kfln ljgolk6ssf] kl/ro / o;sf] P]ltxfl;stf

( An Introduction of Pali Vinayapitaka and Its Historicity)

– leIf' ;+3/lIft æ;4Dd sf]ljbÆ
Lecturer: Centre Department of Buddhist Study, T.U. (sangha1000@hotmail.com)
k[i7e"ldM
a'4n] af]lw1fg! k|flKtkZrft\ ufp“–ufp“df, gu/–gu/df, hgkb–hgkbdf tyf b]z–b]zfGt/ k'Ug'eP/ $% jif{;Dd -cfhLjg_ ax'hg
lxtfo ax'hg ;'vfosf] lglDt lbg'ePsf] pkb]zx¿nfO{ ;+ux| ul/Psf] cflwsfl/s Pj+ d"n k|fdfl0fs af}4 u|GynfO{ ltlk6s -lqlk6s_ elgG5 .
h;/L lxGb"x¿sf j]b, O;fOx¿sf afOan, d'l:ndx¿sf s'/fg k|dv ' u|Gy x'g,\ To;/L g} æltlktsÆ af}4x¿sf d"n u|Gy x'g\ . ltlk6s kfln
zAb xf], h'gnfO{ ;+:s[td
\ f ælqlk6sÆ elgG5 . af}4x¿sf] ;jf{lws k|Fdfl0fs af}4 jfª\do / af}4 ;flxTo eGg' g} ltlk6s x'g\ . o;df tLgj6f
u|Gyx¿ 5g\– ;'Qlk6s, ljgolk6s / clewDdlk6s . oLdWo] a'4zf;gsf] cfo';dfg dflgPsf] clg k|yd ;+ufogf@åf/f :yflkt ePsf]
ljgolk6ssf] dxTj ;jf{lws /x]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 .

ljgosf] cy{M
ljgo zAbsf] cy{ ;do, kl/l:yltcg';f/ ljleGg u|Gyx¿df ljleGg k|sf/n] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf afjh"b klg, ljgosf]
d"n cy{ eg] Pp6} nIolt/ lgb{i[ 6 ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] ;fdfGotM cy{ x'G5– ljgLt x'g hfGg', lzi6;DkGg x'g ;Sg', ;+odtf /fVg hfGg',
OlGb|onfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;Sg', lgod kfng ug',{ lzlIft x'g hfGg', ljz]if lglb{i6 7fp“df hfg ;Sg' tyf g/fd|fn ] fO{ Tofu]/ /fd|F] wf/0f
#
ug{;Sg' cflb x'g\ . o;nfO{ lgod, gLlt klg elgG5 .
;dGt kf;flbsfsf] t];f| ] u|Gydf æ/fuljgof], bf];ljgof], df]xljgof], ;+j/kxfg+, kl6;+3flt– co+ ljgof] gfdÆ egL pNn]v ePcg'¿k
/fu, å]if, df]xnfO{ gfz ug',{ ;+j/åf/f k|xf0f ug',{ 1fgn] ljrf/ u/L 5f]8/] k7fpg'nfO{ ljgo elgG5 .
pGdQ cj:yfdf clgolGq0f eP/ cfPsf] gfnflul/ xflQnfO{ eujfg\ a'4n] d}qLåf/f zfGt u/L bdg ug'e { Psf] b]v/] dflg;x¿n]
eg]sf lyP–
b08]g]s] bdolGt, c+s';]lx s;flx r .
cb08]g c;Ty]g, gfuf] bGtf] dx]l;gf ..$
cyf{t–\ oxf“ slt dflg;x¿n] b08åf/f, c+sz ' åf/f tyf 58Låf/f bdg ub{5g\ lsGt' bfGt dxfk'¿if a'4n] gfnflul/ xflQnfO{ cb08
/ cz:qåf/f bdg ug'e { of] .
o;/L g} a'4n] c+ul' ndfn 8f“sfnfO{ klg bdg ug'e { Psf s'/f dlHemdlgsfodf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ klg ljgo elgG5 .
b08flbåf/f bdg gu/L wd{kj" s { cyf{t\ IfflGt / d}qLk"js{ bdg ug'n { fO{ klg oxf“ ljgo elgG5 .
ljgonfO{ ;+lIfKtdf b'O{ k|sf/n] b]vfOPsf] 5 . tL x'g–\
!_ ;+j/ ljgo cyf{t\ ;+od ug]{ lgod, ljgo xf] .
@_ k|xf0f–ljgo cyf{t\ Tofu ug'{kg]{ ljgo, lgod xf] .

ljgolk6ssf] kl/roM
ltlk6s u|Gysf] dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ a'4zf;gsf] cfo';dfg /x]sf] u|Gy xf]– ljgolk6s . leIf' tyf leIf'0fLx¿sf] ;+3 g} ljgolk6ssf] ljifo
xf] . a'4zf;gsf] Joj:yf, leIf' / leIF'x¿sf] lgTo rof{, pk;Dkbf–lgod, b]zgf lgod, jiff{jf;sf] lgod, ef]hg, j:q, cfjf;, cf}ifwL;DaGwL
lgod, ;+3nfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ lgod, ;+3e]b x'b+ f ;+3–;fdu|L -;+3sf] Pstf_ sfo{Gjog ug]{ lgod cflb lgodx¿ o;df pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .
8f= ljdnf r'0f{ n (B .C . Law) n] cfkm\gf] u|Gy "A History of Pali Literature" df ljgolk6ssf] af/]df eg]sf 5g\–% The Vinaya
Pitaka really means a basket containing manuscripts of Vinaya or the rules of discipline . It contains rules and regulations
for the management of the Buddhist Samgha, and for the conduct of the daily life of monks and nuns .
wd{kj" s
{ ;'lzlIft ug'{ g} wd{ ljgo xf] . lgbf]i{ fo'Qm hLjg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu g} ljgo cfjZos ePsf] xf] . ef]uljnf; / nfe;Tsf/
k|fKt ug{sf] nflu xf]Og egL a'4n] c+uQ
' / lgsfosf] t];f| ] u|Gydf eGg'ePsf] 5– æleIF'x¿, 9f]u+ Lkgf b]vfpg'sf] nflu, gePsf] u'0f ePsf] h:tf]
u/L b]vfpgsf] nflu tyf ;a}n] cfkm"nfO{ lrgf];\ egL k|l;l4 sdfpgsf] nflu of] ljgo xf]Og . To:tf] u/L lx+8g\ ] leIf'x¿ d]/f lzio xf]Ogg\ .
To:tfsf] nflu of] wd{ljgodf clej[l4 x'g;Sb}g . leIF'x¿, of] >]i7 a|xd \ ro{ kfng ug'{ ;+oldt x'gsf] lglDt, Tofu ug{sf] lglDt, j}/fUotf
agfpsf] lglDt tyf lg/f]w k|FKt ug{sf] nflu xf] .Æ
kfln ltlk6ssf] klxnf] u|Gy ;'Qlk6scGtu{t cfpg] d"n kfln bL3lgsfo u|Gydf a'4sf] clGtd ;dodf cfgGbnfO{ lbg'ePsf] s'/f
o;/L cfPsf] 5, æcfgGb, h'g wd{ / ljgo b]zgf u/]sf] xf], k|1Kt u/]sf] xf], d geO;s]kl5 ToxL wd{ / ljgo ltdLx¿sf zf:tf x'g5 ] g\ .Æ
To;/L g}, ljgolk6ssf kl/jf/kfkln u|Gydf æljgof] gfd ;f;g:; cfo'Æ egL ljgonfO{ a'4zf;gsf] cfo'sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o;af6
klg a'4zf;gdf ljgosf] dxTj pNn]vgLo /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'g ;lsG5 .
ljgolk6snfO{ leIF'–leIF'0fLx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf hfGgsf] nflu dfq pkof]uL xf]Og, clkt' k'/fgf clen]vx¿, kmflxofg, Olr¨ h:tf
af}4 ofqLx¿sf] ljj/0fx¿nfO{ :ki6 a'em\gsf] nflu klg plQs} ;xfosl;4 eOlbPsf] 5 .
-1-
 o:tf dxTjk"0f{ kfln ljgolk6snfO{ d"ntM kf“rj6f u|Gydf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'g–\ ^
!= kf/flhskflnM– leIF'x¿nfO{ nfUg] rf/ kf/flhs, !# ;+3flb;];, @ clgot tyf #) lg;lUuo cfklQx¿sf ljifodf pNn]v ePsf]
ljgolk6ssf] klxnf] u|Gy .
@= kflrlQkflnM– leIF'x¿sf @@& lgodx¿df afsL /x]sf lgox¿ tyf leIf'0fLx¿n] kfng ug'k{ g]{ #!! lgodx¿sf] ljifodf ;+ux|
ePsf] ljgolk6ssf] bf];|f] dxTjk"0f{ u|Gy .
#= dxfjUukflnM– ;a}eGbf klxnf a'4sf hLjgL ljifodf / ljgoljlwsf ljifodf pkb]z ePsf] ljgolk6ssf] t];f| ] u|Gy .
$= r'NnjUukflnM– ljgo–lgodsf] ljlw / leIf'0fLx¿sf] pboqmd clg ;+ufogfsf] Oltxf;sf ljifodf pNn]v ePsf] ljgolk6ssf]
rf}7f] u|Gy .
%= kl/jf/kflnM– ljgo–lgodsf ljljw dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ ;f/f+zdf ;+ux| ul//fv]sf] ljgolk6ssf] kf“rf}+ / clGtd u|Gy .
u|Gy–;+Vofsf] cfwf/df kfln ltlk6snfO{ $% j6f u|Gydf ljefhg ul/Psf 5g\ . o;fg';f/, klxnf] ;'Qlk6sdf @% j6f /
clewDdlk6sdf !$ j6f u|Gyx¿ kb{5g\ eg] ljgolk6sdf * j6f u|Gyx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . o;cg';f/ klxnf] / bf];f| ] u|GynfO{ dxflje¨
cyjf leIf'lje¨, t];|f] u|GynfO{ leSv'gLlje¨, rf}yf] / kf“rf} u|GynfO{ dxfjUu, 5}+7f}+ / ;ftf} u|GynfO{ r'NnjUu tyf cf7f}+ u|GynfO{ kl/jf/
elgG5 .
ljgolk6ssf] JofVof ePsf] c6\7syfnfO{ æljgolk6s c6\7syfÆ -;dGtkf;flbsf_ elgG5 . kf/flhs c6\7syf, kflrlQo c6\7syf,
dxfjUu c6\7syf, r"njUu c6\7syf, kl/jf/ c6\7syf / sª\vfljt/0fL -kfltkf]Sv_ c6\7syf u/L logLx¿sf] ;+Vof hDdf ^ j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
ljgolk6ssf] c6\7syfnfO{ klg JofVof ul/Psf] u|GynfO{ 6Lsf elgG5 . jlh/a'l4 6Lsf, ;f/TybLkgL 6Lsf, ljdltljgf]bgL 6Lsf,
ljgofnª\sf/ 6Lsf, sª\vfljt/0fL k'/f0f 6Lsf, sª\vfljt/0fL clegj 6Lsf u/L oL u|Gyx¿ klg ^ j6f g} /x]sf 5g\ .

ljgolk6ssf] k"j{ ;flxTo ;dLIffM

dxfk+l8t /fx'n ;f+:s[Tofogåf/f ;+ul| xt lxGbL u|Gy ljgo–lk6s df pxf“n] d"n kfln ljgolk6ssf leSv'–kfltdf]Sv, leSv'gL–
kfltdf]Sv, dxfjUu / r'NnjUusf ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt a'b+ fut tyf a'em\g] lsl;dn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;f+:s[Tofogn] ljgolk6saf6
a'4sfnLg /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] /fd|f] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] s'/f cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 . ljgolk6sdf cfpg] rLj/–:s+ws, rd{ :s+ws /
leIf'0fL lje+udf pNn]v ePsf] j:q–cfe"if0f cflbsf] gfdnfO{ ;f“rLsf] d"lt{;u+ ldnfP/ k9\g] xf] eg] a'4sfnLg pQ/L ef/tsf dlxnf–
k'¿ifx¿sf] e]ife"iffsf w]/} hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{;Sg] s'/f klg o; u|Gydf pNn]v ePsf 5g\ .&
8f= e/tl;+x pkfWofoåf/f ;+zf]lwt tyf kl/jl4{t¿kdf låtLo ;+:s/0f ePsf] kfln ;flxTo sf Oltxf; -lxGbL_ u|Gydf pxf“n] kfln
ltlktssf] rrf{ ug]{ qmddf ljgolk6s af/] Ps n3' cWoog pNn]v u/]sf 5g\, h'g cWoogdf ltlk6s cGtu{t ljgolk6ssf] :yfg, o;df
ePsf ljifoj:t'x¿ / ;+sng ul/Psf] ;do, o;leq ;dfj]z ePsf lgodx¿, ljljw u|Gyx¿ cflb ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .*
8f= ljdnf r'0f{ n -B.C. Law_ åf/f n]lvPsf] " A History of Pali Literature" Vol. 1 u|Gydf kfln ;flxTosf]
Oltxf;sf qmddf kfln ljgolk6sdf cfPsf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] klg rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lgod tyf cg'zf;gsf] 6f]s/L -A basket containing
the rules of dicipline) sf ¿kdf ljgolk6s cfPsf] s'/fnfO{ rrf{ ul/+b} ljdnf r'0f{n] ljgolk6ssf lgodx¿nfO{ s]nfpg] k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .(
csf{ ljåfg\ df}l/; ljG6/lg6\h (Maurice Winternitz) n] cfkm\gf] u|Gy "History of Indian Literature" df ef/tdf
/x]sf ljleGg bz{gx¿sf] rrf{ ug]q{ mddf af}4 ltlk6ssf] klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;cGtu{t ljgolk6ssf] dfq k[= @@ b]lv k[= ## ;Dd
5f]6f]¿kn] s]nfP/ cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . of] u|Gy of] sf/0fn] klg pkof]uL eGg ;lsG5 ls o;df ljgolk6ssf ;f/f s'/fx¿nfO{ ;+lIfKt t/
a'b“ fut¿kdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 .!)
leIf' 1fgk"l0f{såf/f cg'lbt peokfltdf]Sv u|Gydf leIf' tyf leIF'0fLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljgo–lgod;DaGwL a'4sf pkb]zx¿ d"nkfln
tyf g]kfnefiffdf cy{;d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ljz]iftM o; u|Gydf rf/ kf/flhs, !# ;+3flb;];, b'O{ clgot, #) lg;lUuo, (@ z'4 kflrQLo,
rf/ k|ltb]zgLo, &% ;]lvo, ;ft clws/0f ;dysf ¿kdf leIf' k|fltdf]If @@& j6f lgodx¿ tyf ;f]xL zLif{sdf leIf'0fLx¿sf * kf/flhs,
!& ;+3flb;];, #) lg;lUuo kflrlQo, !^^ kflrlQo, * kfl6b];gLo, &% ;]lvo tyf & clws/0f ;dy u/L #!! j6f k|fltdf]If lgodx¿ /fd|/L
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . leIf', leIf'0fLx¿sf lgod;DaGwL hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{sf] nflu of] u|Gy pko'Qm eGg ;lsG5 .!!
af}4 b]z adf{df ;DkGg 5}7f}+ ;+ufogfsf] lg0f{ocg'¿k O{=;+= !((* df ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, wDdlul/, ef/nn] kfln d"nu|Gy
ltlk6snfO{ ;Dkfbg u/L b]jgfu/L lnlkdf k|sflzt ;d]t ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;af6 kfln ltlk6ssf lh1f;' tyf lkkf;'x¿sf] cWoogsf] nflu
Hofb} ;xh eOlbPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;f]xL ;+:yfn] ;Dk"0f{ ltlk6snfO{ ;do;fk]If ;xh} sDDo"6/af6 cWoog ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dn] b]jgfu/L, c+uh ]| L,
ald{h, yfO, l;+xnL cflb lnlkdf ;d]t x]g{ ldNg] u/L l;8Ldf ;d]t lgsfnL wd{bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] ga'lemg] zAbx¿ x]gs { f] nflu To;} l;8Ldf
zAbsf]ifsf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 .
a'4e"ld g]kfn clw/fHosf ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] klg ljgolk6ssf s]xL c+zx¿nfO{ lnP/ cg'jfb ug]{ cflb ul/+b} cfPtf klg o;sf]
cg';GwfgfTds cWoog ePsf] kfOb}g+ . o;} sdLsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{] d"n p2]iocg'¿k lj=;+= @)^@ ;fndf o;} k+lQmsf/af6 af}4 cWoog s]Gb|Lo
ljefusf] :gftsf]Q/ txdf k|fl1s cWoog u/L zf]wu|Gy tof/ kfl/;s]sf] 5 . o; zf]wu|Gysf] gfd xf]– æljgolk6skfln / kf/flhs u|GyM
Ps cWoogÆ (A Study of Vinayapitakapali and Parajika Text) .

-2-
ljgolk6ssf] P]ltxfl;stfM
dxfdfgj a'4n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] clGtd ;dodf s'zLgu/df eGg'ePsf] s'/f bL3lgsfokflnsf] dxfkl/lgAafg;'Qdf o;/L pNn]v
u/]sf] 5– æof] jf], cfgGb ! dof wDdf] r ljgof] r b]l;tf] k~`tf], ;f] jf] ddRro]g ;Tyf .!@ cyf{t,\ æx] cfgGb, h'g d}n + ] ltdLx¿nfO{ b]zgf
u/]sf], k|1fkg u/]sf] -agfOlbPsf]_ wd{ / ljgo 5g\, d]/f] kl5 ToxL ltdLx¿sf zf:tf x'g5 ] .Æ
a'4sf] o; sygåf/f :ki6 x'G5, a'4s} ;dodf ljleGg ;dodf ljgo–lgodsf] k"0f{tM lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] lyof] . a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f
ePsf] tLg dlxgfkZrft\ ;DkGg ePsf] k|yd ;+ufogfsf k|dv ' leIf' dxfsfZok dxf:ylj/n] leIf'x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'x{ b'+ } ;f]Wg'ePsf] lyof]–
!#
æcfj';f], klxn] s'g ;+ufogf ug]{ < wd{ ls ljgo <Æ
To; ;dodf leIf'x¿n] eg]sf lyP– æeGt] dxfs:;k, ljgof] gfd a'4;f;g:; cfo', ljgo] l7t] ;f;g+ l7t+ xf]lt, t:df k7d+ ljgo+
;+ufofdf‘lt cyf{t\ eGt] dxfsZok, ljgo eg]sf] a'4zf;gsf] cfo' xf] . ljgo /x]df zf;g /x]sf] x'G5 . ctM klxn] ljgo ;+ufogf ug'k{ 5{ .Æ!$
klxnf] ;+ufogfdf wd{ / ljgosf] ;+ufogf ePsf] lyof] . o;y{ pQm ;+ufogfnfO{ wd{ / ljgosf] ;+ufogf klg elgG5 . ljgosf] ;a}
;+ufogf u/L æOb+ ljgolk6s+ gfdf‘lt 7k];+' cyf{t\ o;sf] gfd ljgolk6s eof]Æ elgPaf6 klxnf] ;+ufogfaf6} :ki6¿kdf ljgolk6ssf]
cl:tTj cfO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ljgolk6ssf] k/Dk/fnfO{ ljgow/ leIf'x¿dWo]df cu|:yfg k|fKt pkfln leIf'n] a'4af6 l;Sg'eO{ cfrfo{–lzio
k/Dk/fdf nfdf] ;do;Dd s07i6åf/f ;+/If0f x'b+ } cfPsf] s'/f kfln ltlk6scGtu{t ljgolk6ssf] ækl/jf/kflnÆdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .!%
ljgolk6s nufot ;d'Rrf kfln ltlk6snfO{ k6s k6s a'4sf ;Ifd leIF'x¿n] ;+ufogf ug'e { O{ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{ eof] . cfrfo{–
lzio k/Dk/fdf s07i6 ub}{ /Iff eO/x]sf] ljgolk6ssf] k/Dk/fdfq xf]Og, O{=;+= &( lt/ ePsf] >Ln+sf 7"nf] clgsfnn] ;'Qlk6s, clewDdlk6s;d]t
u/L ;d'Rrf lqlk6s g} ;+s6df k¥of] . clgsfnsf] rk]6fdf s07i6 u/]/ lqlk6snfO{ arfpg leIf'x¿nfO{ lgSs} uf¥xf] k¥of] . o;sf] nuQ}
lqlk6s /Iffsf] nflu >Ln+sfsf j§ufldgL ceo /fhf cfkm}+ ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'x{ b+' } leIf'x¿sf] rf}yf] ;+ufogf ug{ ;xfos ag] . O{=;+=
&( lt/ ;DkGg o; ;+ufogfdf ;f/f lqlk6snfO{ ;+ufogf u/L ;okN6;Dd k9]/ z'4 u/] . To;sf] nuQ} /fhfn] tL ;Dk"0f{ lqlk6snfO{
tfnkqdf lnlka4 ug]{ P]ltxfl;s sfd ;DkGg u/] .!^
adf{ -Dofgdf/_sf /fhf ld08f]s -ldg\ bf]g\ ldg\_sf] ;+/IfsTjdf ;g\ !*&! df df+8n]l:yt /fhb/af/df kf“rf} af}4 ;+ufogf ;DkGg
ePsf] lyof] . o; ;+ufogfkZrft\ ;Dk"0f{ ltlk6snfO{ &@( j6f ;+ud/d/x¿df s'l+ 8of], h'g cBfjlw df+8n]sf] ;dLkd} s'yf] bfr\ ljxf/df
ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOG5 .!&
af}4 b]z yfOn}08df klg ltlk6snfO{ k6s k6s u/L tfnkqdf s'l+ 8Psf] kfOG5 . a'=;+= @)@) -O{=;+= !$&^_ df ltnf]s/fh eGg] /fhfsf]
sfndf klxnf]kN6 ltlk6snfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L tfnkqdf s'8+ fOof] . a'=;+= @##! -O{=;+= !&*&_ df km|f jfb ;db]r k|mf a'4oMb km\jf r'nfnf]ssf] ;dodf
ltlk6snfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L bf];f| k] N6 tfnkqdf s'8+ fOof] . a'=;+= @$#! -O{=;+= !**&_ b]lv a'=;+= @$#^ -O{=;+= !*(@_ ;Dddf k|mf jfb ;db]r k|mf
r'nrMd snfp rfp o" x'jfsf] ;dodf ltlk6snfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L k':tssf ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/of] . a'=;+= @$^* -O{=;+= !(@$_ b]lv a'=;+= @$&#
-O{=;+= !(@(_ ;Dddf k|mf jfb ;db]r k|mf ks snfp o" x'jfsf] kfnfdf ltlk6snfO{ ;+zf]wg u/L k'gM k':tssf ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/of] .!*
ljgolk6s k':tsf¿9 ePkl5 Pp6f lglZrt cfsf/df cBfjlwko{Gt sfod} /x\of] . 5}7f}+ ;+ufogfnfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfg]/ O{=;+= !((*
df ef/tsf] ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, wDdlul/n] ;f/f ltlk6skflnnfO{ b]jgfu/L lnlkdf k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 eg] sDKo"6/sf] ;xfotfn]
l;=8L=af6 ;d]t ljleGg b]jgfu/L, c+uh ]| L, ald{h -Dofgdf/_, yfO -yfOn}08_, l;+xnL ->Ln+sf_ lnlkdf ;d]t k9\gldNg] u/L wd{bfg ljt/0f
!(
ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k|sfzgn] d'lb|t ul/Psf] ljgolk6skfln u|Gy hDdf kf“rj6fsf] ;+Vofdf 5g\ . tL x'g–\
!= ljgolk6s] kf/flhskfln, d"n kfln ljifoj:tdfq #(% k[i7df .
@= ljgolk6s] kflrlQokfln, d"n kfln ljifoj:t'dfq $*& k[i7df .
#= ljgolk6s] dxfjUukfln, d"n kfln ljifoj:t'dfq $*% k[i7df .
$= ljgolk6s] r"njUukfln, d"n kfln ljifoj:t'dfq $&( k[i7df .
%= ljgolk6s] kl/jf/kfln, d"n kfln ljifoj:t'dfq $!& k[i7df .

ljgolk6ssf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof

kfln ljgolk6sdf pNn]v ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ljgox¿ a'4sfnd} k"0f{¿kn] lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] lyof]. a'4åf/f pkb]lzt tL ;a} ljgox¿
df}lvsd} ;+/lIft x'b+ } lyof] .
df}lvs¿kd} hLljt a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ tTsfn} ;'eb| leIf'n] :jtGq x'gkfpg] v'zL k|s6 u/]sf] b]v/]
dxfsfZok dxf:ylj/n] klxnf] ;+ufogfsf] cfJxfg ug'e { Psf] lyof] . pQm ;+ufogfdf ljgosf] dxTjnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ k|ydtM ljgos}
;+ufogf u/]sf] lyof] . leIf';3+ s} :jLs[ltdf cfo\idfg\ pkfln leIf'sf] k|dv ' tfdf ljgosf] ;+ufogf eof] eg] dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] k|Zg
@)
ug'{eof] .
x'g t, a'4af6 ;a} wd{bz] gf ;'Gg] df}sf k|fKt leIf' cfgGbn] klg ljgosf] ;DaGwdf atfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf lyof] . o;sf afjh'b klg,
:jo+ eujfg\ a'4n] cfo'idfg\ pkflnnfO{ rf/ kl/ifb\sf aLrdf PtbUu:yfg lbg'ePsf] lyof]– æPtbUu+, leSvj], dd ;fjsfg+ leSv"g+ ljgow/fg+
olbb+ pkflnÆ@! cyf{t\ x] leIf'x¿, ljgow/ d]/f leIf'x¿dWo] pkfln cu| 5g\ . To;}n] klg a'4åf/f ;a} ljgosf] lzIff lng'eP/ kfng ug'e
{ Psf
pkfln :ylj/nfO{ g} ljgosf] ;+ufogfdf k|dv ' tf lbPsf] lyof] .

-3-
rf/ kf/flhs lzIffkb ;+ux
|
-!_ cfo'idfg\ dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] pkfln leIf';u+ ;f]Wg'xG' 5– æcfj';f] pkfln, klxnf] kf/flhs a'4n] sxf“ pkb]z ug'e { Psf] lyof] <Æ@@
pkfln– æeGt], j}zfnLdf .Æ
æs;sf] sf/0fdf <Æ
æ;'lbGg snGbsk'qsf] sf/0fdf .Æ
æs] s'/fdf <Æ
æd}yg' sf] sf/0fdf .Æ
To;kl5 dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] pkfln leIf';3+ klxnf] kf/flhs ;DaGwL s'/f klg ;f]Wg'eof], lgbfg -sf/0f_ klg ;f]Wg'eof], JolQm
klg ;f]Wg'eof], k|1lKt -lgod_ klg ;f]Wg'eof], cg'k|1lKt -pk–lgod_ klg ;f]Wg'eof], cfklQ -bf]if_ klg ;f]Wg'eof] / cgfklQ -lgbf]i{ f_ klg
;f]Wg'eof] . pkfln leIf'n] klg ;f]ws] f ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'eof] .
leIF';3+ nfO{ nlIot ug'e
{ O{ dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] ;f]Wg'eof]– æof] klxnf] kf/flhsaf6 s'g} lemSg'kg]{ jf o;df yKg'kg]{ s'/f s]xL 5 <Æ
leIf'x¿n] æ5}gÆ eGg] pQ/ lbP .
-@_ dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] km]l/ ;f]Wg'eof]– æcfj';f] pkfln, bf];f| ] kf/flhsf a'4n] sxf“ pkb]z lbg'eof] <Æ@#
æeGt], /fhu[xdf .Æ
æs;sf] sf/0fdf <Æ
æwgLo s'Desf/k'qsf] sf/0fdf .Æ
æs] s'/fdf <Æ
æclbGgfbfgsf] sf/0fdf .Æ
clg dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] pkfln leIf';3+ bf];f| ] kf/flhsf ;DaGwL s'/f klg ;f]Wg'eof], sf/0f klg ;f]Wg'eof], JolQm klg ;f]Wg'eof],
k|1lKt klg ;f]Wg'eof], cg'k1| lKt klg ;f]Wg'eof], cfklQ klg ;f]Wg'eof], cgfklQ klg ;f]Wg'eof] .
-#_ km]l/ dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] ;f]Wg'eof]– æcfj';f] pkfln, t];f| ] kf/flhsf a'4n] sxf“ pkb]z ug'e { Psf] lyof] <Æ@$
æeGt], j}zfnLdf .Æ
æ s;sf] sf/0fdf <Æ
æs]xL leIf'x¿sf] sf/0fdf .
æs] s'/fdf <Æ
ædg'io lju|x -dg'ioxTof_sf] s'/fdf .
clg dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] pkfln leIf';3+ t];f| ] kf/flhsf ;DaGwL s'/f klg ;f]Wg'eof], sf/0f klg ;f]Wg'eof], JolQm klg ;f]Wg'eof],
k|1lKt klg ;f]Wg'eof], cg'k1| lKt klg ;f]Wg'eof], cfklQ klg ;f]Wg'eof], cgfklQ klg ;f]Wg'eof] .
-$_ km]l/ dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] ;f]Wg'eof]– æcfj';f] pkfln, rf}yf] kf/flhsf a'4n] sxf“ pkb]z ug'eof] <Æ@%
æeGt], j}zfnLdf .Æ
æs;sf] sf/0fdf <Æ
æjUud'bftL/sf leIf'x¿sf] sf/0fdf .Æ
æs] s'/fdf <Æ
æpQ/Lo dg'io wd{sf] s'/fdf .Æ
clg dxfsZok dxf:ylj/n] pkfln leIf';3+ rf}yf] kf/flhsf ;DaGwL s'/f klg ;f]Wg'eof], sf/0f klg ;f]Wg'eof], JolQm klg ;f]Wg'eof],
k|1lKt klg ;f]Wg'eof], cg'k1| lKt klg ;f]Wg'eof], cfklQ klg ;f]Wg'eof], cgfklQ klg ;f]Wg'eof] .
To;kl5 oL rf/ kf/flhsf lzIffkbnfO{ æof] kf/flhss08+ xf]Æ egL ;+ux| df pNn]v u/ .
!# ;+3flb;];nfO{ æt]/;s+Æ egL pNn]v u/] .
@ lzIffkbnfO{ æclgotÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
#) lzIffkbnfO{ ælg:;lUuoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
(@ j6f lzIffkbnfO{ ækflrlQoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
$ j6f lzIffkbnfO{ ækfl6b];gLoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
&% j6f lzIffkbnfO{ æ;]lvoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
& j6f sf/0fx¿nfO{ æclws/0f;dyÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
o;/L @@& j6f lzIffkbx¿nfO{ ædxflje¨Æ egL ls6]/ pNn]v u/] .
o;/L leIf'x¿sf] @@& j6f ljgosf] pNn]v ePsf] dxflje¨sf] ;+ux| ul/;s]kZrft\ leIf'0fLlje¨sf * lzIffkbnfO{ ækf/flhss08+Æ
egL pNn]v u/] .
!& lzIffkbnfO{ æ;Q/;sÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
#) lzIffkbnfO{ ælg:;lUuo kflrlQoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
!^^ lzIffkbnfO{ ækflrlQoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
-4-
 &% lzIffkbnfO{ æ;]lvoÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
& sf/0fx¿nfO{ æclw/0f;dyÆ egL pNn]v u/] .
o;/L #)$ j6f lzIffkbx¿nfO{ æleIf'0fL lje¨Æ egL pNn]v u/] .
oxf“ plNnlvt ;a} lzIffkbx¿sf] luGtL ubf{ hDdf #!! j6f x'G5 . oxf“ #)$ elgPsf] ;~rl/t eGg] ;fwf/0f lzIffkb !, b'67\ bf];f]
eGg] ;fwf/0f lzIffkb @ / ofjtltos eGg] ;fwf/0f lzIffkb $ nfO{ cnUofP/ o;f] elgPsf] xf] .
o;/L leIf'0fL lje¨sf] ;|ux| u/L o:t} k|sf/n] *+ ef0fjf/ k|df0f ePsf] ævGws+Æ, @% ef0fjf/ k|df0f ePsf] ækl/jf/Æ klg ;+ux| u/L
æOb+ ljgolk6s+ gfdf‘lt 7k];+' cyf{t\ of] ljgolk6s xf]Æ egL pNn]v u/] .@^
o;/L, peo lje¨ -leIf' / leIf'0fL lje¨_, vGws -dxfjUu / r'NnjUu_ / kl/jf/ cGtu{t ljgolk6s ;DaGwL dxfsZok
dxf:ylj/åf/f ;f]lwPsf ;a} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ pkfln leIf'n] k"0f{tM pQ/ lbg'eof] . k~r;t c/xGt;tflg ;¨x+ cf/f]lkt go]g u0f;Hemfods+;'
eg]cg';f/ ljgolk6ssf] k|Zgf]Q/ tyf ;+sngkZrft\ ;|ux| df pNn]v ePsf] ljgolk6snfO{ %)) c/xGt leIf'x¿n] k9]/ z'l4 u/]sf lyP .@&
;+ufogfkZrft\ pkfln leIf'nfO{ ;+3af6 cf1f ePsf] lyof]– æcfj';f], Od+ t'øx+ lgl:;ts] jfr]xL cyf{t\ cfj';f], of] -ljgolk6s_
ltdL;+u a:g]x¿nfO{ k9fpm .Æ@*
kfln ljgolk6sdf pNn]v ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ljgo;DaGwL lgodx¿ :jo+ a'4n] g} k|sfz kfg'e { Psf] s'/fdf z+sf gxf]nf . cfrfo{ a'43f]if
-rf}7f}–+ kf“rf}+ O{ZjL ztflAbsf_n] ljgolk6ssf] c6\7syf ;dGtkf;flbsfsf] k|f/Ded} leIf'x¿sf] cljlR5Gg k/Dk/fnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\, hf]
a'4sfnb]lv pgL :jo+sf] ;do;Dd ljgolk6s k/Dk/f lyof] .

ljgo k/Dk/fsf dxfk'¿ifx¿

a'4sf] ;dodf ljgodf PtbUu k|fKt leIf' pkflnsf] k|dv ' tfdf ljgosf] ;+ufogf ePsf] lyof], of] ljgolk6ssf] ;"rgf lyof] . t;y{
ljgolk6ssf] k/Dk/f :jo+ eujfg\ a'4 / pxf“sf ljgodf PtbUu k|fKtlzio pkfln leIf'bl] v k|f/De x'G5 . pkfln leIf'bl] v ;d|f6\ czf]ssf]
;dsfnLg df]Uulnk'Qlt:; :ylj/;Dd ljgow/x¿sf] k/Dk/f ljgolk6ssf] ækl/jf/klfnÆ u|Gydf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ljgolk6snfO{ /Iff
ug'x{ g' ] oL JolQmx¿nfO{ ljgo k/Dk/fsf dxfk'¿ifx¿ elgG5 .@(
!= a'4
rf/cfo{;TonfO{ cjaf]w ug'e { O{ /fu, å]if, df]x cflb zq'nfO{ x/0f ul/;Sg'ePsf ;Dos\;Da'4nfO{ dxfdfgj, tyfut, eujfg\,
zflGtsf cu|gfos, nf]slj1, ;j{1 cflb cflb klg elgG5 . pxf“ xfd|} b]z g]kfnsf] kfjg n'lDagLdf hGd eP/ a'4uofsf] af]lwa[Ifd'lg
a'4Tj1fg k|FKt ug'{eO{ a'4 x'gePsf] lyof] . #@ dxfk'¿if nIf0f#)n] o'Qm tyf *) cg'Jo~hg#!n] ;DkGg a'4 ljBf / cfr/0fn] kl/k"0f{#@
x'gx' G' 5 . oyfy{tM wd{ b]Vg]n] a'4nfO{ b]Vg] -of] wDd+ k:;lt, ;f] d+ k:;lt_, /f]uLsf] ;]jf ug]n
{ ] a'4sf] ;]jf u/]sf] x'g] -of] lunfg+ pk6\7flt, ;f]
d+ pk6\7flt_ atfpg'xg' ] a'4n] cfkm"nfO{ df]Ifbftf geP/ s]jn kyk|bz{gsf ¿kdf lrgfpg'ePsf] 5 . hg;fwf/0fn] a'em\g] efiffsf] k|of]u ug],{
:j/## clt uDeL/ t/ k|efjzfnL x'ge ' Psf] a'4 ci6nf]s wd{#$df csDkf lyP . pxf“ *) jif{sf] pd]/df, $% jiff{jf;#% kl5 s'zLgu/df
dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'ge ' of] .#^ pxL dxfsf¿l0fs a'4n] leIf' tyf leIf'0fLx¿sf] nflu cfkm\g} hLjgsfndf ;Dk"0f{ ljgox¿sf] b]zgf ug'e { Psf] xf] .
ljgolk6sdf ;+slnt ;Dk"0f{ ljgox¿ a'4n] ljleGg 36gf, sf/0fx¿nfO{ lnP/ agfpg'ePsf x'g\ . o;y{, ljgo k/Dk/fsf d"n ;|ft] Pj+
lgdf{tf g} a'4 x'gx' G' 5 .
@ pkfln leIf'
a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ ePsf] klxnf] ;+ufogfdf ljgo–;+ufogfsf] k|dv ' e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'x{ g' ] pkfln leIf' ljgow/ leIf'dWo]df
cu| x'g\ . pgL klxnf slknj:t'sf zfSo /fhvnssf Ps gfp -skfn sf6\g] JolQm_ lyP . a'4 Ps lbg dNnx¿sf] cg'lk|o eGg] lguddf
al;/xg'ePsf] a]nf el2o, cg'¿4, cfgGb, eu', lslDan tyf b]jbQ u/L 5 zfSo /fhs'df/x¿ a'4sxf“ k|jl| ht x'gsf] nflu uP . To;a]nf
pkfln klg ;+u} lyP . clg pkflnsf] dgdf klg k|jl| ht x'g] OR5f cfof] . pgL klg a'4sxf“ k|jH| of / pk;Dkbf dfu] . pgL 5 zfSos'df/x¿eGbf
klxnf k|jl| ht / pk;DkGg eP .#&
a'4af6 Wofgsf] s'/f l;s]/ pkfln leIf'n] rf“8} g} c/xTj kmn k|fKt u/] . kl5 pgn] cfkm" h+undf a:ghfg] ljrf/ a'4;dIf JoQm
ubf{ a'4n] cfkm";u+ } a:g nufP . a'4n] pgnfO{ ljgo ;DaGwL s'/f l;sfpg' eof] . kl5 e¿sR5jTy' h:tf b'O{ rf/ hl6n / uDeL/ k|Zgsf]
af/]df cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ;'gfPsf] b]Vbf a'4 k|;Gg eP/ ;fw'sf/#* ;d]t lbg'ePsf] lyof] . Ps ;dodf a'4n] rf/ kl/ifb\sf aLrdf pgnfO{
ljgow/ >fjs–leIF'x¿dWo]df cu| 3f]if0ff ug'e { of] . a'4af6 ljgo l;s]sf pkfln leIf'n] klxnf] ;+ufogfdf ;Dk"0f{ ljgo ;DaGwL pQ/sf]
hjfkm lbP/ ljgolk6ssf] ;+ux| u/]sf lyP . pgn] a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf] #) jif{kl5;Dd wd{ljgo lziox¿nfO{ l;sfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
!^ jif{ pboeb|n] /fHo u/]sf]df ^ jif{ k'Ubf pkfln leIf'sf] kl/lgjf{0f ePsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf pgsf] jiff{jf; &$ jif{ k'us ] f] lyof] .#(
#= bf;s leIf'
bf;s j}zfnLjf;L Ps a|fx\d0fsf k'q lyP . !@ jif{ x'b+ f pgL j]bn] kf/+ut ePsf lyP . j}zfnLsf] jflnsf/fddf a:g'ePsf pkfln
leIf';u+ wd{;fsR5f ubf{ pgL ;f¥x} k|efljt eP . kl5 k|jl| ht klg eP . pk;Dkbf klg k|fKt u/] . c/xt\kmn klg k|fKt u/] . !))) c/xt\
leIF'x¿sf k|dv ' klg eP . pgnfO{ pkfln leIF'n] ljgodfq xf]Og, clkt' ;Dk"0f{ lqlk6ssf s'/fnfO{ kf/+ut x'gu] /L l;sfpg' ePsf] lyof] . kl5
oL bf;s leIf'n] ljgo k/Dk/fnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd /Iff ul//fv] . ;';g' fun] !) jif{ /fHo u/]sf]df *cf} jif{ x'b+ f bf;s leIF'sf] kl/lgjf{0f ePsf]
lyof] . Tolta]nf pgsf] jiff{jf; ^$ jif{ k'u]sf] lyof] .$)

-5-
$= ;f]0fs leIf'
;f]0fs leIf' jf/f0f;L lgjf;L Ps ufl8jfgsf k'q lyP . cfdf–a'af;+u /fhu[xlt/ Jofkf/ ug{ uO/x]sf] a]nfdf j]0f'jg ljxf/df bf;s
:ylj/nfO{ e]6L k|jl| ht / pk;DkGg ePsf lyP . cx{tk\ mn klg nfe u/] . pgn] bf;s :ylj/af6 ljgo cWoog u/L ljgo k/Dk/fnfO{ /Iff
ug]{ sfo{ u/] . pgsf] kl/lgjf{0f ^^ jif{ jiff{jf; x+'bf ePsf] lyof] .$!
%= l;Uuj leIF'
l;Uuj leIf' kf6lnk'q -k6gf_ sf l;l/j8\9 eGg] Ps dGqLsf k'q lyP . pgsf] tLg Ct'x¿df a:g] tLgj6} dxn lyof] . !* jif{sf] pd]/
x'b+ f r08jlHh gfds ldq;+u %)) ldqx¿;fy s'Ss'tf/fddf uO{ ;f]0fs :ylj/sxf“ k|jl| ht x'g uP . kl5 pk;Dkbf k|fKt u/L cx{tk\ mn klg k|fKt
u/] . cfkm\gf] cfrfo{ ;f]0fs :ylj/af6} pgn] ljgolk6s;lxt lqlk6ssf] lzIff klg lnP . pgn] ljgo k/Dk/fnfO{ /Iff ug{df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n] .
@$ jif{ rGb|uK' tn] /fHo u/]sf]df !$ jif{ k'Ubf l;Uuj leIf'sf] kl/lgjf{0f ePsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf pgL &^ jif{ jiff{jf;df k'us ] f] lyof] .$@
^= df]Uulnk'Qlt:; leIf'
df]Uulnk'Q lt:; leIf' kf6lnk'q lgjf;L df]UunL -df}bu\ ln_ uf]qsf a|fx\d0fsf] s'ndf hGd]sf lyP . To;a]nf pgsf] gfd lt:; lyof] .
t;y{ pgnfO{ df]Uulnk'Qlt:; elgPsf] xf] .$#
!^ jif{sf] pd]/df pgL l;Uuj :ylj/sxf“ k|jl| ht x'g uP . >fd0f]/ k|jl| ht eP/ ;|ft] fkGg ePkl5 l;Uuj :ylj/n] r08jlHh
:ylj/sxf“ k7fO{ wd{ljgo k9\g k7fP . >fd0f]/ cj:yfd} pgn] ljgolk6s Pp6f afx]/ b'O6} lk6s /fd|/L l;s] . kl5 pk;Dkbf eO;s]kl5
cfkm\gf] pkflWofo l;Uuj :ylj/;+u ljgolk6ssf ;Dk"0f{ lzIff /fd|/L cWoog u/] . kl5 lqlk6swf/L eP/ cx{tk\ mn klg k|fKt u/] . pgn]
ljgolk6ssf] k/Dk/fnfO{ /Iff ug]d { fq xf]Og, t];f| ] ;+ufogfdf k|dv
' e"ldsf klg lgjf{x u/] . laGb';f/ /fhfsf k'q ;d|F6\ czf]n] #& jif{ /fHo
u/]sf]df @^ jif{ k'Ubf a'4zf;gnfO{ clt dha't agfpg'xb+' } kl/lgjf{0f x'ge ' of] . olta]nf pgsf] jiff{jf; *) jif{ k'us ] f] lyof] .
a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ pkfln, bf;s, ;f]0fs, l;Uuj / df]Uulnk'Qlt:; kf“rhgf leIf'x¿n] hDa'åLkdf ljgo k/Dk/f / zf;g
k/Dk/f c6"6¿kdf kfng ul//fv]sf] lyof] . t];f| ] ;+ufogfkl5 ljgonfO{ dx]Gb| dxf:ylj/ cflb leIF'x¿n] >Ln+sf åLkdf nu] .
&= dlxGb, Ol6\7o, plQo, ;+jn / e2;fn leIf'x¿
dlxGb dxf:ylj/ ;d|f6\ czf]ssf aflx/L kTgL j]lb; ;]7sL 5f]/L j]lb; dxfb]jLsf] sf]vaf6 hGd]sf 5f]/f x'g\ . pgsf cfkm\g} alxgL
;+3ldQf x'g,\ hf] kl5 leIF'0fL eP/ >Ln+sfdf af]lwa[If k'¥ofpg], leIf'0fL zf;g agfpg] cflb dxTjk"0f{ a'4zf;lgs of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP .$$
dlxGb| @) jif{sf] x'b+ f df]Uulnk'Qlt:; :ylj/sf] pkfWofoTjdf tyf dxfb]j :ylj/sf] cfrfo{Tjdf k|jl| ht / pk;DkGg ePsf lyP.
pk;Dkbf ePsf] d08kd} pgn] k|lt;lDebf 1fg;lxt cf;|j–Sn]z/lxt cx{tk\ mn k|FKt u/]sf lyP .
pk;DkGg eO;s]kl5 pgn] cfkm\gf] pkfWofo df]Uulnk'Qlt:;sxf“ a;L wd{ / ljgosf] /fd|f; ] u+ cWoog u/]. bf];f| ] ;+ufogf;Dd
lqlk6sdf ;dfj]z ePsf cy{syf;lxt ;Dk"0f{ u|GynfO{ tLg jif{leqdf lgk'0f¿kn] l;s] . oltdfq xf]Og, cfkm\gf] pkfWofosf] !))) leIf'–
lziox¿sf k|dv ' klg eP .
;d|f6 czf]ssf] ;+/If0fdf ;DkGg t];f| ] ;+ufogfkZrft\ df]Uulnk'Qlt:; :ylj/n] wd{kr | f/sf] nflu leIf'x¿nfO{ ljleGg 7fp“, ljleGg
b]zx¿df k7fpg'eof]. o; ;Gbe{df dlxGb :ylj/sf] k|dv ' tfdf Ps ;d"x leIf'x¿nfO{ >Ln+sfdf wd{kr | f/fy{ k7fpg'eof]. pgL >Ln+sfdf
k'Ug'xb+' f pgsf] jiff{jf; !@ jif{ k'us ] f] lyof] eg] a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0f ePsf] @#^ jif{ ePsf] lyof]. >Ln+sfsf] y]/jfb a'4zf;g k|lti7flkt u/L
pgL ^) cf}+ jiff{jf;df >Ln+sfs} r]ltokj{tdf kl/lgjf{0f x'geof] .
dlxGb| :ylj/ nufot Ol6\7o, plQo, ;+jn / e2;fn kf“rhgf leIf'x¿n] wd{ / ljgosf] k/Dk/fnfO{ hDa'åLkaf6 >Ln+sfåLkdf
k'¥ofOlbP. To;a]nf b]lvg} >Ln+sfdf y/]jfb a'4zf;gsf] h/f] uf8]sf] xf]. ef/tdf a'4wd{ qmdzM ¥xf; x'b+ uof]. o;a]nf ljgo k/Dk/fnfO{
;'/lIft ug]{ sfd >Ln+sfåLkd} eof] .
*= cl/6\7 leIF'
dx]Gb|| :ylj/ >Ln+sfdf cfpg'xb+' f Toxf“ b]jfg+lkolt:; /fhfn] /fHo rnfO/x]sf] lyof] . cl/6\7 leIf' pg} /fhfsf efGhf lyP . pgL
klxnf dxfdGqL klg lyP . pgL cfkm\gf] %% hgf bfh'efOx¿sf r]ltokj{tdf uP/ dx]Gb| :ylj/sxf“ k|jl| ht / pk;DkGg eP . pk;Dkbf
ePs} lbgdf tL ;a} cx{tk\ mndf k|ltli7t ePsf lyP . >Ln+sfd ljgo ;DaGwL ;j{>i] 7 eP/ klxnf] k6s ljgosf] nufd ;dfpg] pg} lyP .
Toxf“bl] v c¿ ;a} u'¿–lzio k/Dk/f >Ln+sfs} x'g\ .$%
(= cfo{ ltiobQ leIf', !)= sfn ;'dg leIf', !!= bL3{ :ylj/, !@= bL3 ;'dg leIf', !#= sfn ;'dg leIf', !$= gfu :ylj/ leIf',
!%= a'4/lIft leIf', !^= ltio :ylj/, !&= b]j :ylj/, !*= ;'dg leIf', !(= r"ngfu leIf', @)= wd{kflnt leIf', @!= /f]x0f leIf', @@= If]d leIf',
@#= pkltio leIf', @$= km:;b]j leIf', @%= ;'dg leIf', @^= k'Kkm leIf', @&= dxflzj -dxf;Lj_ leIf', @*= pkfln leIf', @(= dxfgfu leIf',
#)= ceo leIf', #!= ltio :ylj/ leIf', #@= k'Kkm -km':;eL_ leIf', ##= r"n ceo leIf', #$= ltio :ylj/ leIf', #%= r"nb]j leIf', #^= lzj :ylj/ .
kl/jf/kfln u|Gysf] sTyk~`lQjf/f]df dfly pNn]lvt ;a} ljgo k/Dk/fsf dxfk'¿ifx¿nfO{ klfnufyfåf/f :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 .$^
ufyfsf] cGtdf o;/L cfPsf] 5–$&
Pt] gfuf dxfk~`f, ljgo~`" dUusf]ljbf .
ljgo+ bLk] ksf;];'+, lk6s+ tDakl00foflt ..
o;sf] cy{ xf], oL dxfk|1, ljgo1, dfu{–sf]ljbx¿n] >Ln+sf åLkdf ljgolk6ssf] HjfHjNodfg¿kn] k|sfz kfg'e { of] .
h;/L s'g} SofDk;sf] leQfdf nufOPsf] k|:t/k6df pgLx¿sf] k|wfgcWofksn] n]vs ] f] gfdsf] ;"rLdf s'g} z+sf ub}g{ , To;/L g}
$*
:ylj/jfb–k/Dk/fsf] ljgow/x¿sf] of] ;"rLnfO{ xfdLn] k|fdfl0fs dfGg'kb{5 .
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lgisif{M
a'4n] cfhLjg lbg'ePsf] pkb]zx¿sf] ;+ux[ Lt ¿k kfln ltlk6s xf], h'g u|GynfO{ d"n k|fdfl0fs Pj+ cflwsfl/s ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 .
;'Qlk6s, ljgolk6s / clewDdlk6s ¿kL ltlk6sdWo] cem dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ a'4zf;gsf] cfo' ;dfg dflgPsf] u|Gy ljgolk6s x'g\ . of]
u|GynfO{ kf/flhs, kflrlQo, dxfjUu, r'NnjUu / kl/jf/ u/L kf“r u|Gydf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;sf] c6\7syf, 6Lsf ;d]t lgsflnPsf]
5 . :jo+ a'4s} ;dodf k"0f{tM b]zgf eO;s]sf] ljgosf lgodx¿nfO{ a'4sf] dxfkl/lgjf{0fkZrft\ ;DkGg klxnf] ;+ufogfåf/f ljgow/
leIf'x¿dWo] PtbUu k|fKt pkfln leIf'sf] k|dv
' tfdf ;+ux| ul/Psf] lyof] / To;nfO{ ljgolk6s gfd lbOof] . cfrfo{–lzio k/Dk/fdf klxnf]
ztfAbL O{ZjLk"j;
{ Dd rNb} cfPsf] ljgo k/Dk/fnfO{ O{=;+= &( df j§ufldgLceo /fhfn] rf}yf] ;+ufogf u/fO{ ;f/f ltlk6snfO{ tfnkqdf
lnlka4 u/]kl5 ljgolk6s Pp6f lglZrt cfsf/df /Iff u/fpg] sfo{ ;Dkfbg eof] . o;s} k|ltkmn xf], h'g cfh;Dd cIf'00f cj:yfdf
ltlk6s xfdL ;fd' /x]sf] 5 .

km'6gf]6x?M
!= h'g 1fg k|fKt ug'{eP/ pxf“ nf]sdf a'4 sxnfpg'eof], pQm a'4Tj 1fgnfO{ af]lw1fg elgG5 . h:tf]M k'Aa]lgjf;fg':;lt 1fg cyf{t\ k"j{hGdsf] s'/f
yfxf kfpg] 1fg, Ro'Tof]Tklt 1fg cyf{t\ pTklQ / ljgfzsf] s'/f yfxfkfpg] 1fg, cf;jSvo 1fg cyf{t\ cf>j–Sn]z gfz ug{;lsg] cx{t\dfu{ 1fg .
@= a[xb\ leIf'x¿sf] e]nfdf a'4lzIffsf] ;+u|x / z'l4s/0f ug'{nfO{ ;+ufogf elgG5 .
#= cfrfo{ leIf' cd[tfgGb, peokfltdf]Sv sf] e"ldsf -sf7df8f}+, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, @)$%_, k[=!&
$= r'NnjUu kfln -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, !((* O{=;+=_
%= Bimala Churn Law, A History of Pali literature-1 (varanasi, Indological Book House, 1983), pg. 43
^= c= ;'hftf, clewDd :dfl/sf -sf7df8f}+, clewDd cWoog ;dfh, g]kfn, @)^)_, k[= &$ b]lv !@( ;Dd tyf leIf' ;'d]w wL/;'d]w, ;Dk"0f{ a'4jrg
ltlk6sof ;f/ -sf7df8f},+ ;4d{ k|rf/s k'rM, @)%*_, k[= !
&= /fx'n ;f+:s[Tofog, ljgo–lk6s -tfOjfg, b s/kf]/]t af]l8 ckm b af}4 Pb's]zgkmfp08]zg, ==== _ .
*= e/tl;+x pkfWofo, kfln ;flxTo sf Oltxf; -ef/t, lxGbL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng O{=;+= !(^#_ .
(= Bimala Churn Law, A History of Pali Literature (Vol. 1) (India, Indological Book house, 1983).
!)= Maurice Winternitz, History of Indian Literature (Vol. 2) (Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1988).
!!= leIf', 1fgk"l0f{s -cg'=_, æpeokfltdf]Sv -peok|fltdf]If_Æ -sf7df8f}+, cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, lj=;+= @)$%_ .
!@= ;'Qlk6s] bL3lgsfof]–@ -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, !((* O{=;+=_, k[= !!%
!#= cfrfo{ leIf' cd[tfgGb, a'4sfnLg >fjs rl/t –^ -sf7df8f},+ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, @)$$ lj=;+=_, k[= !@^
!$= ljgolk6s] kf/flhss08–c6\7syf ! -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, !((* O{=;+=_, k[= !)
!%= ljgolk6s] kl/jf/kfln, -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, !((* O{=;+=_, k[= #
!^= k|sfz jh|frfo{, af}4 bk{0f -sf7df8f}+, a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt tyf wd{sLlt{ af}4 cWoog uf]i7L, @)%#_, k[= !!!
!&= P]hg, k[= !!@
!*= leIf' ;'d]w wL/;'d]w, ;Dk"0f{ a'4jrg ltlk6sof ;f/ -sf7df8f},+ ;4d{ k|rf/s k'rM, @)%*_, k[= @!
!(= leIF' ;+3/lIft, ækfln ltlk6ssf] ljgolk6sdf af]lwsyf, wDdrSskjQg, oz k|j|Hof / pk;Dkbf ljlwÆ a'4 hoGtL :j0f{ dxf]T;j :dfl/sf -
nlntk'/, a'4hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, lj=;+= @)^@_, k[= $%
@)= cfrfo{ leIf' cd[tfgGb, a'4sfnLg >fjs rl/t –^ -sf7df8f},+ cfgGbs'6L ljxf/ u'7L, @)$$ lj=;+=_, k[= !@^
@!= ;'Qlk6s] c+uQ ' /lgsfof]–! -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, !((* O{=;+=_, k[= #$
@@= k"jf]Q{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @)
@#= ljgolk6s] kl/jf/kfln -Outk'/L, ljkZogf ljzf]wg ljGof;, !((* O{=;+=_, k[=@
@$= k"jf]Q { m kfbl6Kk0fL @), #@*
@%= k"jf]Q { m kfbl6Kk0fL @)
@^= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL @), k[= !#)
@&= k"jf]Q { m kfbl6Kk0fL @)
@*= P]hg, k[= !#!
@(= k"jf]Q { m kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[= *
#)= #@ dxfk'¿if nIf0fsf] af/]df leIF' ;+3/lIftåf/f lnlvt æa}zfvk"l0f{df–a'4k"l0f{dfÆsf] k[i7 !* df x]g'{xf];\ .
#!= *) cg'Jo~hgsf] af/]df cfrfo{ leIF' cd[tfgGbåf/f lnlvt æa'4sfnLg >fljsf rl/q–#Æsf] k[i7 $&^ df x]gx{' f];\ .
#@= a'4sf] ljBf / cfr/0fn] kl/k"0f{sf] af/]df a9L hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{x'g æa}zfvk"l0f{df–a'4k"l0f{dfÆsf] k[i7 !% df x]g'{xf];\ .
##= a'4sf] :j/df ljleGg cf7 ljz]iftfx¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\– !_ :ki6, @_ a'em\g ;lsg], #_ d~h' -dw'/_, $_ ;'Ggdf /dfOnf], %_ laGb" -tLvf]_, ^_ cljlIfKt
-gkmf6]sf]_, &_ uDeL/, / *_ ;'Gg ;lsg] . -a}zfv k"l0f{df–a'4 k"l0f{df_
#$= ;fdfGotM cf7j6f nf]swd{x¿af6 d'Qm x'g, t6:y /xg xfdLnfO{ w]/} uf¥xf] ljifo xf] t/ a'4 oL nf]swd{af6 d'Qm x'g'x'G5 . tL ci6nf]s wd{x¿ x'g–\
!_ nfe x'+bf v'zL x'g', @_ cnfe x'+bf b'MvL x'g', #_ oz km}ln+bf /dfpg', $_ coz km}ln+bf b'MvL x'g', %_ k|z+;f x'+bf v'zL x'g', ^_ lgGbf x'+bf b'MvL x'g,'
&_ ;'v kfp+bf dflQg', / *_ b'Mv kfp+bf cflQg' .
#%= a'4sf] zf;gdf a'4;lxt pxf“sf lzio–leIf'x¿sf] jif{ lulGt ubf{ leIF' eO;s]kl5 cyjf pk;DkGg eO;s]kl5 a:g] jiff{jf;b]lv ul/G5 . leIf'–
leIf'x¿ aLrdf æslt jif{ x'g'eof] <Æ egL jiff{jf; latfPsf] jif{ ;f]lwG5, hGd]sf] pd]/ xf]Og . o; b[li6df a'4n] $% jiff{jf; latfpg'eO;s]kl5
dxfkl/lgjf{0f x'g'ePsf]af6 pxf“sf] jif{ klg hgfOG5 .
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#^= leIf' ;+3/lIft, j}zfv k"l0f{df–a'4 k"l0f{df -sf7df8f}+, ;To;Gb]z k|rf/s k|sfzg, @)%*_, k[=!%
#&= k"jf]Q { m kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[=*
#*= a'4wd{sf] kfln ;flxTodf pNn]v ePcg';f/ æ/fd|f], c;n, 7Ls, al9of, xf], wGojfb, :ofaf;\, x'G5Æ cflb efj JoQm ug{sf] lglDt æ;fw', ;fw', ;fw'Æ
zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . :jLs[lt ;"rgfy{df klg ;fw' zAb k|of]u ul/G5 . a'4zf;gdf h'g} /fd|f] sfd ubf{ jf ug{nfUbf, c¿nfO{ k|z+;f ubf{ jf k|;Gg
x'+bf oxL ;fw' zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . æ;fw', ;fw', ;fw'Æ eGg]nfO{ g} oxf“ ;fw'sf/ lbg' elgPsf] xf] . -a}zfv k"l0f{df–a'4 k"l0f{df_
#(= k"jf]Q
{ m kfbl6Kk0fL #, k[=(
$)= P]hg, k[=!)
$!= P]hg
$@= P]hg, k[= !!
$#= P]hg, k[= !!
$$= P]hg, k[= !#
$%= P]hg, k[= !!
$^= k"jf]Q{ m kfbl6Kk0fL !%
$&= P]hg, k[= #
$*= k"jf]Q { m kfbl6Kk0fL *, k[= #$!

)))

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