KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY (KAU)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPTARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
PART IIa:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Figure 2.1 Model of helium atom (He).

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

 2.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Figure 2.2 A portion of the periodic table.

NERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

Figure 2.2 A portion of the periodic table.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.1 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

PART IIa:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.2 COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.2 COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

• Table salt (sodium chloride or NaCl) is an example.

• Sodium is a metal, and chlorine is a poisonous gas.
• However, when chemically combined, an edible compound emerges.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.2 COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

When a sodium atom and a chlorine atom come

together, an electron is transferred from the sodium atom
to the chlorine atom

Figure 2.3 Formation of sodium chloride (table salt)

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.2 COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

Figure 2.3 Formation of sodium chloride (table salt)

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.2 COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

Figure 2.4 Covalently bonded molecules.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.2 COMPOUNDS AND MOLECULES

https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_general-chemistry-principles-patterns-and-
GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry applications-v1.0/s12-09-polar-covalent-bonds.html
PART IIa:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Figure 2.5 Water molecule.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Figure 2.5 Water molecule.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

Figure 2.6 Temperature and water.
2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Figure 2.6 Temperature and water.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Na Cl

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

 Adhesion : the
Adhesion adhesion of water
to the cell walls of
Water-conducting a plant’s thin veins
cells helps counter the
downward pull of
gravity

Direction
of water Cohesion
Movement
150 µm

Water Transport in Plants

2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Capillary action occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger

than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules

Figure 2.7 Capillary action.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
PART IIa:

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry

2.4 ACIDS AND BASES

Figure 2.8 The pH scale.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Figure 2.8 The pH scale.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry
2.3 CHEMISTRY OF WATER

Figure 2.8 The pH scale.

GENERAL BIOLOGY, PART II: CHEMISTRY OF LIFE: a. Basic Chemistry