converted into pressure energy before it leaves the casing. The rotor is rotated by an
external source. When the rotor rotates, it sucks the air through its eye, increases the pressure due to
centrifugal force and forces the air to flow over the diffuser. The pressure of air is further increased
during its flow over the diffuser. Finally, the air under high pressure is delivered to the receiver. In this
compressor, the air enters the rotor radially and leaves the vanes axially.

9. Desirable properties of a good refrigerant.

The following are the desirable properties of a good refrigerant.
1. Low boiling point
2. High latent heat of vaporization
3. High critical temperature
4. Low specific volume of vapour
5. Low specific heat of liquid
6. Non corrosive to metal
7. Non flammable and non explosive
8. Non toxic
9. Low cost
10. Easy to liquefy at moderate pressure and temperature
11. Easy to locate the leaks by odour or suitable indicator
12. Mixes well with oil
13. High thermal conductivity
14. Easy and safe to handle
15. No effect on colour

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 PART B

10. (a)

(b)
Solution: Given P = 8 bar ; x = 0.9 ; tsup-tsat = 25oC; Cp= 2.1 KJ/Kg K
From steam table, At P= 8 bar ;
Sf = 2.046 KJ/Kg K ; Sfg = 4.617 KJ/Kg K ; t sat = 170.4 oC;

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11. Solution: Given P1 = 10 bar; tsup = 280oC; P2 = 1.6 bar ; x = 0.8
From steam table:
At P1= 10 bar; hf = 762.6 kJ/kg; hfg = 2013.6 kJ/kg;
Vg = 0.1943m3/kg ; and tsat= 179.9oC

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1
12(a) Boiler mountings and Accessories

Boiler mountings:

i. Water level indicators

ii. Pressure Guage
iii. Safety valves
iv. Steam stop valve
v. Blow of cock
vi. Feed check valve
vii. Fusible plug

Boiler Accessories:

i. Economiser
ii. Air preheater
iii. Fee pump
iv. Superheater
v. Steam separator
vi. Steam trap

(b) Comparison between High Pressure Boiler and Low Pressure Boiler

Sl No High Pressure Boiler Low Pressure Boiler

The steam is genera ted at a
1 pressure of 80 - 300 bars and
temperature of 450°C to 585°C
2 It uses the forced circulation.
Function only on liquid or gaseous
3
fuels.
4 Require less heat of evaporation.
5 Higher efficiency.
More compact than low pressure
6
boilers.
7 Light in weight for a given output.
8 Steam can be raised quickly.
Absence of scaling due to forced
9
circulation.
These require small diameter steam
10 separating drum or drum is not at
all required.
11 Improved method of heating.
In these boiler the pressure does
not exceed 160 to 180 bars
It uses the natural circulation.
They can function on any fuels.
Require high heat of evaporation.
Lower efficiency.
Less compact compared to high
pressure boilers.
Heavy in weight for a given output.
Steam can be raised slowly.
Scaling troubles due to natural
circulation.
It requires large diameter drum for
holding water and steam.
Conventional method of heating.

12
 13. Cochran boiler :

Figure 5: Cochran Boiler

It is a vertical multitubular, internally fired natural circulation fire tube boiler. It has a capacity to produce
the steam up to 4000 Kg/hour with a maximum pressure of 10 bar, and is as shown in figure 5.

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14(a) Functions of Cooling Tower:

i. To cool the hot water from the condenser, by exposing it to atmospheric air.
ii. To use cold water again and again for circulation.
iii. To compensate the loss of water by using makeup water.
iv. To transfer the waste heat to the atmosphere.
Application of Cooling Tower:

i. Used in power plants.

ii. Used in refrigeration plants.
iii. Oil refiners.
iv. Used in petrochemical and chemical plants etc.
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(b) Parallel flow jet condenser

Figure 6: Parallel Flow Jet Condenser

In this condenser both the exhaust steam and cooling water enters at the top of the condenser and
mixture is removed from the bottom. The principle of this condenser is as shown in figure 6.

15.
Solution: Given=820kg/hr = 820/3600 = 0.227 kg/sec, P1= 8 bar,T1=200oC, P3=1.5 bar,

Friction loss =0.15, Nozzle efficiency, K = 1-0.15 = 0.85

Pressure of steam at the throat, when the steam is superheated.

P2 = 0.546P1

= 0.546×8

= 4.36 bar

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 Figure: h-s chart

From h – s chart or By calculation:

h1=2790 KJ/Kg ; h2= 2690 KJ/Kg ; h3= 2500 KJ/Kg ; x2=0.99 ; x3 = 0.92.
From steam tables:
At 4.368 bar , Vg2 = 0.426 m3/Kg ;
At 1.5 bar , Vg3 = 1.159 m3/Kg;
hd2 = h1- h2
= 2790 -2690
= 100 KJ/Kg
V2=
= 44.72
= 447.2 m/s
We know that,

Consider,

=
16
 =

A2= 2.14

A2

2.14 =

d2= 0.016m Ans

Similarly,

hd3= h1 – h3
= 2790-2500
= 290 KJ/Kg
V3 = 44.72
= 44.72
=702.11 m/s

Consider,

A3=

A3 = 3.47 m2

A3=

d3= 0.021m Ans

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16.

18
19
17

20
18.

21
 19. (a)

i. Dry Air:
The dry air is a mixture of number of gases such as oxygen, nitogen, hydrogen,
carbon dioxide, neon, argon, helium etc. But the major portion of combination
includes nitrogen (74.45% by mass) and oxygen (23.19% by mass).
The molecular weight of dry air is taken as 28.96 and gas constant for dry air is
taken as 0.287 KJ/kg k.

ii. Saturated Air:

It is the mixture of dry air and water vapour, in a unit mass when the air has diffused
the maximum amount of water vapour into it.
Or
When the mixture of dry air and water vapour at a given temperature contains the
maximum amount of water vapour that it can hold, then it is known as saturated air.
iii Relative humidity :
It is the ratio of actual mass of water vapour in a given volume of moist air to the mass of
water vapour in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature and pressure.
It is denoted by .

iv Tonne of refrigeration:
It is defined as the amount of refrigeration effect produced by the uniform melting
of one tonne (1000kg) of ice from and at 00 C in 24hours.
1TR = (1000x335) / (24x60)
= 232.6KJ/min.

v. Coefficient of Performance (COP) of a Refrigerator:

It is the ratio of heat extracted in the refrigerator to the work done on the
refrigerant. It is the theoretical coefficient of performance i.e,
Theoretical C.O.P. = Q/W
Where Q= Amount of heat extracted in the refrigerator.
W = Amount of work done.

(b) Vapour Compression Refrigeration System:

The vapour compression refrigeration system as shown in figure 7, in which a working substance
called refrigerant gets condensed and evaporates at temperature

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Figure 7: Vapour compression refrigeration system

Dr. K P SOMASHEKHAR
Selection Grade Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Govt., Polytechnic, Tumakuru-572103
Mobile No: 8123342324
Whatsapp No: 8310068320
e-mail: somashekar.kp@gmail.com
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