English Apuntes Tema 5 Reacciones Quimicas

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IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO
UNIT 5. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
5.1. Chemical changes in material systems.

How do we know that a chemical change is occurring?
5.2. Chemical reactions.
5.2.a. Chemical equations.
5.2.b. Why are new substances formed? Fitting equations.
5.3. Characteristics of chemical reactions. 5.3.a.
Law of conservation of mass.
5.3.b. Law of definite proportions.
5.3.c. Speed of a chemical change.
5.4. Chemical industry.
5.5. Chemical reactions and environment.
5.5.a. Ozone layer destruction
5.5.b. Greenhouse effect
5.5.c. Acid rain
5.1. CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATERIAL SYSTEMS.
In the first topic of this course we already saw the difference between a physical process and a chemical
one, surely you remember:
A physical process is one
A chemical process is one in which
In the previous topics we have seen two clear examples of physical processes:
In this topic we are going to study chemical processes, but...
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 1 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS


HOW DO WE KNOW THAT A CHEMICAL PROCESS IS TAKING PLACE?
The key for a process to be chemical is that, once it has been produced, new substances appear that did not exist
when the process began. So, to identify a process as chemical, all we have to do is analyze the composition of our system
after the change. This can be a bit complicated, but we can study the following factors:
Factors that indicate that a chemical process has occurred:
5.2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
Chemical processes that involve the formation of new substances are called chemical reactions:
A chemical reaction is
5.2.a. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS.
These chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations, which must be written in chemical
language, in the same way that mathematical equations are written in mathematical language. The
schematic representation of a chemical reaction is as follows:
Chemical equation:


This year we still do not know how to write chemical compounds in chemical
language, we will learn this next year, it is what is called formulation and nomenclature.
Even so we can see some simple example:
Example 1: The combustion of methane is the combination of gaseous methane from

the atmosphere with the oxygen gas present in it to form carbon dioxide, also
in a gaseous state, and water vapor, in addition to releasing energy.
REAGENTS:
PRODUCTS:
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
Example 2: To synthesize ammonia gas, hydrogen and nitrogen gases must react
(both diatomic).
REAGENTS:
PRODUCTS:
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
Example 3: When a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is poured onto a piece of aluminum, a solution
of aluminum chloride, with the formula AlCl3, is produced and bubbles are observed that
correspond to the production of hydrogen gas.
REAGENTS:
PRODUCTS:
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
Example 4: The hydrolysis of liquid water is the reaction in which it decomposes into hydrogen and
oxygen (both gases).
REAGENTS:
PRODUCTS:
CHEMICAL EQUATION:
5.2.b. WHY ARE NEW SUBSTANCES FORMED? FITTING EQUATIONS
In a chemical reaction, the appearance of new substances is due to
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjnIE8egi4c


The best way to understand it is with the representation of atoms as colored balls, let's look at
the example of hydrolysis (Example 4 above):
Look at the number of balls of each species, could this be it!?

How could we solve this problem?
What we have just done is adjust the chemical reaction, that is, get the same number of balls of
each type at the beginning and at the end, this is adjusting a reaction:
Adjusting a chemical reaction is
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJMoeZEdHiQ
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbYK5Ig-oXU
Given this example, let's also adjust the other examples:
Example 1 above: The combustion of methane
Example 2 above: Synthesis of ammonia gas
Example 3 above: Hydrochloric acid on aluminum


Put your brain to work and train with these examples!!:
1. Solid iron reacts with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in

aqueous solution, releasing gaseous hydrogen and forming ferrous
sulfide (FeS) in aqueous solution.
2. Propane (C3H8) gas combines with oxygen gas present in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide,
also in a gaseous state, and water vapor, in addition to releasing energy.
3. We synthesize nitrogen monoxide (NO), from oxygen and nitrogen, all of them in
gaseous state.
4. Solid magnesium, when reacting with hydrochloric acid, gives rise to magnesium chloride
(MgCl2) in aqueous solution and hydrogen gas.
5. Sodium oxide (Na2O) reacts with barium chloride (BaCl2), to form sodium chloride and barium
oxide (BaO).


6. When solid aluminum reacts with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in aqueous solution, it forms
aluminum sulfide (Al2S3) dissolves and hydrogen bubbles are released.
7. Ethane (C2H6) gas combines with oxygen gas present in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide,
also in a gaseous state, and water vapor, in addition to releasing energy
8. When solid aluminum is brought into contact with dissolved hydroiodic acid (HI), aluminum iodide is
formed in aqueous solution (AlI3) and hydrogen bubbles are formed.
9. A solution of potassium chloride (KCl) decomposes into diatomic chlorine gas and potassium
solid.
10.Solid magnesium reacts with hydrogen telluride acid (H2Te) in aqueous solution, giving rise to
magnesium telluride (MgTe) in aqueous solution and gaseous hydrogen.
11.Synthesis of water from oxygen and hydrogen.
12.Lithium oxide (Li2O) decomposes into lithium and oxygen.
13.Butane (C4H10) gas combines with oxygen gas present in the atmosphere to form carbon dioxide,
also in a gaseous state, and water vapor, in addition to releasing energy
14.Decomposition of carbon dioxide gas into solid carbon and gaseous oxygen.
15.Synthesis of propane (C3H8).
16.Decomposition of ammonia.


5.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
There are many things to tell about chemical reactions, but this year we are going to focus on two laws related
to the mass of reactants and products and the concept of reaction rate. In third and fourth years, and in later
years, you will study much more about these fascinating chemical processes.
5.3.a. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS.
This law was proposed by A. Lavoisier in 1789, based on the scientific

method, and it says like this:
Law of conservation of mass:
This law is a direct consequence of chemical reactions being a rearrangement of atoms. I can distribute and join
them in a different way, but it is clear that the same ones I had at the beginning are the ones we have to have at
the end, therefore the mass cannot vary from the reactants to the products.
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l_IFxb_o7Q
Example: In the ammonia synthesis reaction it is known that 40 g of nitrogen gives rise to 160
g of ammonia.
a) Write and adjust the reaction.
b) What mass of hydrogen has reacted?


5.3.b. LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS.
This law was proposed by JL Proust in 1799, also based on the scientific method, and it says like this:
Law of definite proportions:
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HR44NZwME8w
Example: In the decomposition reaction of ammonia, it is known that from 340 g of ammonia, 28 g of
nitrogen are obtained.
a) Write and adjust the reaction.
b) What mass of nitrogen have we obtained?
c) What mass of ammonia should we have decomposed if we had obtained 42 g

of nitrogen? Indicate the law you use in each case.


5.3.c. REACTION SPEED.
There are extremely slow chemical reactions, such as the formation of minerals in the Earth's crust, or
very fast, such as explosions. This depends on how fast the reaction occurs, that is, the products are
formed from the reactants.
The reaction rate can be determined
This speed depends on several factors. Although we

studied it in more detail in 3rd grade, we can mention
some of these factors here:
Factors on which the reaction rate depends: ÿ Temperature:
ÿ Concentration of the reactants:
ÿ Spray degree:
EXERCISES LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS AND

DEFINED PROPORTIONS
You have to keep practicing to become an expert... here are more exercises,
which I know you love!!
1. It is known that 4.0 g of sulfur reacts with 7.0 g of iron, depleting both quantities. to)
Write and adjust the corresponding reaction. b) What will be the mass of iron(II) sulfide?
(FeS) formed? Specify which law you apply. (Sol: 11.0 g of ferrous sulfide).
REAGENT 1 8 REAGENT 2 4g PRODUCT

2. Complete the table indicating which law
you use in each case. g
12 g
24g
3. A container contains 48.5 g of water and a mass of 20.2 g of salt. The total mass is 98 g.
Calculate the mass of the empty container. (Sun: 29.3g)


4. 4 g of hydrogen combine with exactly 32 g of oxygen to form water,

to. Write and adjust the corresponding reaction.
b. How many grams of water will have been formed?
c. From 6 g of hydrogen, how many grams of oxygen will combine and how much water will be formed?
Specify which law applies in each case. (Sun: 36g; 48g, 54g)
5. In a container with water, whose mass (of the container and water) is 70 g, add salt.
When the mass of the container + mass of water + mass of salt is measured, a value of
95.5g. The mass of the empty container is 25 g. What is the mass of salt added? And of
water? . (Sun: 0.5 g salt; 45 g water)
6. By decomposing 100 g of potassium bromide, 32.9 g of potassium and 67.1 g of bromine are obtained.
If in another decomposition we end up with 27.5 g of bromine. How many grams of potassium have we
obtained? Specify which law you apply. (Sun: 13.48g)
7. If 4.0 g of sulfur react with 7.0 g of iron, forming 11.0 g of iron (II) sulfide, with the formula FeS: a) Write and
adjust the reaction. b) How many grams of sulfur will 1 g of iron react with? c) If we decompose 20 g of iron
(II) sulfide, how many grams of sulfur and how many grams of iron will be obtained? (Sol: 0.57 g S; 7.3 g S
and 12.7 g Fe)
8. It is known that 34 g of ammonia decomposes forming 6 g of hydrogen. ,

b. How many grams of nitrogen will be obtained? c. How
many g of ammonia must be decomposed to obtain 24 g of hydrogen?
d. How much nitrogen would we get in that case. (Sun: 28g; 136g; 112g)
9. We know that 54 g of aluminum reacts with 96 g of oxygen to form aluminum oxide.

aluminum (Al2O3).
b. What amount of oxygen will be necessary to obtain 100 g of oxide?
c. How many grams of aluminum will react? (Sun: 64g; 36g)
10. We burn methane.

to. Write and adjust the corresponding reaction (methane combustion).
b. How much methane have we burned if we have needed 64 g of oxygen to react and we have
obtained 36 g of water vapor and 44 g of carbon dioxide?
c. What amounts of oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide would have reacted if we had burned 32 g
of methane?
d. And with 160 g of methane? (Sun: 16g, 128g, 72g, 88g; 640g, 360g, 440g)
11.An effervescent salt is dissolved

in water producing a
chemical reaction. The data
recorded were the following:
to. What is the mass of water used? (Sun: 2.5g)

b. What is the mass of the added effervescent salt? (Sun: 1.2g)
c. What is the final mass of the system? (Sun: 19g)
d. What law do you base your answers on? State it.


5.4. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.
There are many types of chemical reactions: they can be decomposition, exchange,
substitution... Among them we highlight the synthesis reactions:
A synthesis reaction is
In living organisms they occur naturally, such as when proteins are obtained from the ribosomes of cells. Many synthetic
reactions are carried out artificially to obtain products that cannot be extracted directly from nature; This is what the chemical
industry is dedicated to.
The chemical industry
In the proposed equation adjustment exercises we have seen some examples, review them and identify the synthesis reactions.
ÿ Exercise: State the synthesis reactions of:
a) Lithium chloride, LiCl (chlorine is diatomic):
b) Ethane, C2H6, (hydrogen is diatomic):
c) Calcium sulfide, CaS:
d) Ferric oxide Fe2O3, (oxygen is diatomic):
e) Borane, BH3, (hydrogen is diatomic):
The substances obtained are very varied and have very diverse applications. The most notable are:


• Pharmaceutical industry: basically dedicated to the synthesis of medications, which are

They can be classified depending on their function into:
to. Antipyretics:
b. Anti-inflammatories:
c. Analgesics
d. Antibiotics:
• Petrochemical industry: dedicated mainly to obtaining and

oil transformation, whose uses are:
to. As a fuel source:
b. As raw material:
ÿ How they do it, gasoline: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02nEAvZ6oE8
• Other products: In addition to those previously mentioned, there are an infinite

number of products that are obtained from the chemical industry:
to. Fertilizers:
b. Acids:
c. Additives:
ÿ Documentary new materials: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UE--Zsgdqos
5.5. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENT.
Many contributions from the chemical industry have been beneficial to society but there have also
been some negative effects on the environment; Knowing the causes has made it possible to remedy
its effects. In this section we will study the main environmental problems that affect our planet and the
causes that produce them.


5.5.a. OZONE LAYER DESTRUCTION.
The ozone layer is located in the

stratosphere, and is a shield that prevents
ultraviolet radiation, which is very harmful,
from reaching the Earth's surface. The
correct operation of this
shield is based on there being a sufficient
amount of ozone to absorb this
radiation.
The presence in the stratosphere of

substances such as nitrogen oxides
and compounds known as CFCs (carbonated
chlorine fluoride gases, whose composition
contains chlorine, and which are found in
aerosols, solvents, air conditioners...)
cause chemical reactions that destroy the
ozone layer.
These compounds react by releasing chlorine when they reach the stratosphere, where ozone is continually being
formed and destroyed in a balanced way. Its presence alters this balance, causing the amount of ozone to decrease.
ÿ CFC attack on the ozone layer: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aV5eu1tr46w
5.5.b. GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The greenhouse effect consists of an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere as a result of the concentration of gases
in the atmosphere, mainly carbon dioxide.
Of the solar radiation received, part is reflected by the atmosphere and part is absorbed by the Earth to heat itself. This energy,
once used, is returned to the atmosphere, where part of it can return to outer space and part is reflected again by the atmosphere,
making it possible to maintain a stable temperature of approximately 15 º C. The problem PAGE 13 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL
REACTIONS

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2º
THAT is that the high concentration of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) means that more and more energy remains
on Earth and therefore the average temperature increases more and more, causing global warming of the planet.
ÿ GREENHOUSE EFFECT: http://medio-ambiente.practicopedia.lainformacion.com

/nature/how-the-greenhouse-effect-is-produced-10953
5.5.c. ACID RAIN
Acid rain forms when moisture in the air combines with nitrogen oxide ,
Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide emitted by factories, power plants, heating boilers and vehicles that
burn coal or petroleum products containing sulfur. In interaction with rainwater , these gases form
nitric acid, sulfurous acid and sulfuric acid. Finally, these chemical substances fall to Earth
accompanying precipitation, constituting acid rain.
• Combination of oxygen from the atmosphere with sulfur particles until the formation of
sulfuric acid:
• Formation of nitric acid from nitrogen and oxygen molecules present in the atmosphere and the
combination with NO:


Here the concept of acid and base appears, which is very important and, although we will study it in more
detail in future courses, we are going to look at it a little to be able to perform an experiment:
ACIDS AND BASES
In nature there are a lot of substances that we can classify in many ways, one of them is according to
whether they are acids, bases or neutral substances.
ACIDS BASES
Characteristics: Characteristics:
Examples: Examples:
The measurement of the acidity or basicity of a substance is done with the pH:
The pH of a substance
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH is measured with pH indicators:
A pH indicator is
They normally take on two different colors, and the pH values around which their color changes is their
turning zone. In the attached table you have some examples. There are also digital ones, which are called
pH-meters.


Rain normally has a pH of approximately 5.65 (slightly acidic), due to the presence of atmospheric
CO2, which forms carbonic acid, H2CO3. It is considered acid rain if it has a pH less than 5 and can
reach the pH of vinegar (pH=3), values that are reached when there is one or more of the aforementioned
gases in the air.
Some of the harmful effects of acid rain are:
• About aquatic fauna:
• About the vegetation:
• About the buildings:
ÿ ACID RAIN: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D80Idnh811I
On the following pages I leave you the scripts of a couple of practices that are interesting to understand
the concept of pH:
ÿPRACTICE: pH indicator with red cabbage:

ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94RlLZdh2Rk
ACID RAIN PRACTICE:

ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-sYraKp8Fg


PRACTICE: pH INDICATOR WITH REMBARD CABBAGE
An indicator is a substance that has the peculiarity of acquiring a different color depending on whether it comes into
contact with an acid or a base. We can make a homemade indicator with a red cabbage.
NECESSARY MATERIAL:
• A red cabbage.
• A container to cook it and a heat source.
• Test tubes.
• Different substances: water, ammonia, vinegar, soap, lemon or orange juice,…
• Disposable pipettes, spoon or dropper.
• Filter paper.
PROCEDURE:
1. First of all we must cook the red cabbage to obtain its juice, which is what we are going to work
with. To do this, we cut the red cabbage (a few leaves are enough) into thin slices and cook it
well covered in water. When the water starts to boil, remove it from the heat and let it cool
for about 20 minutes. We collect the cooking water in a glass, filtering it with a strainer,
and our indicator liquid is ready.
2. We have different test tubes with different substances: acidic, basic and
neutral and with the help of the pipette (or spoon or dropper) we pour a few drops into each of them.
3. Observe the color and try to order them to obtain all the shades.
4. To increase or decrease the pH of a solution you can dilute it a little in water, or
You can also try neutralizing acids with bases and vice versa.
5. We can also make Lombard indicator paper by soaking filter paper in
this juice and let it dry.
ÿ http://fq-experimentos.blogspot.com.es/2008/08/la-lombarda-un-indicador-natural.html
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94RlLZdh2Rk


PRACTICE: ACID RAIN

Materials:
• Three pieces of chalk.
• A glass of water.
• A glass with lemon juice.
• A glass with vinegar
Procedure:
All we have to do is place a piece of chalk inside each glass and watch what happens.
Explanation:
When we put a piece of chalk inside each glass, we will see different things happen:
ÿ Nothing will happen in the glass of water.

ÿ In the lemon and vinegar glasses we will begin to see bubbles and foam appear on top of the liquids.
The first thing we need to know is that chalk is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which will act as a base.
When you put the chalk in the water, since it has a neutral pH, nothing happens. Calcium carbonate does not react with water.
When you put the chalk in the glass of lemon juice, an acid-base reaction occurs. Lemon juice contains citric acid (C6H8O7) and
when it reacts with calcium carbonate it forms water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium citrate (Ca3(C6H7O7)2):
2 C6H8O7 + 3 CaCO3 --> 3 H2O + 3 CO2 + Ca3(C6H7O7)2
In the experiment we will see that the carbon dioxide is the bubbles that the reaction releases, and the calcium citrate is the white
mass that remains above the lemon juice (which appears foamy due to the CO2 bubbles that are trapped).
Something very similar happens in the glass of vinegar, only now we have acetic acid from the vinegar
(CH3-COOH) and calcium acetate (Ca(CH3COO)2) is formed:
2 CH3-COOH + CaCO3 --> H2O + CO2 + Ca(CH3COO)2
With this experiment we can see the effects of acid rain on buildings made of limestone (which has
calcium carbonate) or other materials.
ÿ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-sYraKp8Fg

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Machine Translated by Google

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

UNIT 5. CHEMICAL REACTIONS

5.1. Chemical changes in material systems.

5.1. CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATERIAL SYSTEMS.

A physical process is one

A chemical process is one in which

In this topic we are going to study chemical processes, but...

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 1 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

HOW DO WE KNOW THAT A CHEMICAL PROCESS IS TAKING PLACE?

Factors that indicate that a chemical process has occurred:

5.2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

5.2.a. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS.

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 2 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

Example 1: The combustion of methane is the combination of gaseous methane from

5.2.b. WHY ARE NEW SUBSTANCES FORMED? FITTING EQUATIONS

In a chemical reaction, the appearance of new substances is due to

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 3 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

Look at the number of balls of each species, could this be it!?

Adjusting a chemical reaction is

Given this example, let's also adjust the other examples:

Example 1 above: The combustion of methane

Example 2 above: Synthesis of ammonia gas

Example 3 above: Hydrochloric acid on aluminum

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 4 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

Put your brain to work and train with these examples!!:

1. Solid iron reacts with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 5 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

11.Synthesis of water from oxygen and hydrogen.

12.Lithium oxide (Li2O) decomposes into lithium and oxygen.

15.Synthesis of propane (C3H8).

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 6 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

5.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

5.3.a. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS.

This law was proposed by A. Lavoisier in 1789, based on the scientific

Law of conservation of mass:

b) What mass of hydrogen has reacted?

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 7 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

5.3.b. LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS.

Law of definite proportions:

b) What mass of nitrogen have we obtained?

c) What mass of ammonia should we have decomposed if we had obtained 42 g

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 8 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

The reaction rate can be determined

This speed depends on several factors. Although we

Factors on which the reaction rate depends: ÿ Temperature:

ÿ Concentration of the reactants:

EXERCISES LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS AND

REAGENT 1 8 REAGENT 2 4g PRODUCT

PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 2nd ESO PAGE 9 UNIT 5: CHEMICAL REACTIONS

IES VIVENTE CAÑADA BLANCH

4. 4 g of hydrogen combine with exactly 32 g of oxygen to form water,

8. It is known that 34 g of ammonia decomposes forming 6 g of hydrogen. ,

9. We know that 54 g of aluminum reacts with 96 g of oxygen to form aluminum oxide.