Saint Louis University

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering

LABORATORY REPORT EVALUATION SHEET

Laboratory Course: Physical Chemistry for Engineers (LAB)

Schedule: ThFS 1:30-4:30

Experiment Number: 1

Experiment Title: Homogeneous Equilibria

Group Number: 4 Date Performed: June 17-18, 23-25, 2022

Date Submitted: June 30, 2022

Group Members (in alphabetical order):

Gilo, Howard Ian Tomas D.

Mabbayad, Kyle Vincson P.

Mangaoang, Jasmine Nicole G.

Mesina, Angela L.

Organo, Nathalie Grace V.

 Contents Total Remarks Score

Points

I. Chapter 1: 10

Introduction

II. Chapter 2: Design 10

and Methodology

III. Chapter 3: Results 20

and Discussion

IV. Chapter 4: 10

Conclusion and

Recommendation

V. References (APA 5

Format)

VI. Appendices 15

A. List and Uses of

Apparatus

B. Definition of Terms

C. Computations

D. Problems

E. Material Safety 10

2
 Data Sheet

VII. Format and 10

Neatness

TOTAL POINTS 100

Evaluated by: ______________________________________

Date: _____________________

3
 Saint Louis University

School of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering

Experiment No.: 1

HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA

A Laboratory Write-up Presented to the

Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering

In Partial Fulfilment of the Course CHE 2221L

Submitted by:

Gilo, Howard Ian Tomas D.

Mabbayad, Kyle Vincson P.

Mangaoang, Jasmine Nicole G.

Mesina, Angela L.

Organo, Nathalie Grace V.

Submitted to:

Engr. Maria Lourdes G. Pitargue

Date:

June 30 2022

4
 I. Abstract

Homogeneous Equilibria is an equilibrium reaction in which all the components,

both reactants and products, are present in the same physical state. It can be achieved

by the process of esterification wherein an acid and an alcohol combine to form an ester

and water. Through proceeding with the opposing reactions of the two substances,

equilibrium can be attained with all the four compounds in definite concentrations.

However, equilibrium can be reached very slowly especially in organic reactions that is

why using a catalyst is needed.

The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate how homogeneous equilibrium

is achieved through determining the equilibrium constant. A 1000mL of 0.500 N NaOH

solution was initially prepared. Six different solutions labeled A to F containing different

combinations of substances from Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Ethyl acetate and Water were

made and examined. Hydrochloric acid was also added to each of the solutions to

catalyze the reaction. Two trials were done for each solution in determining the

concentration of NaOH, the moles of ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, and water, the

milliequivalent of acetic acid and the volume of sodium hydroxide from titration. All these

data were used in the calculation of equilibrium constant for each solution.

The computed data for equilibrium constant yielded a highest value of 68.4389

from solution B and a lowest value of 4.2146 from solution F. A high equilibrium

constant value means that there are more products present in the reaction compared to

reactants which is also an indication that equilibrium is not attained while a low

equilibrium constant means equilibrium is most likely obtained.

5
 II. Table of Contents/List of Tables/List of Figures

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..5

II. Table of Contents/List of Tables/List of

Figures……………………………………...6

III. Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………8

IV. Chapter 2: Design and Methodology………………………………………………...12

a. List of Apparatus……………………………………………………………….12

b. List of Reagents………………………………………………………………..12

c. Set-up…………………….……………………………………………………..13

d. Procedure ……………………………………………………………………14

e. Flowchart ……………………………………………………………………..16

f. Testing

Methods………………………………………………………………..19

V. Chapter 3: Results and Discussion………………………………………………….19

VI. Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation……………………………………...26

VII. References……………………………………………………………………………..27

VIII. Appendices

a. List & Uses of Apparatus……………………………………………………...29

b. Definition of

Terms…………………………………………………………..…31

c. Computations………………………………………………………………..…32

6
 d. Problem…………………………………………………………………………49

e. MSDS…………………………………………………………………………...53

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 List of

apparatus…………………………………………………………………...12

Table 2.2 List of chemical reagents…………………………………………………………12

Table 3.1 Standardization of NaOH…………………………………………………………20

Table 3.2 Weight and Moles of reagents in each solution………………………………..21

Table 3.3 Weight and Moles of water in each solution……………………………………22

Table 3.4 Titration of the Different Solutions against

NaOH……………………………...23

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Esterification of acetic acid to produce ethyl acetate and water……………...9

Figure 1.2 Equilibrium constant expression for the esterification of acetic acid with

Ethanol…………………………………………………………………………….10

Figure 2.1 Different Prepared Solution……………………………………………………..13

Figure 2.2 Titration Setup…………………………………………………………………….13

Figure 2.3 Preparation of 0.5 N NaOH solution……………………………………………16

Figure 2.4 Weighing of Different Reagents……………………………………………...…17

Figure 2.5 Preparation of Different Solutions………………………………………………17

Figure 2.6 Standardization of NaOH solution using KHP…………………………...……18

7
Figure 2.7 Standardization of NaOH solution using 3N HCl………………………..……18

Figure 2.8 Titration of Prepared Solutions………………………………………………….19

8
III. Chapter 1: Introduction

Chemicals are composed of different atoms bonded together in specific

combinations and orientations that make up for their property. Thus, chemical reactions

are involved when reactants’ molecular bonds break and form products. (Victoria State

Government, 2020).

In the principle of stoichiometry, the product should yield the same number of

atoms from the reactants. In the law of thermodynamics, all matter tends to lean

towards their lowest energy states, and in numerous instances, they undergo chemical

reactions to achieve this. Theoretically, all chemical reactions are reversible assuming

that products remain in the system or mixture. (San Mateo County Community College,

2012).

As atoms rearrange and bond with others, over time, the rate of synthesis or

decomposition between molecules approaches zero. In this instance, the chemical

reaction had now achieved equilibrium. In this state of dynamic equilibrium (chemical

equilibrium), the net change of the concentration of the materials in the homogeneous

mixture is also zero. (Soult, 2020)

In this experiment, the demonstration of how homogeneous equilibrium is

attained by determining the equilibrium constant is studied through the esterification

reaction between Ethanol (C2H6O) and Acetic Acid (CH₃ COOH), also known as

9
Ethanoic Acid, which produces Ethyl Acetate (C4H8O2) and Water (H2O). Organic

substances are known to have slow rates of chemical reactions, therefore Hydrochloric

Acid (HCl) is used as a catalyst in this reaction. The esterification reaction

aforementioned is shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 - esterification of acetic acid to produce ethyl acetate and water

To further elaborate on this reaction, alcohols, such as ethanol, react with

carboxylic acids, in this case, acetic acid, to produce esters. Esters, such as ethyl

acetate, generally have a pleasant odor or delicate taste. These compounds are

synthesized in flowers and fruits. As aforementioned, these reactions are slow and need

a catalyst to reach their equilibrium. Essentially, esters do not form hydrogen bonds

having them form at the weakest molecular bond (Clark, 2020). Adding an acid creates

a tetrahedral intermediate formed due to the nucleophilic attack of alcohol at the carbon

of the carboxylic acid, in this case, the acetic acid. As the alcohol isomerizes through

proton migration, the water now separates as a leaving group. The loss of water

stabilizes the intermediate to become the desired ester and loses a proton to regenerate

the catalyst. This process is called the Fischer Esterification. (Cerritos College, n.d.)

On the other hand, the Equilibrium constant, Kc, is displayed in Figure 1.2,

whereas, the brackets enclosing the compounds indicate the concentration measured in

10
terms of Molarity or moles per liter of solution (mol/L). This value represents the ratio of

concentrations of the respective reactants and products at equilibrium, and the activities

of liquids and gases in solutions with their respective concentrations in molarity (Soult,

2020). Kc value greater than one favors the products, and vice versa. On the other hand,

when the equilibrium constant of a reaction is equal to one, neither of the reactants and

products are favored.

[��ℎ�� �������][�����]
�� =
[������ ����][��ℎ����]

Figure 1.2 - equilibrium constant expression for the esterification of acetic acid with

ethanol

The equilibrium constant can vary in temperature, and if at least one gas is

involved in the reaction, the pressure too can also affect the value. Since there is no gas

in the reaction, only the temperature is considered a variable in the experiment.

Esterification is an exothermic reaction as observed in the experiment conducted by

(Ahmed Zeki et al., 2010, 33-42) and supported by the observation of (Robert et al.1997

and Ismail et al. 2001). With exothermic reactions such as this, the temperature is

inversely proportional to the equilibrium constant as the equilibrium position shifts to

reduce the temperature of the reaction to its optimal level. Note that, adding a catalyst

such as Hydrochloric Acids and Sulfuric Acids does not affect the equilibrium constant,

but influences the rate of reaction. (Clark, 2020)

11
 Understanding the principles of Chemical Equilibrium highlights the term, balance.

Our planet, Earth, consists of natural cycles to balance the components of biodiversity.

Due to the rising greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, acidification occurs

in the ocean as the large bodies of water constantly exchange carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere to achieve equilibrium. As more carbon dioxide in the ocean is absorbed,

the ocean’s pH level rises, thus killing more marine wildlife. (Ocean Chemistry &

Acidification – Time Scavengers, 2020)

In industrial processes, atmospheric pressures and temperature are calibrated to

achieve the most optimal rate during the production of chemicals such as ammonia

through the Haber-Bosch cycle. Resources are also optimized as the ratio of the

reactants is monitored to let the chemical reaction avoid the state of equilibrium and

practically continue the production of certain chemicals. (Aakash, 2021). Furthermore,

waste products are minimized when knowing the equilibrium concentrations of the

process such as the common industrial waste of Lead Phosphate. In optimizing these

resources, costs are effectively reduced and production is maximized.

Revisiting the objectives of the experiment, measuring the esterification of Acetic

Acid with Ethanol’s equilibrium value demonstrates the relationship between the activity

of the solution's components to achieve equilibrium concentration, and how the

environment and strong acids affect the rate of the reaction.

12
IV. Chapter 2: Design and Methodology

Apparatus

Table 2.1: List of apparatus

1 1000ml Beaker 15 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks

1 1000 mL Reagent bottle 5 weighing bottles

1 stirring rod 12 corks

1 watch glass 1 pipetol

1 double clamp for burette 1 base burette

1 iron stand 1 1000 mL volumetric flask

Reagents

Table 2.2: List of chemical reagents

Distilled water Hydrochloric acid

Sodium hydroxide pellets Potassium hydrogen Phthalate

Glacial acetic acid Ethyl alcohol

13
 Ethyl acetate Phenolphthalein

Concentrated hydrochloric acid

Experimental Set-up

Figure 2.1: Different Prepared

Base burette

Iron
Stand

Analyte
Solution

14
 Figure 2.2: Titration Setup

Procedure

Preparation of Solutions

A 0.5 N of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was prepared by weighing 20

grams of NaOH pellets and dissolving it in enough water in an Erlenmeyer flask. The

solution was then transferred into a 1000-ml volumetric flask and filled with water until

the mark, making up a 1000mL solution. Afterwhich, the solution was transferred into a

reagent bottle and labeled.

A 3N Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was prepared by measuring 21.8423 milliliters of

12.0762 N HCl solution. Afterwhich, the solution was diluted with 75.1577 milliliters of

distilled water, making a 100 mL solution. Five milliliter aliquots of the prepared solution

were pipetted into twelve Erlenmeyer flasks.

Six four-milliliter, two five-milliliter and two two-milliliter of Ethyl acetate, two one-

milliliter and two three-milliliter of distilled water, two four-milliliter and two one-milliliter

of Ethanol, and four one-milliliter of acetic acid were pipetted into separate weighing

bottles and were weighed.

The first two prepared flasks were pipetted with the prepared five milliliters of

Ethyl Acetate. Another pair of the flasks were pipetted with four milliliters of Ethyl

acetate and a milliliter of distilled water. One pair was pipetted with two milliliters of

15
Ethyl acetate and three milliliters of distilled water. Two other flasks were pipetted with

four milliliters of Ethyl acetate and a milliliter of Ethanol. Another two flasks were

pipetted with four milliliters of Ethyl acetate and one milliliter of acetic acid. The last two

remaining flasks were pipetted with four milliliters of Ethanol and one milliliter acetic acid.

The different mixtures and excess HCl solution were labeled, covered with a cork, and

stored for a week.

Standardization of NaOH solution

The prepared NaOH solution was standardized using Potassium hydrogen

phthalate (KHP). One gram of KHP was weighed and dissolved in 50 milliliters of water.

The solution was then added with three drops of phenolphthalein. A burette was then

filled with 50 milliliters of the prepared NaOH solution. The KHP solution was titrated

with the prepared NaOH solution until a slight pink coloration was observed. The initial

and final volumes of NaOH solution were recorded. This process was repeated using

0.94 grams of KHP.

The NaOH was also standardized using the excess of the prepared 3N HCl

solution. Five milliliters of the HCl solution were pipetted into a clean Erlenmeyer flask

and were added with three drops of phenolphthalein. The burette was then filled with

the prepared NaOH solution until the 50 mL mark. The HCl solution was titrated with the

prepared NaOH solution until a slight pink coloration was observed. The initial and final

volumes of NaOH solution were recorded. The process was repeated twice.

16
Titration

Each of the twelve flasks was added with two drops of phenolphthalein. A burette

was filled with NaOH solution. Each of the flasks was titrated with the NaOH solution

until a slight pink coloration was observed. The initial and final volumes of NaOH

solution were recorded.

Flowchart

17
Fig 2.3 : Preparation of 0.5 N NaOH solution

18
19
 Figure 2.4: Weighing of Different Reagents

21.8423 mL of
12.0762 N HCl
was pipetted
HCl was
out of added
a reagent
withbottle
75.1577
mL of distilled
The resulting
water and were 40 mL was kept
mixture is a 3N
mixed aside for
HCL solution
Twelve 5-mL standardization
(Total 60 mL)
aliquots were
pipetted into
different
1 (b) 3rd (c) 5th (d) 7th (e) 9th (f) 11th
Erlenmeyer
st & 4th & 6th & 8th & 10th & 12th
flasks
& Flasks Flasks Flasks Flasks Flasks
Each 2 Each Each Each Each Each
flask n flask flask flask flask flask
was d was was was was was
pipetteFl pipette pipette pipette pipette pipette
d witha d with d with d with d with d with
5 mL ofs 4 mL of 2 mL of 4 mL of 4 mL of 4 mL of
prepark Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl Ethyl ethanol
ed s Acetate Acetate Acetate Acetate 1 mL of
Ethyl and 1 and 3 and 1 and 1 acetic
Acetate mL of mL of mL of mL of acid
distilled distilled ethanol acetic
water water acid
Fig 2.5: Preparation of different solutions

20
Figure 2.6: Standardization of NaOH solution using KHP

21
Figure 2.7: Standardization of NaOH solution using 3N HCl

22
 Figure 2.8: Titration of Prepared solutions

Testing methods

The quantitative approach used in the experiment was titration. Titration is a

procedure where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the

concentration of an unknown solution. Titration is one type of analytical procedure often

used in standardization. In this experiment, the concentration of NaOH was determined

by titrating it against a known concentration of HCl and KHP solutions. The amounts of

NaOH were recorded and used to calculate the definite composition of the NaOH

solution.

23
 V. Chapter 3: Results and Discussion

With the aim to demonstrate how homogeneous equilibrium is attained by

demonstrating the equilibrium constant, the results of the experiment are presented and

discussed in this chapter.

Table 3.1: Standardization of NaOH

Trials Weight of Initial Final NaOH Volume of Concentrati

KHP (g) NaOH reading NaOH used on of NaOH

reading (mL) (mL) (N)

(mL)

1 0.6465
1 0 9.8 9.8 0.4997
8 8 0.3957
2 0.94
0.769 80 20
9.2
12
9.2 0.5003
0.3140
Using two trials, table 3.1 shows the standardization of Sodium Hydroxide

(NaOH). The values used for the weight of KHP (Potassium hydrogen phthalate) are 1 g

and 0.94 g, respectively, for it is only limited to 0.5 g to 1 g. Since the burette was fully

filled, both trials had an initial reading of 0 mL. Trial 1 had reached the endpoint by 9.8

mL while trial 2 reached its endpoint by 9.2 mL. Subtracting the initial reading from the

final reading will yield the same result for the volume of NaOH which are 9.8 mL and 9.2

mL, respectively. The concentration of NaOH was also found to be 0.4977 N for trial 1

and 0.5003 N for trial 2.

The volumes used for standardization in both trials and as well as the weight of

the KHP had values that were close to each other. Therefore, the values of the NaOH

concentration were also found to be close to each other. The NaOH will attain its

24
equivalence point at 0.5 N that was obtained from the average value of 0.4997 N and

0.5003 N.

Table 3.2: Weight and Moles of reagents in each solution

Solution Norma Mole of Ethyl Mole of Acetic Mole of Weight of

s lity of Acetate (mol) Acid (mol) Ethanol(mol) Pure HCl

HCl (g)

(N)

A 3 3.0333 × 10−2 2.1874 × 10−2 2.1874 × 10−2 0.5469

B 3 2.9918 × 10−2 1.1848 × 10−2 1.1848 × 10−2 0.5469

C 3 0.8384 × 10−2 1.2499 × 10−2 1.2499 × 10−2 0.5469

D 3 1.9692 × 10−2 2.2074 × 10−2 3.9439 × 10−2 0.5469

E 3 0.4767 × 10−2 3.6999 × 10−2 3.6999 × 10−2 0.5469

F 3 8.51 × 10−2 9.474 × 10−2 6.095 × 10−2 0.5469

Table 3.2 shows the weight and number of moles of each reagent in the six

solutions that were indicated in the experiment. The normality of the Hydrochloric acid

(HCl) that was used was also set and remained constant at 3N.

In determining the number of moles, the computed molar values for each solution

were multiplied to the total volume of 0.01 L. For solutions A, B, C, D, E, and F, moles

for ethyl acetate were found to be 3.0333 × 10−2 mols , 2.9918 × 10−2 mols, 0.8384

× 10−2 mols, 1.9692 × 10−2 mols, 0.4767 × 10−2 mols, and 8.51 × 10−2 mols,

25
respectively. The molecular weight used for ethyl acetate was 88.11 grams per mole.

For acetic acid, obtained values were 2.1874 × 10−2 mols, 1.1848 × 10−2 mols, 1.2499

× 10−2 mols, 2.2074 × 10−2 mols, 3.6999 × 10−2 mols, and 9.474 × 10−2 mols,

respectively. The molecular weight used for acetic acid was 60.052 grams per mole.

Lastly, the number of moles present for ethanol were 2.1874 × 10−2 mols, 1.1848

× 10−2 mols, 1.2499 × 10−2 mols, 3.9439 × 10−2 mols, 3.6999 × 10−2 mols, and 6.095

× 10−2 mols, respectively. The molecular weight used for ethanol was 46.07 grams per

mole.

The weight of pure HCl was also computed by multiplying the given 3N HCl with

its molecular weight of 36.458 grams per mole and the volume of 5 mL in liters. Dividing

by its equivalence factor of 1 eq/mol will result in approximately 0.5469 grams of HCl for

all 6 solutions.

Based on the acquired data, some showed small deviations to one another while

some did not. These deviations are caused by human error such as in the weighing

process and volume reading of the reagents.

Table 3.3: Weight and Moles of water in each solution

Solutions Weight of Water (g) Mole of Water (mol)

A 4.6058 0.2556

B 6.0000 0.3211

C 7.7748 0.4315

26
D 4.6022 0.2554

E 4.3332 0.2405

F 5.1533 0.2860

Table 3.3 presents the obtained values for the weight and moles of water that

was computed in each trial. The number of moles of water for solutions A, B, C, D, E,

and F were identified to be 0.2556 mols, 0.3211 mols, 0.4315 mols, 0.2554 mols,

0.2405 mols, and 0.2860 mols, respectively. This was calculated by using the computed

molar value of the water in each solution and was then multiplied with the volume of

0.01 L. The weight of the water for each solution was also identified to be 4.6058 g,

6.0000 g, 7.7748 g, 4.6022 g, 4.3332 g, and 5.1533 g, respectively. This was done by

multiplying the molar value of the water by the volume of 0.01L and its molecular weight

of 18.02 grams per mole.

As shown in the table, the weight of the water increases as the amount of moles

added to the solution increases. Thus, it is directly proportional.

Table 3.4: Titration of the Different Solutions against NaOH

Soluti Initial NaOH Final NaOH Volume of Miliequival Mole of Equilibriu

ons Reading reading NaOH (mL), ence of HAc m

(mL) (mL) data from HAc (meq) Constant

titration (Kc)

A Trial 1: 100 Trial 1: 16.6 Trial 1: 83.4 21.8742 2.1874 16.2036

27
 Trial 2: 100 Trial 2: 36 Trial 2: 64 × 10−2

Average:

73.7

B Trial 1: 100 Trial 1: 49 Trial 1: 51 11.8482 1.1848 68.4389

Trial 2: 100 Trial 2: 43.6 Trial 2: 56.4 × 10−2

Average:

53.7

C Trial 1: 100 Trial 1: 46 Trial 1: 54 12.4992 1.2499 23.1544

Trial 2: 100 Trial 2: 44 Trial 2: 56 × 10−2

Average: 55

D Trial 1: 100 Trial 1: 26.7 Trial 1: 73.3 22.0742 2.2074 5.7769

× 10−2
Trial 2: 100 Trial 2: 25 Trial 2: 75

Average:

74.15

E Trial 1: 150 Trial 1: 47 Trial 1: 103 36.9992 3.6999 8.3578

Trial 2: 150 Trial 2: 45 Trial 2: 105 × 10−2

Average:

104

F Trial 1: 100 Trial 1: 48 Trial 1: 52 9.4742 9.474 4.2146

× 10−2
Trial 2: 100 Trial 2: 55.1 Trial 2: 44.9

Average:

28
 48.95

Table 3.4 lays out the data used for the titration of the different solutions against

NaOH. The recorded values for both the initial and final volume was used to compute

the volume of NaOH in which the final volume is subtracted from the initial volume.

In computing for the milliequivalence of the HAc, the value obtained by using the

calculated mass of the HCl, 0.5469 g, the equivalence factor multiplied to 1000, and

dividing by its molecular weight value of 36.458 g/mol, was subtracted from the average

normality of the NaOH, 0.5000 N, and was multiplied with the average volume reading

of the NaOH in the each solution. While for the moles of HAc, the computed molar

values in each solution was multiplied to the volume of 0.01 L. The computed values for

the miliequivalence of HAc for solutions A, B, C, D, E, and F were 21.8742, 11.8482,

12.4992, 22.0742, 36.9992, and 9.4742, respectively.

ICE tables were used in determining the values of the equilibrium constant (Kc)

in each solution. The chemical equation in which ethanol and HAc served as the

reactants and the products ethyl acetate and water was also utilized. The computed x

values for solutions A, B, C, D, and E resulted in a negative value which indicates that it

favors the backward reaction.

Analyzing the final results of the Kc values, solution B has the greatest value of

68.4389 while solution F has the smallest value of 4.2146. High values of Kc means that

there are more products than the reactant, and vice versa (15.2: The Equilibrium

Constant, 2022). Therefore, the esterification for the first three solutions A, B, and C did

not reach or is far from attaining equilibrium since the values obtained were 16.2036,

68.4389, and 23.1544, respectively, which are high. The NaOH may have reacted with

29
the HCl and the other reagent as soon as the titration started which led to inaccurate

results when the solution took long enough to be titrated. Moreover, the experimenters

also had to refill the burette with additional standardized NaOH solutions because the

solutions required more than 50 mL to reach each of its endpoints. This may have also

been one of the reasons since refilling the burette can also take some time. However,

the other three solutions D, E, and F had obtained lower Kc values which were 5.7769,

8.3578, and 4.2146, respectively. During the titration for the last three solutions, the

experimenters were already used to the process of titrating and refilling the burette

which made the whole process a lot faster. Therefore, it is important to titrate the

solutions at a fast rate in order to lessen the inaccuracies in the acquired data.

VI. Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendation

The experiment’s aim is to demonstrate how homogeneous equilibrium is

achieved by determining the equilibrium constant. The equilibrium constant (Kc) is the

ratio of the relative amount of products to reactants at equilibrium, while homogeneous

equilibrium is achieved when all the components present are in the same phase. In this

experiment, the equilibrium between ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and water was

observed with the use of hydrochloric acid (HCl) as catalyst for the reaction.

In conclusion, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.5 N, was

calculated from its standardization with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The

variations on the equilibrium constant (Kc) of each esterification solution obtained are

caused by the shift in equilibrium during the titration with sodium hydroxide (NaOH),

assuming that the solutions reached its equilibrium (Parra, 2015). However, it is more

30
likely that these variations are caused by some random and systematic errors such as

over-titrations and inaccurate measuring instruments. Due to these errors, especially

from the titration of the solutions with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the inaccurate volumes

of NaOH used have affected the results.

It is highly recommended that back titration is done when over-titration occurred

to obtain the accurate amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used and to have a more

accurate result. Furthermore, since esterification reaction is sufficiently slow due to

ester’s lack of hydrogen bonds and weak intermolecular forces, it causes to have a

longer time to reach equilibrium (Clark, 2020). Thus, it is advised that the solutions are

titrated every week in order to see that the equilibrium constant (KC), is approaching the

experimental value. Moreover, make sure that the solutions are securely covered when

stored, due to the reason that some components are volatile, avoiding evaporation.

Lastly, it is better to have enough apparatus, especially, the pipette and burette to save

time and to attain more precise and accurate data.

VII. References (APA Format)

BYJU’S. (2022). Equilibrium Constant (Kc, Kp) – Definition, Applications, Formula.

Retrieved on June 29, 2022 from https://byjus.com/jee/equilibrium-constant/

Chemistry LibreTexts (2022). Catalysis. Retrieved from:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry

_-

31
 _The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.07%3A_C

atalysis

Chemistry LibreTexts (2022). The Equilibrium Constant. Retrieved from:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry

_-

_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/15%3A_Chemical_Equilibrium/15.02%3A

_The_Equilibrium_Constant#:~:text=A%20large%20value

Clark, J. (2020 August 16). Chemical Equilibria:Kc. Retrieved on June 29, 2022 from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Te

xtbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)

/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Kc

Clark, J. (2020 August 16). Preparation of Esters. Retrieved on June 29, 2022 from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modul

es_(Organic_Chemistry)/Esters/Synthesis_of_Esters/Preparation_of_Esters

Parra, E. (2015 June 24). Homogeneous Chemical Equilibrium. Retrieved on June 29,

2022 from https://www.academia.edu/13947249/Homogenous_Chemical_

Equilibrium

32
Thomson, I. (2016). Titration of an Esterification Reaction to Determine Equilibrium

Constant. Retrieved from: https://www.chemedx.org/activity/titration-

esterification-reaction-determine-equilibrium-constant

VIII. Appendices

A. List and Uses of Apparatus

1000ml Beaker- Used as water 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask-used to store

storage different mixtures of reagents

Weighing bottles-used as container to

1000 mL Reagent bottle-used to store weigh ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and
0.5 N NaOH solution water

33
 Stirring rod-used to mix and dissolve Corks - used to cover erlenmeyer flasks
NaOH and KHP in water with mixtures to avoid evaporation

Watch glass-used as plate/container Pipetol - used to add and remove

for weighing NaOH pellets and KHP liquids in and out of burette

Double clamp for burette- used to hold Base burette - used as measuring tool
burette during titration to accurately measure small amounts of
liquid reagents

34
Iron stand-used to hold burette clamp 1 1000 mL volumetric flask

B. Definition of Terms

● Acidification - a process that involves elevating the concentrations of hydrogen

ions in water.

● Catalyst - it is any substance being used for hastening a chemical reaction or for

reducing the pressure or temperature required to start the reaction without itself

being consumed.

● Chemical equilibrium - refers to the dynamic state of a system in which the

concentration of the reactants and products do not change with time and there

are no further changes in the properties of the system.

● Equilibrium constant, Kc - is the value that expresses the relationship between

the amounts of reactants and products existing at equilibrium and at a given

temperature in a reversible chemical reaction.

● Esterification - is a reaction that results in the formation of at least one ester

product or it is a process that involves an organic acid combining with an alcohol

to form an ester and water.

35
 ● Molarity - is referred to as the moles of a solute per liter of solution or it is the

amount of substance present in a certain volume of solution.

● Stoichiometry - is a quantitative measure of the relationship between the

products and the reactants of a given chemical reaction with regards to their

relative ratios of mass or volume.

● Thermodynamics - is a branch of science that tackles the existing relationships

between heat, work, temperature, and other forms of energy.

C. Computations

������������� �� �ℎ� ����ℎ� �� ������ ��������� �������

Given:

����� = 0.500 N
������ = 40 g/mol
����� = 1
����� ���'� = 1000 mL
Required:

wt of NaOH pellets (in grams)

Solution:
�� �� ���� �������
� �� �� ������ �� �� ����
�=
����� �� �������
= (�)(� �� ���'� �� �)

�� �� ���� �������
40 �/���
0.500 � =
1�
(1)(1000 �� × )
1000 ��

�� �� ���� ������� = 20 �

������������� �� ������� ������ �� ����� ��� ������ℎ����� ����

Given:

36
���� = 1.19 g/mL ���� = 3 N
%�� ��� = 37% �� 0.37 ����� = 36.46 �/���

Required:

Initial volume of H2O and HCl

Solution:

1.19 �
(100 ��)( ) = 119 � ���
1 ��

(119 � ���) (0.37) = 44.03 � ���

44.03 � ���
( ) = 12.07625 � ���
(36.46 �/���)(0.100 �)

(12.07625 �)(1 ��/���)(����) = (100 ��)(3 �)

���� = 24.8421 mL

��2� = 100 �� − 24.8421 ��

��2� = 75.1579 mL

For Table 3.1 (Standardization of NaOH):

������������� �� ����:

����� 1

Given:

wt KHP = 1 g

����� = 9.8 mL

Required:

Concentration of NaOH

Solution:

37
 � �� �� ������
�= ( )
����� �� �������

(1�) (1 ��/���)
� = ( )
1�
(204.22 �/���)(9.8 �� × )
1000 ��

� = 0.4997 �

����� 2

Given:

wt KHP = 0.94 g

����� = 9.2 mL

Required:

Concentration of NaOH

Solution:

� �� �� ������
�= ( )
����� �� �������

(0.94�) (1 ��/���)
� = ( )
1�
(204.22 �/���)(9.2 �� × )
1000 ��

� = 0.5003 �

For Tables 3.2 to 3.4:

Computing for Density:

1. ���ℎ���� = 26.27 � − 25.47 � = 0.80 �/��
2. ������� ���� = 26.31 � − 25.79 � = 1.08 �/��
3. ���ℎ�� ������� = 26.33 � − 25.41 � = 0.92 �/��
4. ������ = 26.47 � − 25.47 � = 1 �/��

��ℎ�� ������� �����

�� =
������ ���� ��ℎ����

*����� �� ��� �������� ���� �� �������� �� �ℎ� ����������� ��� �����

∴ 5 �� 3� ��� �������� = 5 �� �� �2 �

38
 ����ℎ�� ������� = 88.11 �/���

����ℎ���� = 46.07 �/���

�������� ���� = 60.052 �/���
���2� = 18.02 �/���

����� = 36.458 �/���

Computing for NaOH Concentration:

1��
(1� )( )
�����1 = ��� = 0.4997 �
�
204.22 9.8 × 10−3 �
���
1��
(0.94� )( )
�����2 = ��� = 0.5003 �
�
204.22 9.2 × 10−3 �
���
0.4997 + 0.5003
����� = � = 0.5000 �
2

��ℎ���� + ������ ���� ↔ ��ℎ�� ������� + �����

a) 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate

Computing for NaOH Volume Reading:

������1 = 83.4 ��

������2 = 64 ��
83.4 + 64 ��
������ = = 73.75 ��
2

Computing for the Kc:

1�
��� = 5 �� + 5 �� = 10 �� = 0.01 �
1000 ��
�
0.925 ��
��ℎ�� ������� = �� = 5.2207 �
�
88.11 0.01 �
���

39
 �
15 ��
����� = �� = 27.7469 �
�
18.02 0.01 �
���

��ℎ���� ������ ���� ��ℎ�� ������� �����

I 0 0 5.2207� 27.7469 �
C −� −� � �
E −� −� 5.2207 � + � 27.7469 � + �

��ℎ�� ������� ����� 5.2207 + � 27.7469 + � 5.2207 + � 27.7469 + �

��� = = =
������ ���� ��ℎ���� −� −� �2

Solving for x:
������� = �������
������� = ��������� ���� + ������
������� (� × 1000)
�� ���� = �� ������ ���� +
�����

Computing for mass of HCl:

��
������� 1
3�= ���
� 1�
36.458 5 ��
��� 1000 ��

������� = 0.54687 � ≈ 0.5469 �

Titration Data:
��
0.5469 � (1 × 1000)
0.5000 � 73.75 �� = ��������� ���� + ���
�
36.458
���
��������� ���� = 21.87418 ��� ≈ 21.8742
21.87418 � − ��
������ ���� = = 2.187418 � ≈ 2.1874 �
10 �� 1 ��/���

40
Since, −� = 2.1874 �,
� =− 2.1874

Substituting,
5.2207 − 2.1874 27.7469 − 2.1874
�� � = = 16.2036
−2.1874 2
������ ���� = 2.1874 �
��ℎ���� =− −2.1874 � = 2.1874 �
��ℎ�� ������� = 5.2207 � − 2.1874 � = 3.0333 �
����� = 27.74609 � − 2.1874 � = 25.5595 �

Computing for moles of the components:

���
������� ���� = 2.1874 0.01 � = 2.1874 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ���� = 2.1874 0.01 � = 2.1874 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ�� ������� = 3.0333 0.01 � = 3.0333 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
������ = 25.5595 0.01 � = 0.2556 ���
�

Computing for mass of Water,

��� �
��������� = 25.5595 0.01 � 18.02 = 4.6058 �
� ���

b) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Water

Computing for NaOH Volume Reading:
������1 = 51 ��

������2 = 56.4 ��
51 + 56.4 ��
������ = = 53.7 ��
2

41
 Computing for the Kc:
1�
��� = 5 �� + 4 �� + 1 �� = 10 �� = 0.01 �
1000 ��
�
0.92 �� 4 ��
��ℎ�� ������� = � = 4.1766 �
88.11 0.01 �
���
�
1 �� 6 ��
����� = � = 33.2963 �
18.02 0.01 �
���
��ℎ���� ������ ���� ��ℎ�� ������� �����
I 0 0 4.1766� 33.2963 �
C −� −� � �
E −� −� 4.1766 � + � 33.2963 � + �

��ℎ�� ������� ����� 4.1766 + � 33.2963 + � 4.1766 + � 33.2963 + �

��� = = =
������ ���� ��ℎ���� −� −� �2
Solving for x:
������� = �������
������� = ��������� ���� + ������
������� (� × 1000)
�� ���� = �� ������ ���� +
�����
Computing for mass of HCl:
��
������� 1
3�= ���
� 1�
36.458 5 ��
��� 1000 ��

������� = 0.54687 � ≈ 0.5469 �

Titration Data:
��
0.5469 � (1 × 1000)
0.5000 � 53.7 �� = ��������� ���� + ���
�
36.458
���
��������� ���� = 11.849177��� ≈ 11.8482 ���

42
 11.8482 � − ��
������ ���� = = 1.18482 � ≈ 1.1848 �
10 �� 1 ��/���
Since, −� = 1.1848,
� =− 1.1848
Substituting,
4.1766 − 1.1848 33.2963 − 1.1848
�� � = = 68.4389
−1.1848 2

������ ���� = 1.1848 �

��ℎ���� =− −2.1874 � = 1.1848 �
��ℎ�� ������� = 4.1766 � − 1.1848 � = 2.9918 �
����� = 33.2963 � − 1.1848 � = 32.1115 �

Computing for moles of the components:

���
������� ���� = 1.1848 0.01 � = 1.1848 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ���� = 1.1848 0.01 � = 1.1848 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ�� ������� = 2.9918 0.01 � = 2.9918 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
������ = 32.1115 0.01 � = 0.3211 ���
�

Computing for mass of Water,

��� �
��������� = 33.2963 0.01 � 18.02 = 6.0000 �
� ���

c) 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water

Computing for NaOH Concentration:

������1 = 0.4997 N
������2 = 0.5003 N

43
 0.4997 + 0.5003
������ = � = 0.5000 �
2

Computing for NaOH Volume Reading:

������1 = 54 ��

������2 = 56 ��

54 + 56 ��
������ = = 55 ��
2

Computing for the Kc:

1�
��� = 5 �� + 2 �� + 3 �� = 10 �� = 0.01 �
1000 ��
�
0.92 �� 2 ��
��ℎ�� ������� = � = 2.0883 �
88.11 0.01 �
���
�
1 �� 8 ��
����� = � = 44.3951 �
18.02 0.01 �
���

��ℎ���� ������ ���� ��ℎ�� ������� �����

I 0 0 2.0883 � 44.3951 �
C −� −� � �
E −� −� 2.0883 � + � 44.3951 � + �

��ℎ�� ������� ����� 2.0883 + � 44.3951 + � 2.0883 + � 44.3951 + �

��� = = =
������ ���� ��ℎ���� −� −� �2

Solving for x:
������� = �������
������� = ��������� ���� + ������
������� (� × 1000)
�� ���� = �� ������ ���� +
�����

44
Computing for mass of HCl:
��
������� 1
3�= ���
� 1�
36.458 5 ��
��� 1000 ��

������� = 0.54687 � ≈ 0.5469 �

Titration Data:
��
0.5469 � (1 × 1000)
0.5000 � 55 �� = ��������� ���� + ���
�
36.458
���
��������� ���� = 12.49917714 ��� ≈ 12.4992 ���
12.4992 � − ��
������ ���� = = 1.24992 � ≈ 1.2499 �
10 �� 1 ��/���

Since, −� = 1.2499 �,
� =− 1.2499

Substituting,
2.0883 − 1.2499 44.3951 − 1.2499
�� � = 2
= 23.1544
−1.2499
������ ���� = 1.2499 �
��ℎ���� =− −1.2499 � = 1.2499 �
��ℎ�� ������� = 2.0883 � − 1.2499 � = 0.8384 �
����� = 44.3951 � − 1.2499 � = 43.1452 �

Computing for moles of the components:

���
������� ���� = 1.2499 0.01 � = 1.2499 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ���� = 1.2499 0.01 � = 1.2499 ∗ 10−2 ���
�

45
 ���
���ℎ�� ������� = 0.8384 0.01 � = 0.8384 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
������ = 43.1452 0.01 � = 0.4315 ���
�

Computing for mass of Water,

��� �
��������� = 43.1452 0.01 � 18.02 = 7.7748 �
� ���

d) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate +1 mL Ethanol

Computing for NaOH Concentration:

�����1 = 0.4997 N

�����2 = 0.5003 N
0.4997 + 0.5003
����� = � = 0.5000 �
2

Computing for NaOH Volume Reading:

������1 = 73.3 ��

������2 = 75 ��

73.3 + 75 ��
������ = = 74.15 ��
2

Computing for the Kc:

1�
��� = 5 �� + 4 �� + 1 �� = 10 �� = 0.01 �
1000 ��
�
0.92 �� 4 ��
��ℎ�� ������� = � = 4.1766 �
88.11 0.01 �
���
�
0.80 �� 1 ��
��ℎ���� = � = 1.7365 �
46.07 0.01 �
���

46
 �
15 ��
����� = �� = 27.7467 �
�
18.02 0.01 �
���

��ℎ���� ������ ���� ��ℎ�� ������� �����

I 1.7365 � 0 4.1766 � 27.7467 �
C −� −� � �
E 1.7365 � − � −� 4.1766 � + � 27.7467 � + �

��ℎ�� ������� ����� 4.1766 + � 27.7467 + � 4.1766 + � 27.7467 + �

��� = = =
������ ���� ��ℎ���� 1.7365 − � −� �2 − 1.7365�

Solving for x:
������� = �������
������� = ��������� ���� + ������
������� (� × 1000)
�� ���� = �� ������ ���� +
�����

Computing for mass of HCl:

��
������� 1
3�= ���
� 1�
36.458 5 ��
��� 1000 ��

������� = 0.54687 � ≈ 0.5469 �

Titration Data:
��
0.5469 � (1 × 1000)
0.5000 � 74.15 �� = ��������� ���� + ���
�
36.458
���
��������� ���� = 22.0742
22.0742 � − ��
������ ���� = = 2.2074 �
10 �� 1 ��/���

47
Since, −� = 2.2074 �,
� =− 2.2074

Substituting,
4.1766 + −2.2074 � 27.7467 + −2.2074 �
�� � = 2
= 5.7769
−2.2074 � − 1.7365 −2.2074 �
������ ���� = 2.2074 �
��ℎ���� = 1.7365 � − −2.2074 � = 3.9439 �
��ℎ�� ������� = 4.1766 � − 2.2074 � = 1.9692 �
����� = 27.7467 � − 2.2074 � = 25.5393 �

Computing for moles of the components:

���
������� ���� = 2.2074 0.01 � = 2.2074 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ���� = 3.9439 0.01 � = 3.9439 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ�� ������� = 1.9692 0.01 � = 1.9692 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
������ = 25.5393 0.01 � = 0.2554 ���
�

Computing for mass of Water,

��� �
��������� = 25.5393 0.01 � 18.02 = 4.6022 �
� ���

e) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic Acid

Computing for NaOH Concentration:

�����1 = 0.4997 N

�����2 = 0.5003 N

48
 0.4997 + 0.5003
����� = � = 0.5000 �
2

Computing for NaOH Volume Reading:

������1 = 103 ��

������2 = 105 ��

103 + 105 ��
������ = = 104 ��
2

Computing for the Kc:

1�
��� = 5 �� + 4 �� + 1 �� = 10 �� = 0.01 �
1000 ��
�
0.92 �� 4 ��
��ℎ�� ������� = � = 4.1766 �
88.11 0.01 �
���
�
1 �� 5 ��
����� = � = 27.7467 �
18.02 0.01 �
���

�
1.08 �� 1 ��
������ ���� = � = 1.7984 �
60.052 0.01 �
���

��ℎ���� ������ ���� ��ℎ�� ������� �����

I 0 1.7984 � 4.1766 � 27.7467 �
C −� −� � �
E −� 1.7984 � − � 4.1766 � + � 27.7467 � + �

��ℎ�� ������� ����� 4.1766 + � 27.7467 + � 4.1766 + � 27.7467 + �

��� = = =
������ ���� ��ℎ���� 1.7984 − � −� �2 − 1.7984�

Solving for x:
������� = �������
������� = ��������� ���� + ������

49
 ������� (� × 1000)
�� ���� = �� ������ ���� +
�����

Computing for mass of HCl:

��
������� 1
3�= ���
� 1�
36.458 5 ��
��� 1000 ��

������� = 0.54687 � ≈ 0.5469 �

Titration Data:
��
0.5469 � (1 × 1000)
0.5000 � 104 �� = ��������� ���� + ���
�
36.458
���
��������� ���� = 36.99917 ��� ≈ 36.9992
36.9992 � − ��
������ ���� = = 3.69992 � ≈ 3.6999�
10 �� 1 ��/���

Since, 1.7984 � − � = 3.6999 �,

� =− 1.9015

Substituting,
4.1766 − 1.9015 27.7467 − 1.9015
�� � = = 8.3578
( − 1.9015)2 − 1.7984( − 1.9015)

������ ���� = 3.6999 �

��ℎ���� =− −3.6999 � = 3.6999 �
��ℎ�� ������� = 4.1766 � − 3.6999 � = 0.4767 �
����� = 27.7467 � − 3.6999 � = 24.0468 �

Computing for moles of the components:

50
 ���
������� ���� = 3.6999 0.01 � = 3.6999 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ���� = 3.6999 0.01 � = 3.6999 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ�� ������� = 0.4767 0.01 � = 0.4767 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
������ = 24.0468 0.01 � = 0.2405 ���
�

Computing for mass of Water,

��� �
��������� = 24.0468 0.01 � 18.02 = 4.3332 �
� ���

f) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol + 1 mL Acetic Acid

Computing for NaOH Concentration:

�����1 = 0.4997 N

�����2 = 0.5003 N
0.4997 + 0.5003
����� = � = 0.5000 �
2

Computing for NaOH Volume Reading:

������1 = 53 ��

������2 = 44.9 ��

53 + 44.9 ��
������ = = 48.95 ��
2

Computing for the Kc:

1�
��� = 5 �� + 4 �� + 1 �� = 10 �� = 0.01 �
1000 ��
�
0.80 �� 4 ��
��ℎ���� = � = 6.9460 �
46.07 0.01 �
���

51
 �
1.08 1 ��
������ ���� = �� 1.7984 �
�
60.052 0.01 �
���

�
1 �� 5 ��
����� = � = 27.7467 �
18.02 0.01 �
���

��ℎ���� ������ ���� ��ℎ�� ������� �����

I 6.9460 � 1.7984 � 0 27.7467 �
C −� −� � �
E 6.9460 � − � 1.7984 � − � � 27.7467 � + �

��ℎ�� ������� ����� � 27.7467 + �

��� = =
������ ���� ��ℎ���� 1.7984 − � 6.9460 − �

Solving for x:
������� = �������
������� = ��������� ���� + ������
������� (� × 1000)
�� ���� = �� ������ ���� +
�����

Computing for mass of HCl:

��
������� 1
3� = ���
� 1�
36.458 5 ��
��� 1000 ��

������� = 0.54687 � ≈ 0.5469 �

Titration Data:
��
0.5469 � (1 × 1000)
0.5000 � 48.95 �� = ��������� ���� + ���
�
36.458
���
��������� ���� = 9.4742 ���
9.4742 � − ��
������ ���� = = 0.9474
10 �� 1 ��/���

52
Since, 1.7984 − � = 0.9474 �,
� = 0.851

Substituting,
0.851 27.7467 + 0.851
�� � = = 4.2146
[1.7984 − 0.851] − [6.9460 − 0.851]
������ ���� = 0.9474 �
��ℎ���� = 6.9460 � − 0.851 � = 6.095 �
��ℎ�� ������� = 0.851 �
����� = 27.7467 � + 0.851 � = 28.5977 �

Computing for moles of the components:

���
������� ���� = 0.9474 0.01 � = 9.474 ∗ 10−3 ���
�
���
���ℎ���� = 6.095 0.01 � = 6.095 ∗ 10−2 ���
�
���
���ℎ�� ������� = 0,851 0.01 � = 8.51 ∗ 10−3 ���
�
���
������ = 28.5977 0.01 � = 0.2860 ���
�

Computing for mass of Water,

��� �
��������� = 28.5977 0.01 � 18.02 = 5.1533 �
� ���

D. Problems

53
 1. For the reaction 2NO2 (g) ↔ 2 NO (g) + O2 (g) at 184oC, Kp = 6.76x10-5 for

pressure in atm. Find the degree of dissociation of the NO2 (g) at a total pressure

of 1 atm.

Given: 2��2 � ↔ 2�� � + �2 �

� = 184°�

�� = 6.76 � 10−5

�� = 1 ���

Required: ∝ , ������ �� ������������

Solution:
2��2 � 2�� � �2 �
I (initial) � --- ---
C (change) −∝ ∝ ∝
2
E (equilibrium) � −∝ ∝ ∝
2

Let, � = 1 � ��2 �
∝
�� = � −∝+∝+ 2
∝
�� = � + 2
1 −∝ 1 −∝ �� 2 �2
���2 = ∝ �� = ∝ 1 �� =
1+ 2 1+ 2 ��2 2
2 ∝
∝ ∝
��� = ∝ �� = ∝ 1 ∝ 2
1+ 2 1+ 2 ∝ ∝
1+ 1+ 2
6.76 ∗ 10−5 = 2
∝ ∝ 2
��2 = 2 2 1 −∝
∝ �� = ∝ 1 ∝
1+ 1+ 1+ 2
2 2

∝3
6.76 ∗ 10−5 = 2
2 +∝ 1 −∝
Answer: ∝= �. ����� �� �% ∝= 0.05000 �� 5%

2. At 30oC Kp in atmospheres for the dissociation SO2Cl2 ↔ SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g) is

2.9x10-2. Calculate the degree of dissociation when the total equilibrium

pressure is 1 atm.

54
 Given: ��2 ��2 ↔ ��2 � + ��2 �
� = 30°�

�� = 2.9 � 10−2

�� = 1 ���

Required: ∝ , ������ �� ������������

Solution:
��2 ��2 ��2 � ��2 �
I (initial) � --- ---
C (change) −∝ ∝ ∝
E (equilibrium) � −∝ ∝ ∝

Let, � = 1 � ��2 ��2

�� = � −∝+∝+∝
�� = � +∝

1 −∝ 1 −∝
���2��2 = �� = 1
1 +∝ 1 +∝
∝ ∝
���2 = �� = 1
1 +∝ 1 +∝
∝ ∝
���2 = �� = 1
1 +∝ 1 +∝

�� 2 �2
�� =
��2 2
∝ 2 ∝
2.9 ∗ 10−2 = 1 +∝ 1 2+∝
1 −∝
1 +∝
∝= 0.167877 �� 16.7877%

Answer: ∝= �. ������ �� ��. ����%

3. For the reaction C2H5OH (l) + CH3COOH (l) ↔ CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l), let

α be the number of moles of alcohol present initially per mole of acid and x the

number of moles of acid esterified after equilibrium is established. From the data,

calculate Kc and from the average value of Kc, find x when α is 0.1 mole.

55
 A X

0.5 0.420

1.0 0.665

1.5 0.779

Given: �2 �5 �� � + ��3 ���� � ↔ ��3 ����2 �5 � + �2 � �

Required: �, �ℎ�� � = 0.1 ���
Solution:

Let, � = ��� �� ����ℎ��/��� �� ����

� = ��� �� ���� ����������

��3 ����2 �5 �2 �
�� =
�2 �5 �� [��3 ����]

For a):

�2 �5 �� � ��3 ���� � ��3 ����2 �5 � �2 � �

I (initial) 0.5 ��� 1��� --- ---
= 0.5 � =1�
1� 1�
C (change) −0.420 −0.420 0.420 0.420
E (equilibrium) 0.08 0.58 0.420 0.420

0.42 0.42
��� = = 3.8017
0.08 [0.58]

For b):

�2 �5 �� � ��3 ���� � ��3 ����2 �5 � �2 � �

I (initial) 1 ��� 1��� --- ---
=1� =1�
1� 1�
C (change) −0.665 −0.665 0.665 0.665
E (equilibrium) 0.335 0.335 0.665 0.665

0.665 0.665
��� = = 3.9405
0.335 [0.335]

56
 For c):

�2 �5 �� � ��3 ���� � ��3 ����2 �5 � �2 � �

I (initial) 1.5 ��� 1 ��� --- ---
= 1.5 � =1�
1� 1�
C (change) −0.779 −0.779 0.779 0.779
E (equilibrium) 0.721 0.221 0.779 0.779

0.779 0.779
��� = = 3.8084
0.721 [0.221]

3.8017 + 3.9405 + 3.8084

�� = = 3.8502
3

�2 �5 �� � ��3 ���� � ��3 ����2 �5 � �2 � �

I (initial) 0.1 ��� 1 ��� --- ---
= 0.1 � =1�
1� 1�
C (change) −� −� � �
E (equilibrium) 0.1 − � 1−� � �

��3 ����2 �5 �2 �
�� =
�2 �5 �� ��3 ����

� �
3.8502 =
0.1 − � [1 − �]
� = 0.0973

Answer: � = �. ����

E. Material Safety Data Sheet

57