Physics Reference Tables *

Contents:
Table A. Metric Prefixes ......................................................... 1
Table B. Physical Constants .................................................... 2
Table C. Approximate Coëfficients of Friction ....................... 2
Table D. Quantities, Variables and Units................................ 3
Table E. Mechanics Formulas and Equations ......................... 4
Table F. Moments of Inertia ................................................... 4
Table G. Heat and Thermal Physics Formulas and
Equations ................................................................ 5
Table H. Thermal Properties of Selected Materials ............... 5
Table I. Electricity Formulas & Equations ............................... 6
Table J. Electricity & Magnetism Formulas & Equations ........ 7
Table K. Resistor Color Code .................................................. 7
Table L. Symbols Used in Electrical Circuit Diagrams ............. 7
Table M. Resistivities at 20°C ................................................. 7
Table N. Waves & Optics Formulas & Equations .................... 8
Figure O. The Electcromagnetic Spectrum ............................. 8
Table P. Properties of Water and Air ..................................... 9
Table Q. Absolute Indices of Refraction ................................ 9
Table R. Fluid Mechanics Formulas and Equations .............. 10
Table S. Planetary Data........................................................ 10
Table T. Sun & Moon Data .................................................. 10
Table U. Atomic & Particle Physics (Modern Physics) ......... 11
Figure V. Quantum Energy Levels ........................................ 11
Figure W. Particle Sizes........................................................ 12
Table X. The Standard Model of Elementary Particles ........ 12
Figure Y. Periodic Table of the Elements ............................. 13
Table Z. Symbols Used in Nuclear Physics ........................... 14
Table AA. Selected Radioisotopes ....................................... 14
Table BB. Constants Used in Nuclear Physics ...................... 14
Figure CC. Neutron/Proton Stability Band ........................... 14
Table DD. Geometry & Trigonometry Formulas .................. 15
Table EE. Values of Trigonometric Functions ...................... 16
Table FF. Some Exact and Approximate Conversions .......... 17
Table GG. Greek Alphabet ................................................... 17

Table A. Metric Prefixes

Factor Prefix Symbol
24
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 10 yotta Y
21
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 10 zeta Z
18
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 10 exa E
15
1 000 000 000 000 000 10 peta P
12
1 000 000 000 000 10 tera T
9
1 000 000 000 10 giga G
6
1 000 000 10 mega M
3
1 000 10 kilo k
2
100 10 hecto h
1
10 10 deca da
0
1 10 — —
−1
0.1 10 deci d
−2
0.01 10 centi c
−3
0.001 10 milli m
−6
0.000 001 10 micro μ
−9
0.000 000 001 10 nano n
−12
0.000 000 000 001 10 pico p
−15
0.000 000 000 000 001 10 femto f
−18
0.000 000 000 000 000 001 10 atto a
−21
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10 zepto z
−24
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 10 yocto y

*
Data from various sources, including: The University of the State of New York, The State Education Department. Albany, NY,
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics, 2006 Edition.http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/reftable/physics-rt/physics06tbl.pdf,
SparkNotes: SAT Physics website. http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/,
and College Board: Equations and Constants for AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2.
Physics Reference Tables Page 2
Table B. Physical Constants
Symb Common
Description Precise Value
ol Approximation
universal gravitational constant G 6.673 84(80)  1011 Nm2 6.67 1011 Nm2
kg 2 kg 2

9.7639 m2 to 9.8337 m2
acceleration due to gravity on Earth’s s s
9.8 m or 10 m
g s2 s2
surface average value at sea level is 9.806 65 m2
s

speed of light in a vacuum c 299 792 458 ms * 3.00  108 m

s

elementary charge (proton or electron) e  1.602176 565(35)  1019 C  1.6  1019 C

6.241 509 65(16)  1018 6.24 1018

1 coulomb (C)
elementary charges elementary charges
o 8.854 187 82 10-12 A s 3 8.85 1012 A2 s4
2 4
(electric) permittivity of a vacuum kgm kgm3

(magnetic) permeability of a vacuum o 4  107  1.256 637 06 10-6 Tm

A
1.26 106 Tm
A

1 Nm2 *
electrostatic constant k  8.987 551 787 368 176 4  109 9.0  109  2
Nm
4 o C2 C2

1 electron volt (eV) 1.602176 565(35)  1019 J 1.6  1019 J

Planck’s constant h 6.626 069 57(29)  1034 J  s 6.6  1034 J  s

931.494 061(21) MeV/ c2 931MeV/c2
1 universal (atomic) mass unit (u)
1.660 538 921(73)  1027 kg 1.66 1027 kg

Avogadro’s constant NA 6.02214129(27) 1023 mol 1 6.02 1023 mol1

Boltzmann constant kB 1.380 6488(13)  1023 J

K
1.38 1023 J
K
J
8.314 4621(75) mol J
8.31 mol
universal gas constant R K K

me e 4
Rydberg constant RH  10 973731.6 m
1
1.1  107 m1
8 o2 h 3 c
standard atmospheric pressure at sea *
101 325 Pa ≡ 1.01325 bar 100 000 Pa ≡ 1.0 bar
level
rest mass of an electron me 9.109 38215(45)  1031 kg 9.11 1031 kg

mass of a proton mp 1.672621777(74)  1027 kg 1.67  1027 kg

mass of a neutron mn 1.674 927351(74)  1027 kg 1.67  1027 kg

*
denotes an exact value (by definition)

Table C. Approximate Coëfficients of Friction

Substance Static (μs) Kinetic (μk) Substance Static (μs) Kinetic (μk)
rubber on concrete (dry) 0.90 0.68 wood on wood (dry) 0.42 0.30
rubber on concrete (wet) 0.58 wood on wood (wet) 0.2
rubber on asphalt (dry) 0.85 0.67 wood on metal 0.3
rubber on asphalt (wet) 0.53 wood on brick 0.6
rubber on ice 0.15 wood on concrete 0.62
steel on ice 0.03 0.01 Teflon on Teflon 0.04 0.04
waxed ski on snow 0.14 0.05 Teflon on steel 0.04 0.04
aluminum on aluminum 1.2 1.4 graphite on steel 0.1
cast iron on cast iron 1.1 0.15 leather on wood 0.3–0.4
steel on steel 0.74 0.57 leather on metal (dry) 0.6
copper on steel 0.53 0.36 leather on metal (wet) 0.4
diamond on diamond 0.1 glass on glass 0.9–1.0 0.4
diamond on metal 0.1–0.15 metal on glass 0.5–0.7
Physics Reference Tables Page 3
Table D. Quantities, Variables and Units
Quantity Variable MKS Unit Name MKS Unit Symbol S.I. Base Unit
position x meter* m m
distance/displacement, (length, height) d , d ,( , h) meter* m m
angle θ radian, degree —, ° —
2 2
area A square meter m m
3 3
volume V cubic meter, liter m m
time t second* s s
velocity v meter/second m m
speed of light c s s

1 1
angular velocity ω radians/second s s
acceleration a 2 m m
meter/second
acceleration due to gravity g s2 s2

mass m kilogram* kg kg
kgm
force F newton N
s2
kg
pressure P pascal Pa
ms 2
energy E
potential energy U kgm 2
joule J
kinetic energy K , Ek s2

heat Q
kgm 2
work W newton-meter N∙m
s2
kgm 2
torque τ newton-meter N∙m
s2
kgm 2
power P watt W
s3
momentum p kgm
newton-second N∙s s
impulse J
2 2 2
moment of inertia I kilogram-meter kg∙m kg∙m

angular momentum
newton-meter-
N∙m∙s kgm2
L second s
−1
frequency f hertz Hz s
wavelength λ meter m m
period T second s s
index of refraction n — — —
electric current I ampere* A A
electric charge q coulomb C A∙s
potential difference (voltage) V kgm 2
volt V
electromotive force (emf) ε As 3
kg m2
electrical resistance R ohm Ω
A 2 s 3
A2 s4
capacitance C farad F m2 kg
netwon/coulomb N,V kgm
electric field E C m
volt/meter As 3
kg
magnetic field B tesla T
As 2
temperature T kelvin* K K
amount of substance n mole* mol mol
luminous intensity Iv candela* cd cd
Variables representing vector quantities are typeset in bold italics. * = S.I. base unit
Physics Reference Tables Page 4
Table E. Mechanics Formulas and Equations Table F. Moments of
    Inertia
d  x  x  x o
Kinematics x d vo  v
(Distance,    vave.
t t 2   change, difference Point Mass:
Velocity &    
v  v  v o  at   sum
Acceler-  I  mr 2
   
ation) x  x o  d  v o t  12 at 2 d  distance (m)
   d  displacement (m)
v 2  v o2  2ad
    x  position (m)
s  r vT  rω aT  rα
s  arc length (m)
Circular v2
ac   ω2 r t  time (s) Hollow Cylinder:
Motion r
 
   0  ω0t  21 α t 2
v  velocity  
m
s I  mr 2
 
F  Fnet  ma
  
Fg  mg
vave.  average velocity  
m
s

Forces & F f   s FN F f   k FN a  acceleration  

m
s2
Dynamics
Fg 
Gm1 m2 f  frequency Hz  1s 

 
2
r Solid Cylinder:
ac  centripetal acceleration m

x cm 
 mi x i s2
I  12 mr 2
F  force (N)
 mi Ff  force due to friction (N)
m
I   r 2 dm  mr 2 Fg  force due to gravity (N)
Rotational 0
Dynamics mv 2 FN  normal force (N)
Fc  ma c 
r Fc  centripetal force (N)
τ  r F   rF sin  r F m  mass (kg)
  
τ  τ net  I α g  acceler ation due to gravity  
m
s2 Hoop About Diameter:
2
 
1
T  G  gravitational constant 2 I  12 mr 2

Nm
f kg2

Simple m L r  radius (m)

Ts  2 Tp  2
Harmonic k g r  radius (vector)
Motion  
Fs  kx   coefficient of friction (dimensionless)
2 θ  angle (, rad)
U s  12 kx
  ω  angular velocity  
rad
s Hollow Sphere:
p  mv
 
 mi v i   m f v f
k  spring constant  
N
m
I  23 mr 2
   x  displacement of spring (m)
Momentum J  p  Fnet t
    L  length of pendulum (m)
L  r  p  Iω L  rp sin  I
  τ  torque (N  m)
L  τ t K  Ek  kinetic energy (J)
U  potential energy (J) Solid Sphere:
 
W  F  d  Fd cos  Flld h  height (m) I  25 mr 2
W    Q  heat (J)
Ug  mgh 
Gm1 m2 P  power (W)
r W  work (N  m)
2
Energy, p T  (time) period (Hz)
K 12 mv 2  Rod About the Middle:
Work & 2m p  momentum (N  s) 1 mr 2
I  12
Power K  2 I
1 2
J  impulse (N  s)
Etotal  U  K  Q
L  angular momentum (N  m  s)
W  K  U
W  
P  F  v  Fv cos    Rod About the End:
t
I  13 mr 2
Physics Reference Tables Page 5
Table G. Heat and Thermal Physics Formulas and Equations
F  1.8(C)  32   change
Temperature
K  C  273.15 F  Fahrenheit temperature (F)
C  Celsius temperature (C)
Q  m C T K  Kelvin temperature (K)
Qmelt  m H fus Q  heat (J, kJ)
m  mass (kg)
Qboil  m Hvap
C p  Cv  R
C  specific heat capacity   (C
kJ
kg C p  const. pressure; Cv  const. volume)

T  temperature (K)
L  Li T
Heat t  time (s)
V  Vi T
L  length (m)
V1 V2
 k  coëfficient of thermal conductivity  J
ms C
, mWC 
T1 T2 V  volume (m )3

Q T 1   linear coëfficient of thermal expansion (C -1 )

 kA  A T
t L Ri   volumetric coëfficient of thermal expansion (C -1 )
Ri  "R-value" of insulation
U  Q  W
3
R  gas constant  J

molK 
Thermodynamics K  k BT U  internal energy (J)
2
W  work (N  m)
W  (PV )

Table H. Thermal Properties of Selected Materials

Heat of Heat of Specific Heat Thermal Coefficients of Expansion
Melting Boiling Fusion Vaporization Capacity Conductivity at 20°C
Substance Point Point ΔH fus ΔH vap  
C p kgkJC k msJC 
(°C) (°C)
 
kJ
kg
 
kJ
kg at 25°C at 25°C
Linear
α (C -1 )
Volumetric
β (C -1 )
air (gas) — — — — 1.012 0.024 — —
aluminum (solid) 659 2467 395 10460 0.897 250 2.3  105 6.9  105
ammonia (gas) −75 −33.3 339 1369 4.7 0.024 — —
argon (gas) −189 −186 29.5 161 0.520 0.016 — —
carbon dioxide (gas) −78 574 0.839 0.0146 — —
copper (solid) 1086 1187 134 5063 0.385 401 1.7  105 5.1  105
brass (solid) — — — — 0.380 120 1.9  105 5.6  105
diamond (solid) 3550 4827 10 000 30 000 0.509 2200 1  10 6 3  106
ethanol (liquid) −117 78 104 858 2.44 0.171 2.5  104 7.5  104
glass (solid) — — — — 0.84 0.96–1.05 8.5  106 2.55 105
gold (solid) 1063 2660 64.4 1577 0.129 310 1.4  105 4.2  105
granite (solid) 1240 — — — 0.790 1.7–4.0
helium (gas) — −269 — 21 5.193 0.142 — —
hydrogen (gas) −259 −253 58.6 452 14.30 0.168 — —
iron (solid) 1535 2750 289 6360 0.450 80 1.18 105 3.33 105
lead (solid) 327 1750 24.7 870 0.160 35 2.9  105 8.7  105
mercury (liquid) −39 357 11.3 293 0.140 8 6.1  105 1.82 104
paraffin wax (solid) 46–68 ~300 ~210 — 2.5 0.25 — —
silver (solid) 962 2212 111 2360 0.233 429 1.8  105 5.4  105
steam (gas) @ — 2.080 0.016 — —
100°C 2260
water (liq.) @ 25°C 0 100
334
4.181 0.58 6.9  105 2.07 104
ice (solid) @ −10°C — 2.11 2.18 — —
Physics Reference Tables Page 6
Table I. Electricity Formulas & Equations

kq1 q2 1 q1 q 2
Fe  
r 2 4 o r 2
F Q 1 q V
E e  E 
q oA 4 o r 2 r
Electrostatic Charges
& Electric Fields W  q E  d  qEd cos
W 1 q   change
V  E d 
q 4 o r Fe  force due to electric field (N)

UE  qV
kq q
UE  1 2 k  electrostatic constant  
 2
Nm
C2
r
q  point charge (C)
Q  charge (C)
Q V QH  heat (J)
V IR I 
t R
E  electric field  N
C
, mV 
V2
2
P V I  I R  V  voltage  electric potential difference (V)
R
W  work (N  m)
V 2t
W  QH  P t  V I t  I 2 R t  d  distance (m)
R
r  radius (m)
Circuits 
R I  current (A)
A
Q t  time (s)
V
C R  resistance ()
A P  power (W)
C   o
d ρ  resistivity (  m)
Ucapacitor  21 QV  21 CV 2  length (m)
  relative permittivity (dimensionless)
I  I1  I 2  I 3  
A  cross-sectional area (m2 )
V  V1  V2  V3    Vi
U  potential energy (J)
Req  R1  R2  R3     Ri C  capacitance (F)
Series Circuits
1

1

1

1
 
1 v  velocity (of moving charge or wire)  
m
s
C total C1 C 2 C 3 Ci B  magnetic field (T)
Ptotal  P1  P2  P3     Pi o  magnetic permeability of free space
r  radius (distance) from wire
I  I1  I 2  I 3     I i
V  V1  V2  V3  
1 1 1 1 1
Parallel Circuits     
Req R1 R2 R3 Ri
Ctotal  C1  C2  C 3     C i
Ptotal  P1  P2  P3     Pi
Physics Reference Tables Page 7
Table J. Electricity & Magnetism Formulas & Equations
  change
FM  q (v  B) FM  q v B sin Fe  force due to electric field (N)
FM  (I  B) FM  I B sin  k  electrostatic constant   2
Nm
C2

V  (v  B) V  v Bsin q  point charge (C)

 I V  voltage  electric potential difference (V)
Magnetism B o
2 r   emf  electromotive force (V)
r  radius (m)
B  B  A  BA cos
I  current (A)
B
  Bv  length (m)
t
t  time (s)
A  cross-sectional area (m2 )
# turnsin V I
 in  out
v  velocity (of moving charge or wire)  
m
s
Electromagnetic I in
# turnsout Vout B  magnetic field (T)
Induction
Pin  Pout o  magnetic permeability of free space
B  magnetic flux

Table K. Resistor Color Code Table L. Symbols Used in Electrical Circuit Diagrams
Color Digit Multiplier Component Symbol Component Symbol
0
black 0 × 10
1
wire battery
brown 1 × 10
2
red 2 × 10
3
switch ground
orange 3 × 10
4
yellow 4 × 10
5
fuse resistor
green 5 × 10
6
blue 6 × 10 variable resistor (rheostat,
7
voltmeter
violet 7 × 10 potentiometer, dimmer)
8
gray 8 × 10
9
ammeter lamp (light bulb)
white 9 × 10
gold ± 5%
ohmmeter capacitor
silver ± 10%

diode

Table M. Resistivities at 20°C

Conductors Semiconductors Insulators
Substance Resistivity Ω  m  Substance Resistivity Ω  m  Substance Resistivity Ω  m 
8
silver 1.59 10 germanium 0.001 to 0.5 deionized water 1.8  10 5
copper 1.72 10 8 silicon 0.1 to 60 glass 1 10 9 to 1 1013
gold 2.44  10 8 sea water 0.2 rubber, hard 1 1013 to 1 1013
aluminum 2.82  10 8 drinking water 20 to 2 000 paraffin (wax) 1 1013 to 1 1017
tungsten 5.60  10 8 air 1.3 1016 to 3.3 1016
iron 9.7110 8 quartz, fused 7.51017
nichrome 1.50 10 6
graphite 3  10 5 to 6  10 4
Physics Reference Tables Page 8
Table N. Waves & Optics Formulas & Equations
v
λ
f

f
1 v  velocity of wave  
m
s

T f  frequency (Hz)
Waves F λ  wavelength (m)
v wave on a string  T
 T  period (of time) (s)
FT  tension (force) on string (N)
v v 
 f  wave detector 
fdopplershifted
 v wave  v source 

μ  elastic modulus of string  
kg
m

θi  angle of incidence (, rad)

i  r
θr  angle of reflection (, rad)
c
n θc  critical angle (, rad)
v
n  index of refraction (dimensionless)
n1 sin1  n2 sin2
Reflection, c  speed of light in a vacuum   m

1  n2
 s
Refraction &  c  sin   d f  s f  distance to the focus of a mirror or lens (m)
Diffraction  n1  rc  radius of curvature of a spherical mirror (m)
n2 v1 λ 1 di  si  distance from the mirror or lens to the image (m)
 
n1 v 2 λ 2 do  so  distance from the mirror or lens to the object (m)
L  m  d sin hi  height of the image (m)
ho  height of the object (m)
rc
df  M  magnification (dimensionless)
2
1 1 1 d  separation (m)
Mirrors & Lenses   L  distance from the opening (m)
di do d f
m  an integer
hi d
M  i
ho do

Figure O. The Electcromagnetic Spectrum

Physics Reference Tables Page 9
Table P. Properties of Water and Air
Water Air
Temp. Speed of Vapor Speed of
Density Density
(°C)
 
kg
m3
Sound
m s 
Pressure
(Pa)  
kg
m3
Sound
ms 
0 999.78 1 403 611.73 1.288 331.30
5 999.94 1 427 872.60 1.265 334.32
10 999.69 1 447 1 228.1 1.243 337.31
20 998.19 1 481 2 338.8 1.200 343.22
25 997.02 1 496 3 169.1 1.180 346.13
30 995.61 1 507 4 245.5 1.161 349.02
40 992.17 1 526 7 381.4 1.124 354.73
50 990.17 1 541 9 589.8 1.089 360.35
60 983.16 1 552 19 932 1.056 365.88
70 980.53 1 555 25 022 1.025 371.33
80 971.79 1 555 47 373 0.996 376.71
90 965.33 1 550 70 117 0.969 382.00
100 954.75 1 543 101 325 0.943 387.23

Table Q. Absolute Indices of Refraction

Measured at f  5.09  10
14
Hz (yellow light)
Index of Index of
Substance Substance
Refraction Refraction
air 1.000293 silica (quartz), fused 1.459
ice 1.309 plexiglass 1.488
water 1.3330 Lucite 1.495
ethyl alcohol 1.36 glass, borosilicate (Pyrex) 1.474
human eye, cornea 1.38 glass, crown 1.50–1.54
human eye, lens 1.41 glass, flint 1.569–1.805
safflower oil 1.466 sodium chloride, solid 1.516
corn oil 1.47 PET (#1 plastic) 1.575
glycerol 1.473 zircon 1.777–1.987
honey 1.484–1.504 cubic zirconia 2.173–2.21
silicone oil 1.52 diamond 2.417
carbon disulfide 1.628 silicon 3.96
Physics Reference Tables Page 10
Table R. Fluid Mechanics Formulas and Equations
m
   change
 
V
kg
F   density
P m3
A m  mass (kg)
F1 F2 V  volume (m3 )
Density & 
A1 A2 P  presure (Pa)

Pressure
P  Po  gh g  accelerati on due to gravity m
s2
A1v1  A2v2
h  height or depth (m)
P1  ρgh1  12 ρv12 
A  area (m2 )
P2  ρgh2  12 ρv22 v  velocity (of fluid) ms 
F  force (N)
FB   Vd g n  number of moles (mol)
PV  nRT  NkBT R  gas constant molJK 
P1V1 P2V2 N  number of molecules

Forces, Work &
T1 T2 k B  Boltzmann's constant KJ 
Energy
3
E k (molecular)  kBT T  temperatur e (K)
2
M  molar mass  
g
mol
3RT 3kBT   molecular mass (kg)
v rms  
M  E k  kinetic energy (J)
W  PV W  work (N m)

Table S. Planetary Data

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
10 11 11 11 11 12 12 12
Distance from Sun (m) 5.79 × 10 1.08 × 10 1.50 × 10 2.28 × 10 7.78 × 10 1.43 × 10 2.87 × 10 4.50 × 10
6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
Radius (m) 2.44 × 10 6.05 × 10 6.37 × 10 3.39 × 10 6.99 × 10 5.82 × 10 2.54 × 10 2.46 × 10
23 24 24 23 27 26 25 26
Mass (kg) 3.30 × 10 4.87 × 10 5.97 × 10 6.42 × 10 1.90 × 10 5.68 × 10 8.68 × 10 1.02 × 10
Density  
kg
m3
5430 5250 5520 3950 1330 690 1290 1640
Orbit (years) 0.24 0.62 1.00 1.88 11.86 84.01 164.79 248.54
Rotation Period (hours) 1408 5832 23.9 24.6 9.9 10.7 17.2 16.1
Tilt of axis 2° 177.3° 23.5° 25.2° 3.1° 26.7° 97.9° 29.6°
# of observed satellites 0 0 1 2 69 62 27 14

Table T. Sun & Moon Data

8
Radius of the sun (m) 6.96 × 10
30
Mass of the sun (kg) 1.99 × 10
6
Radius of the moon (m) 1.74 × 10
22
Mass of the moon (kg) 7.35 × 10
8
Distance of moon from Earth (m) 3.84 × 10
Physics Reference Tables Page 11
Table U. Atomic & Particle Physics (Modern Physics)
E  energy (J)
hc h  Planck's constant (J s)
E photon  hf   pc  
 h
E k ,max  hf     reduced Planck's constant  (J s)
2π

h f  frequency (Hz)
Energy
p c  speed of light ms 
E photon  E i  E f
  wavelength (m)
E 2  (pc)2  (mc 2 )2 p  momentum (N s)
1  1 1  m  mass (kg)
 RH   
  n2 n2  E k  kinetic energy (J)
 1 2 
  work function
RH  Rydberg constant( m
1)

  Lorentz factor (dimensionless)


1 L  length in moving reference frame (m)
1v
2
Lo  length in stationary reference frame (m)
c2
Special Relativity t   time in stationary reference frame (s)
Lo t  mrel t  time in moving reference frame (s)
γ   m o  mass in stationary reference frame (kg)
L t ma
m rel  apparent mass in moving reference frame (kg)
v  velocity ms 

Figure V. Quantum Energy Levels

Physics Reference Tables Page 12
Figure W. Particle Sizes

Table X. The Standard Model of Elementary Particles

 1 18
IA VIII A

Period
1 2
Physics Reference Tables

H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
1
hydro gen II A III A IV A VA VI A VII A helium
1.008 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Figure Y. Periodic Table of the Elements

2
lithium beryllium bo ro n carbo n nitro gen o xygen fluo rine neo n
6.968 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
so dium magnesium III B IV B VB VI B VII B VIII B VIII B VIII B IB II B aluminum silico n pho spho rus sulfur chlo rine argo n
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
po tassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chro mium manganese iro n co balt nickel co pper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bro mine krypto n
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium stro ntium yttrium zirco nium nio bium mo lybdenum technetium ruthenium rho dium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimo ny tellurium io dine xeno n
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 98 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
cesium barium lutetium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium o smium iridium platinum go ld mercury thallium lead bismuth po lo nium astatine rado n
132.9 137.3 175.0 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 209 210 222
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118

7 Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium lawrencium rutherfo rdium dubnium seabo rgium bo hrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium ro entgentium co pernicum niho nium flero vium mo sco vium livermo rium tennessine o ganesso n
223 226 262 267 268 271 272 270 276 281 280 285 284 289 288 293 292 294

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
(rare earth metals) lanthanum cerium praseo dymium neo dymium pro methium samarium euro pium gado linium terbium dyspro sium ho lmium erbium thulium ytterbium
138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 145 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.1
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
actinides Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
actinium tho rium pro tactinium uranium neptunium pluto nium americium curium berkelium califo rnium einsteinium fermium mendelevium no belium
227 232.0 231.0 238.0 237 244 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259
Page 13
Physics Reference Tables Page 14
Table Z. Symbols Used in Nuclear Physics Table AA. Selected Radioisotopes
Name Notation Symbol Nuclide Half-Life Decay Mode
alpha particle 4
2 He or 24 
3
H 12.26 y −
beta particle (electron) 0
1 e or 0
1  −
14
C 5730 y −
gamma radiation 0
0 
16
N 7.2 s −
19
neutron 1
0n n Ne 17.2 s +
−
1 24
proton 1H or 11 p p Na 15 h
positron 0
1 e or 0
1  +
27
Mg 9.5 min −
32
P 14.3 d −
36 5
Table BB. Constants Used in Nuclear Physics Cl 3.01 × 10 y −
37
Constant Value K 1.23 s +
40 9
mass of an electron (me) 0.00055 amu K 1.26 × 10 y +
−
42
mass of a proton (mp) 1.00728 amu K 12.4 h
37
mass of a neutron (mn) 1.00867 amu Ca 0.175 s −

51
Bequerel (Bq) 1 disintegration/second Cr 27.7 d
10 53
Curie (Ci) 3.7 x 10 Bq Fe 8.51 min −
59
Fe 46.3 d −
−
60
Figure CC. Neutron/Proton Stability Band Co 5.26 y
85
Kr 10.76 y −
87 10
Rb 4.8 × 10 y −
90
Sr 28.1 y −
99 5
Tc 2.13 x 10 y −
131
I 8.07 d −
137
Cs 30.23 y −
153
Sm 1.93 d −
198
Au 2.69 d −
222
Rn 3.82 d 
220
Fr 27.5 s 
226
Ra 1600 y 
232 10
Th 1.4 x 10 y 
233 5
U 1.62 x 10 y 
235 8
U 7.1 x 10 y 
238 9
U 4.51 x 10 y 
239 4
Pu 2.44 x 10 y 
241
Am 432 y 
Physics Reference Tables Page 15
Table DD. Geometry & Trigonometry Formulas

A  12 bh

Triangles c2  a2  b2  2ab cos C

a b c
 
sin A sin B sin C

c 2  a 2  b2
a opposite
sin   
c hypotenuse
b adjacent
cos   
Right Triangles c hypotenuse
sin a opposite
tan   
cos  b adjacent
b  c cos θ a , b, c  length of a side of a triangle
a  c sin θ   angle
Rectangles, A  area
Parallelograms and A  bh C  circumfere nce
Trapezoids S  surface area
Rectangular Solids V  wh V  volume
C  2 r b  base
Circles
A   r2 h  height
S  2 r  2 r 2  2 r(  r)   length
Cylinders
V   r 2 w  width
r  radius
S  4 r 2
Spheres
V  4  r3
3
Physics Reference Tables Page 16
Table EE. Values of Trigonometric Functions
degree radian sine cosine tangent degree radian sine cosine tangent
0° 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.000
1° 0.017 0.017 1.000 0.017 46° 0.803 0.719 0.695 1.036
2° 0.035 0.035 0.999 0.035 47° 0.820 0.731 0.682 1.072
3° 0.052 0.052 0.999 0.052 48° 0.838 0.743 0.669 1.111
4° 0.070 0.070 0.998 0.070 49° 0.855 0.755 0.656 1.150
5° 0.087 0.087 0.996 0.087 50° 0.873 0.766 0.643 1.192
6° 0.105 0.105 0.995 0.105 51° 0.890 0.777 0.629 1.235
7° 0.122 0.122 0.993 0.123 52° 0.908 0.788 0.616 1.280
8° 0.140 0.139 0.990 0.141 53° 0.925 0.799 0.602 1.327
9° 0.157 0.156 0.988 0.158 54° 0.942 0.809 0.588 1.376
10° 0.175 0.174 0.985 0.176 55° 0.960 0.819 0.574 1.428
11° 0.192 0.191 0.982 0.194 56° 0.977 0.829 0.559 1.483
12° 0.209 0.208 0.978 0.213 57° 0.995 0.839 0.545 1.540
13° 0.227 0.225 0.974 0.231 58° 1.012 0.848 0.530 1.600
14° 0.244 0.242 0.970 0.249 59° 1.030 0.857 0.515 1.664
15° 0.262 0.259 0.966 0.268 60° 1.047 0.866 0.500 1.732
16° 0.279 0.276 0.961 0.287 61° 1.065 0.875 0.485 1.804
17° 0.297 0.292 0.956 0.306 62° 1.082 0.883 0.469 1.881
18° 0.314 0.309 0.951 0.325 63° 1.100 0.891 0.454 1.963
19° 0.332 0.326 0.946 0.344 64° 1.117 0.899 0.438 2.050
20° 0.349 0.342 0.940 0.364 65° 1.134 0.906 0.423 2.145
21° 0.367 0.358 0.934 0.384 66° 1.152 0.914 0.407 2.246
22° 0.384 0.375 0.927 0.404 67° 1.169 0.921 0.391 2.356
23° 0.401 0.391 0.921 0.424 68° 1.187 0.927 0.375 2.475
24° 0.419 0.407 0.914 0.445 69° 1.204 0.934 0.358 2.605
25° 0.436 0.423 0.906 0.466 70° 1.222 0.940 0.342 2.747
26° 0.454 0.438 0.899 0.488 71° 1.239 0.946 0.326 2.904
27° 0.471 0.454 0.891 0.510 72° 1.257 0.951 0.309 3.078
28° 0.489 0.469 0.883 0.532 73° 1.274 0.956 0.292 3.271
29° 0.506 0.485 0.875 0.554 74° 1.292 0.961 0.276 3.487
30° 0.524 0.500 0.866 0.577 75° 1.309 0.966 0.259 3.732
31° 0.541 0.515 0.857 0.601 76° 1.326 0.970 0.242 4.011
32° 0.559 0.530 0.848 0.625 77° 1.344 0.974 0.225 4.331
33° 0.576 0.545 0.839 0.649 78° 1.361 0.978 0.208 4.705
34° 0.593 0.559 0.829 0.675 79° 1.379 0.982 0.191 5.145
35° 0.611 0.574 0.819 0.700 80° 1.396 0.985 0.174 5.671
36° 0.628 0.588 0.809 0.727 81° 1.414 0.988 0.156 6.314
37° 0.646 0.602 0.799 0.754 82° 1.431 0.990 0.139 7.115
38° 0.663 0.616 0.788 0.781 83° 1.449 0.993 0.122 8.144
39° 0.681 0.629 0.777 0.810 84° 1.466 0.995 0.105 9.514
40° 0.698 0.643 0.766 0.839 85° 1.484 0.996 0.087 11.430
41° 0.716 0.656 0.755 0.869 86° 1.501 0.998 0.070 14.301
42° 0.733 0.669 0.743 0.900 87° 1.518 0.999 0.052 19.081
43° 0.750 0.682 0.731 0.933 88° 1.536 0.999 0.035 28.636
44° 0.768 0.695 0.719 0.966 89° 1.553 1.000 0.017 57.290
45° 0.785 0.707 0.707 1.000 90° 1.571 1.000 0.000
8
Physics Reference Tables Page 17
Table FF. Some Exact and Approximate Conversions Table GG. Greek Alphabet
Length 1 cm ≈ width of a small paper clip Α α alpha
1 inch (in.) ≡ 2.54 cm Β β beta
length of a US dollar bill = 6.14 in. = 15.6 cm Γ γ gamma
12 in. ≡ 1 foot (ft.) ≈ 30 cm Δ δ delta
3 ft. ≡ 1 yard (yd.) ≈ 1m Ε ε epsilon
1m = 0.3048 ft. = 39.37 in. Ζ ζ zeta
1 km ≈ 0.6 mi. Η η eta
5,280 ft. ≡ 1 mile (mi.) ≈ 1.6 km Θ θ theta
Ι ι iota
Mass / 1 small paper clip ≈ 0.5 gram (g) Κ κ kappa
Weight US 1¢ coin (1983–present) = 2.5 g Λ λ lambda
US 5¢ coin = 5g Μ μ mu
1 oz. ≈ 30 g Ν ν nu
one medium-sized apple ≈ 1N ≈ 3.6 oz. Ξ ξ xi
1 pound (lb.) ≡ 16 oz. ≈ 454 g Ο ο omicron
1 pound (lb.) ≈ 4.45 N Π π pi
1 ton ≡ 2000 lb. ≈ 0.9 tonne Ρ ρ rho
1 tonne ≡ 1000 kg ≈ 1.1 ton Σ σ sigma
Τ τ tau
1
Volume 1 pinch = ≤ /8 teaspoon (tsp.) Υ υ upsilon
1 mL ≈ 10 drops Φ ϕ phi
1 tsp. ≈ 5 mL ≈ 60 drops Χ χ chi
3 tsp. ≡ 1 tablespoon (Tbsp.) ≈ 15 mL Ψ ψ psi
2 Tbsp. ≡ 1 fluid ounce (fl. oz.) ≈ 30 mL Ω ω omega
8 fl. oz. ≡ 1 cup (C) ≈ 250 mL
16 fl. oz. ≡ 1 U.S. pint (pt.) ≈ 500 mL
20 fl. oz. ≡ 1 Imperial pint (UK) ≈ 600 mL
2 pt. ≡ 1 U.S. quart (qt.) ≈ 1L
4 qt. (U.S.) ≡ 1 U.S. gallon (gal.) ≈ 3.8 L
4 qt. (UK) ≡ 5 qt. (U.S.) ≡ 1 Imperial gal. (UK) ≈ 4.7 L

m mi.
Speed / 1 /s ≈ 2.24 /h
mi. km m
Velocity 60 /h ≈ 100 /h ≈ 27 /s

Energy 1 cal ≈ 4.18 J

1 Calorie (food) ≡ 1 kcal ≈ 4.18 kJ
1 BTU ≈ 1.05 kJ

Power 1 hp ≈ 746 W
1 kW ≈ 1.34 hp

Temperature 0K ≡ −273.15°C = absolute zero

0°F ≈ −18°C
32°F = 0°C = 273.15 K = water freezes
70°F ≈ 21°C ≈ room temperature
212°F = 100°C = water boils

Speed of m mi. ft.

300 000 000 /s ≈ 186 000 /s ≈ 1 /ns
light