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CHEMISTRY MDCAT UHS Topic 1A Fundamental Concepts,

Lec#3,Combustion analysis
D) COMBUSTION ANALYSIS
     Combustion analysis is a method used in both organic chemistry and analytical chemistry to
determine the elemental composition (more precisely empirical formula) of a pure organic compound by
combusting the sample under conditions where the resulting combustion products can be quantitatively
analyzed. Once the number of moles of each combustion product has been determined the empirical
formula or a partial empirical formula of the original compound can be calculated.
Applications for combustion analysis involve only the elements of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen
(N), and sulfur (S) as combustion of materials containing them convert these elements to their oxidized
form (CO2, H2O, NO or NO2, and SO2) under high temperature high oxygen conditions. Notable
interests for these elements involve measuring total nitrogen in food or feed to determine protein
percentage, measuring sulfur in petroleum products, or measuring total organic carbon (TOC) in water.

TYPES OF ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS

   Quantitative analysis is the determination of the mass of each element or compound present.
   Qualitative analysis is to qualitatively determine which elements exist in a sample.
   The detection and identification of elements in a compound by their mass ratio is called
combustion analysis.
The sequence of combustion analysis is shown in the following diagram

By combustion analysis only those organic compounds can be analysed which simply contain
carbon,hydrogen and oxygen.
From the masses the percentages is calculated by using following formula
 i) 
 % of carbon = mass of carbon dioxide obtained in experiment / mass of organic compound ×
12/44 × 100
ii)
% of hydrogen = mass of water obtained in experiment / mass of organic compound × 2.0/18 ×
100
iii)
 % of oxygen = 100 - (% of carbon + % of hydrogen)
example:
A sample of liquid consisting of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen was subjected to combustion
analysis 0.5439 grams of the compound gave 1.039 gram of CO2 0.6369 gram of
H2O.Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
Solution:
Element: C % : 1.039g/0.5439g × 12/44 ×100=52.108
No.of gram atoms: 52.108 /12 = 4.34
Atomic ratio: 4.34/2.17 = 2
Element: H
%  : 0.6369g/0.5439g×2.016 /18×100=13.115
No.of gram atoms:  13.115/1008=13.01   
Atomic ratio: 13.01/2.17 = 6
Element:  O
%  :  100 - (52.108 + 13.115)= 34.77     
No.of gram atoms: 34.77/16.00 = 2.17      
Atomic ratio: 2.17/ 2.17 = 1
Empirical Formula: C2H6O
Difference between empirical and molecular formula
 Empirical formula
 •   A formula which represents the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a
compound is called empirical formula.
•   It is obtained from percentage composition of elements that is chemical analysis.
•    This term is used for both molecular and ionic compounds examples NaCl, CH2O and CH
are empirical formula of sodium chloride ,glucose and benzene respectively.
Molecular formula
•   A formula which represents actual number of atoms of each elements in a molecular
compound is called molecular formula.
•  It is obtained by multiplying 'n' with empirical formula i.e; from empirical formula.
•  this term is used only for Molecular compounds examples C6H12O6 and C6H6 are molecular
formula of glucose and benzene respectively.
 Note:
The term empirical formula is used for ionic compounds and Giant covalent structures (sand
SiO2 ,graphite and diamond C). It is also used for covalent compounds as CH2O for glucose
and acetic acid.
Relationship between empirical and molecular formula
Molecular formula = n × empirical formula
STOICHIOMETRY
    Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry which tells us a quantitative relationship between
reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation.
Chemical equation
Chemical equation in the statement that describes chemical reaction in terms of symbols and
chemical formula.
Limitation of Balanced chemical equations
 They do not tell about the
i) Conditions (temperature and pressure)
ii) Rate of reaction
iii) Physical state of reactants and products
 iv) mechanism of reaction
 v) We sometime write a chemical equation that never happens
Conditions for stoichiometric calculations 
stoichiometric calculations are based on the following conditions
i) All the reactants must be completely converted into the products.
ii) The side ration must not occur
iii) The law of conservation of mass and the law of Definite proportions must be obeyed while
doing the calculations
The following types of relationship can be studied with the help of a balanced chemical
equation at STP
2H2     +      O2       -------> 2H2O
2 moles       1 mole           2 moles
4g                32g.                 36g
44.828dm3 22.414dm3    44.828dm3

Mass-mass relationship
If we are given the mass of one substance we can calculate the mass of the other substance.
Mass-mole relationship or mole-mass relationship
 If we are given the mass of one substance we can calculate the moles of other substance and
vice versa.
 Mass-volume relationship
if we are given the mass of one substance we can calculate the volume of the other substances
and vice versa.
Mole-mole relationship
If we are given the mole of one substance we can calculate the mole of the other substances
and vice versa.
Limiting reactant
  Limiting reactant is a reactant that controls the amount of the product formed in a chemical
reaction due to being less than the required amount.It can also be defined as follows:-
 i)  It is a reactant that produces least number of moles of product.
ii) It is consumed earlier in the reaction.
 Identification of limiting reactant 
To identify a limiting reactant, the following three steps are performed.
i) Calculate the number of moles from the given amount of the reactants.
ii)Calculate the number of moles of product formed from the given moles of each reactant.
iii) identify the reactant as limiting reactant which produces least moles of the product.
Yield
 The amount of the product obtained as a result of the chemical reaction is called yield.
Types of yield
a) Theoretical Yield
 The amount of the product calculated from the balanced chemical equation is called theoretical
yield.
b) Actual Yield
The amount of the product obtained in a chemical reaction experimentally is called actual yield.
c) Percentage Yield
% Yield=Actual yield/Theoretical yield×100
Point to be remembered:-
 Actual yield is always less than theoretical yield.
Reasons:-
i) A practially inexperienced worker has many shortcomings and cannot get the expected yield.
ii) The processes like filtration, crystallization etc if not properly carried out,decrease the
theoretical yield.
iii) Some of the reactants might take part in a competing side reaction and reduce the amount of
the desired product.
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Amount of KOH used in combustion analysis
A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

2. Amount of oxygen in combustion analysis is determined by method of

A) Product
B) Difference
C) Addition
D) Division
3. The H2O absorber used in combustion analysis is
A. Magnesium hyochlorite
B. Magnesium chlorite
C. Magnesium chlorate
D. Magnesium perchlorate
4. It is determined by combustion analysis that there is 0.1 g hydrogen is present in 1g of organic
sample compound.The percentage of hydrogen in the sample is
A. 1%
B. 9%
C. 10%
D. 11%
5.The study of quantitative relationship between reactant s and products in a balanced chemical
equation is called
A. Limiting Reactant
B. Yield
C. Stoichiometry
D. Mass spectrometry
6.All are assumptions of stoichiometry except
A. Balanced chemical equation
B. No side products formed
C. Physical states of reactants and products
D. Completion of reaction
7. The best stoichiometric relationship is
A. Mole - mole
B. Mole - mass
C. Mole - volume
D. Mole - volume
8. If we knows mass of reactant then we can calculate_______ of product formed.
A. Mole
B. Mass
C. Volume
D. All of above
9. The maximum yield which can be formed according to balanced chemical equation is called
A. Actual yield
B. Theoretical yield
C. Percentage yield
D. Average yield
10. The efficiency of chemicap reaction can be measure by its
A. Actual yield
B. Theoretical yield
C. Percentage yield
D. Average yield
Answers 
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. C
Explanation
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