KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY (KAU)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPTARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
 GENERAL BIOLOGY (BIO110)

PART I : LIFE ON EARTH: An Overview (Chapter 1)

a. Basic Chemistry (Chapter 2)

PART III : THE CELL

a. Cell Structure and Function (Chapter 4)
b. Membrane Structure and Function (Chapter 5)
PART IV : THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE (Chapter 6)
PART V : MICROBIOLOGY (Chapter 7)
PART VI : PLANT (Chapter 8)
PART VII : ANIMAL (Chapter 9)
PART VIII : ECOSYSTEMS AND SYMBIOSIS (Chapter 10)
PART IX : GENETIC BASIS OF LIFE
a. Cell Cycle and Genetic Disorders (Chapter 11)
b. Classical Genetics and Modern Biotechnology (Chapter
12)
PART II:
PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE:
b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
PART IIb:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES

Methane

.
3.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES

Biomolecules
Category Example Subunit(s)

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Monosaccharide

Lipids Fat Glycerol and fatty acid
Proteins Polypeptide Amino acid
Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA Nucleotide

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES

Figure 3.1 Synthesis and dehydration of

biomolecules.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.1 ORGANIC MOLECULES

Figure 3.1 Synthesis and dehydration of

biomolecules.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

PART IIb:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

Figure 3.2 Glucose.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

Figure 3.2 Glucose.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

Figure 3.3 Synthesis and degradation of maltose; a disaccharide.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

that
starch exists in two forms: One form (amylose) is nonbranched and the other
(amylopectin) is branched.

Figure 3.4a Starch structure.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

Figure 3.4b Glycogen structure.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

Figure 3.5 Cellulose Fibers.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.2 CARBOHYDRATES

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

PART IIb:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.3 LIPIDS

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.3 LIPIDS

Figure 3.6 Formation of a fat.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
 Glycerol

Fatty acid

A dehydration reaction linking a triglycerides : A fat molecule made from

fatty acid to glycerol glycerol and three fatty acids
3.3 LIPIDS

Figure 3.6 Formation of a fat.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.3 LIPIDS

Figure 3.7 Types of fatty acids and fats.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.3 LIPIDS

Figure 3.7 Types of fatty acids and fats.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.3 LIPIDS

A kink causes fluidity of plasma membrane

Figure 3.8 Phospholipid structure.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.3 LIPIDS

Figure 3.9 Plasma membrane of a cell.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.3 LIPIDS

Figure 3.10 Cholesterol.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

PART IIb:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules
that are comprised of one or more long chains of
amino acid residues.
3.4 PROTEINS

are regulatory proteins

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.4 PROTEINS

for an amino acid

some of which are shown here

Figure 3.12 Amino acids.
GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.4 PROTEINS

Figure 3.12 Amino acids.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.4 PROTEINS

Figure 3.11 Synthesis and degradation of a peptide.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.4 PROTEINS

Figure 3.13 Levels of protein organization.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.4 PROTEINS

Figure 3.13 Levels of protein organization.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.4 PROTEINS

Figure 3.13 Levels of protein organization.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
PART IIb:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

 Phosphate

Figure 3.14 Nucleotides.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

Base pair

Figure 3.15 DNA structure.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
Phosphate
Sugar Nucleotide

Sugar-phosphate backbone
42
3.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

Figure 3.15 DNA structure.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules
3.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules

3.5 NUCLEIC ACIDS

because the last two phosphate bonds are unstable and are easily broken)

Figure 3.16 ATP and ADP.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: b. Chemistry of Organic Molecules