3734 - Module 1 Unit 2

HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA
A Laboratory Report Presented to the

Faculty of the Department of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course:

CHE 2221L: Physical Chemistry for Engineers 2 Laboratory
by:
Antonio, Aileen V.
Basilla, Ma. Carla Elyzza B.
Dangdang, Saidah M.
Ebilane, Florence M.
Ermitanio, Jellie G.
Lagman, Jefferson Piolo L.
Magtibay, Mesia Annwen L.
Pangilinan, Lenz Gabriel S.
Perez, Rena Danielle M.
Yadan, Kathleen B.
March 4, 2022
Saint Louis University
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Department of Chemical Engineering
LABORATORY REPORT EVALUATION SHEET
Laboratory Course: CHE 2221L Physical Schedule: M 10:30-1:30

Chemistry for Engineers 2 Laboratory
Experiment Number: 1
Experiment Title: Homogeneous Equilibria
Group Number: Date Performed: February 11, 2022
Group Members: Antonio, Aileen V. Date Submitted: March 4, 2022
Basilla, Ma. Carla Elyzza B.
Dangdang, Saidah M.
Ebilane, Florence M.
Ermitanio, Jellie G.
Lagman, Jefferson Piolo L.
Magtibay, Mesia Annwen L.
Pangilinan, Lenz Gabriel S.
Perez, Rena Danielle M.
Yadan, Kathleen B.
Contents Total Points Remarks Score

I. Abstract 5
II. Chapter 1: Introduction 10
III. Chapter 2: Design and Methodology 10
IV. Chapter 3: Research and Discussion 20
V. Chapter 4: Conclusion and 10
Recommendation
VI. References 5
VII. Appendices 15
a. List and Uses of Apparatus
b. Definition of Terms
c. Computation
d. Problems
e. Material Safety Data Sheet 10
VIII. Table of Contents/List of 5
Tables/List of Figures
IX. Format and Neatness 10
TOTAL POINTS 100
Evaluated by: Date:

ABSTRACT
Chemical equilibrium is the state wherein the concentration of reactants and
products remain constant which means forward and reverse reactions are equal. Homogenous
chemical equilibrium happens when the reactants and products are in single phase. In this
experiment, homogeneous equilibrium was observed through method of titration and computation
for the equilibrium constant, Kc. Utilizing 1000 mL of 0.5N NaOH solution as titrant and preparing
solutions for titration were done. By preparing 100 mL of 3N Hydrochloric acid by diluting
concentrated HCl, the following reagents were mixed for the students and titrated: a) 5 mL 3N
HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate, b) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Water, c) 5 mL 3N HCl
+ 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water, d) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Ethanol, e) 5
mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid, and f) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL
Acetic acid, using Phenolphthalein as indicator. The calculation of moles for each component at
equilibrium were gathered through the determined densities of the component and the titration data
collected. In solving problems for the equilibrium concentrations, the ICE (initial concentration,
change in concentration and equilibrium concentration) Table Method was used. From
calculations, it can be concluded that solutions a, b, c, and d favor the products. Meanwhile, the
calculated equilibrium constants for solutions e and f are less than 1, therefore, there will be an
increase in the concentration of the reactant for the equilibrium.
Keywords: Chemical Equilibrium, Homogeneous Chemical Equilibria, Equilibrium

Constant, Titration
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS/ LIST OF TABLES/ LIST OF FIGURES ii
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODOLOGY 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 13
REFERENCES 15
APPENDICES 19
a. List and Uses of Apparatus 19
b. Definition of Terms 24
c. Computations 26
d. Problems 36
e. Material Safety Data Sheet 44
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Determination for the mole and weight of Ethyl Acetate using Density 8
Table 3.2 Determination for the mole of Water 10
Table 3.3 Determination for the mole of Acetic Acid and the Equilibrium Constant (Kc) 11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Methodology of the Experiment 4
ii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In any chemical reactions, we cannot deny the fact that there are discrepancies or
circumstances where the reaction does not undergo in completion. There comes a time that they
will proceed in complete reaction or not. On the other hand, there are circumstances where they
will proceed at a certain point of reaction and then apparently stop. In a system, there is a state
wherein the concentration of reactants and products do not change with time and there is no further
change in properties, or they remain constant. In addition, it is a state wherein the rates of forward
and reverse reactions are equal. This state is what we call as chemical equilibrium. Chemical
equilibrium can be classified as homogenous or heterogenous. Homogenous equilibrium happens
when the reactants and products are on the same or single phase (solid, liquid, gas). On the other
hand, heterogenous equilibrium happens when the reactants and products are on different phases.
There are factors affecting the chemical equilibrium, these are changes in temperature,
pressure and concentration. In the change in concentration, when we increase the reactant, the
equilibrium will shift from left to right. On the other hand, when we increase the product, the
equilibrium will shift from right to left. In addition, when we decrease the reactant, the equilibrium
will shift from right to left. And when we decrease the product, the equilibrium will shift from left
to right. Next factor is the change in pressure wherein when we increase the pressure on the system
at constant temperature, the equilibrium will shift from left to right. Lastly, will be the change in
temperature wherein, the increase in temperature favors the endothermic reaction or it is a forward
reaction (shifts from left to right). While decrease in temperature favors exothermic reaction or it
is a reverse reaction (shifts from right to left). Equilibrium constant, Kc can be approached from
either direction and it does not depend on the initial concentrations of reactants and products but
it depends on the temperature.
The addition of excess reactants or products in a given equilibrium mixture can be
generalized by first, the presence of excess of some of the reactants over others tends to drive a
reaction further to completion with respect to the reactants not in excess. Second, is that the initial
presence of products tends to decrease the extent of conversion of reactants to products.
In chemical equilibrium, the chemical equation is a useful key in the calculation of
equilibrium constant. Equilibrium constant, Kc is the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of
products over the reactants each raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients. Below is
the representation of how the equilibrium constant is being calculated or solved.
In solving problems for the equilibrium amounts or equilibrium concentrations, we use the
ICE Table Method basing it from the chemical equation. It stands for initial concentration, change
in concentration and equilibrium concentration. For the initial concentration, usually the initial
concentration of reactants are given, while the initial product’s concentration are assumed to be
zero unless otherwise specified. For the change in concentration, we can assign variables like x for
the changes on the species present. Lastly, for the equilibrium concentration, we will just add the
values from the initial and change concentrations. The values that will be used here can be in terms
of moles or molarity (or atm for Kp), but the values used in equilibrium constant must be in terms
of molarity (or atm for Kp).
2
If the Kc value is large (Kc >> 1), the equilibrium lies to the right and the reaction mixture
contains mostly products. If the Kc value is small (Kc <<1), the equilibrium lies to the left and the
reaction mixture contains mostly reactants. If the Kc value is close to 1 (0.10 < Kc < 10), the
mixture contains appreciable amounts of both reactants and products.
One way of applying or showing how equilibrium constant can be used is through
standardization. Here titration, a chemical qualitative analysis technique, is executed to determine
and calculate the equilibrium constant and moles of the component present in the chemical
reaction.
In this experiment, the equilibrium between ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate and water
were studied. The reaction is catalyzed by the addition of hydrochloric acid. Its concentration is
great enough to change the character of the water and alter the numerical value of the equilibrium
constant, but the results are constant for a given concentration of hydrochloric acid. The
hydrochloric acid is added merely as a catalyst to hasten the reaction and it takes no part in the
stoichiometric reaction.
3
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
Homogenous Equilibria
Preparation of Apparatus and Reagents
Preparation of Solutions
Set-up for Titration
3N Hydrochloric 0.500N NaOH Rinse the burette

acid (0.1 L) solution (1 Liter)
Filled the burette with
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate the titrant (0.500N
NaOH)
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL
Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL
Ethanol
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Ethanol
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL
Acetic
e. 5 mL acid
3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic
f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL Acetic acid
acid
Stopper standing for atleast 24 hours to 1

week Indicator: phenolphthalein
Experimentation: Titration Rough Titration

Data Gathering
Computation Titration
Disposal
Figure 2.1 Methodology of the Experiment

Preparation of the Apparatus
The students prepared the following apparatus for the experimentation of homogenous
equilibria:
• One (1) 1000 mL beaker • One (1) watch glass
• Fifteen (15) 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks • One (1) pipetol
• One (1) 1000 mL reagent bottle • One (1) double clamp for burette
• Five (5) weighing bottles • One (1) burette
• One (1) stirring rod • One (1) iron stand
• Twelve (12) corks • Fifteen (15) 250 mL volumetric
Preparation of Reagents flask
• reagents
For the hydrolysis of ester, the following are the One (1)prepared
1000mLbyvolumetric flask
the students for the
experimentation:
• Distilled water • Glacial acetic acids
• Hydrochloric acid • Ethyl alcohol
• Sodium hydroxide pellets • Ethyl acetate
• Potassium hydrogen Phthalate • Concentrated hydrochloric acid
• Phenolphthalein
Preparation of Solutions
Titrant. The students weighed 20 grams of sodium hydroxide pellet using an analytical
balance. Using a 1000mL volumetric flask, the pellet was dissolved in distilled water in order to
prepare 1000mL of 0.5N NaOH solution.
5
Solutions. In preparing solutions, the student experimenters prepared 100 mL of 3N
Hydrochloric acid by diluting concentrated HCl. Using Erlenmeyer flasks, the following reagents
were mixed for the students to be titrated:
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid
Standing. The solutions prepared stored in a flask with a stopper were allowed to stand in
a warm place for at least 48 hours to 7 days with occasional stirring. The experimenter also ensured
that stoppers are exactly fitted with the flasks to prevent evaporation.
Preparation of Titration Set-up
For the set-up, the burette was rinsed three (3) times with 5mL NaOH solution to ensure
that burette has no impurities that could affect the data gathering after titration. After rinsing, the
burette was filled with titrant, 0.5N of NaOH solution until its maximum volume. Then, to remove
the air bubble inside, a waste beaker was placed under the burette and the experimenter opened the
tap allowing to run out the titrant from the burette.
Titration
Indicator. Phenolphthalein is the indicator used by the students as the indicator. The
purpose of the indicator is to determine the endpoint of titration in which a formation of pink color
is seen in the solution.
6
After dropping the phenolphthalein in the solution, the students performed titration. Rough
titration was first performed to estimate the volume needed in order to reach the endpoint. After
rough titration, the students performed again titration and recorded the volume flushed as the
solution reached the endpoint. The titration was repeated until the last solution.
7
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the summarized results obtained from the data collected in the
experiment. The results of the study are presented and discussed in line with the study, specifically
to demonstrate how homogeneous equilibrium is reached through the determination of equilibrium
constant.
For the first section, the calculation of moles for each component at equilibrium can be
gathered through the determined densities of the component and the titration data collected from
the experiment.
For the second part, this experiment aims to calculate the value of the equilibrium constant
through the equation
[𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑦𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒][𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟]
𝐾𝑐 =
[𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 ][𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 ]
Table 3.1 Determination for the mole and weight of Ethyl Acetate using Density
Wt. Ethyl Mol of Ethyl

Solutions N HCL Wt. of pure HCl
Acetate Acetate
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL
3 4.47 0.0507 0.5468
Ethyl acetate
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468
Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL
Ethyl acetate + 3 mL 3 1.7880 0.0203 0.5468
Water
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468
Ethanol
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468
Acetic acid
f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL
Ethanol+ 1 mL Acetic 3 ----- ----- 0.5468
acid
In Table 3.1, the mole of ethyl acetate is computed using the formula, determined density
multiplied by the given volume to get the weight of ethyl acetate. The computed weight is later
divided by the molecular weight of the component to get the total moles of ethyl acetate. It also
shows the weight of the pure HCl; this value is obtained by utilizing the formula for Normality.
The volume of 3N HCl is the same for all six solutions above, so the weight of pure HCl is also
the same. Since the volume for ethyl acetate varies, the weight and amount of moles also differ
from each other. There is a direct relationship between the volume and weight In this experiment,
HCl only acts as a catalyst, and for this reason, the volume and weight must be consistent for all.
9
Table 3.2 Determination for the mole of Water
Solutions Wt. of H2O mol of H2O
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate 4.7032 0.2613
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate

5.4832 0.3046
+ 1 mL Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate +

7.5732 0.4207
3 mL Water
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate

4.7032 0.2613
+ 1 mL Ethanol
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate +

4.7032 0.2613
1 mL Acetic acid
f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL
4.7032 0.2613
Acetic acid
For Table 3.2, the water's weight for various solutions is computed by using the density.
The weight of acetic acid less than the weight of pure HCl will get the value for the weight of
water. The moles of the water were later on computed by dividing the molar weight of the said
components. It is noticeable that as the added ethyl acetate decreases, the weight and the mole of
water significantly increase. Water as observed is present in all solutions, which came from the
dilution of a concentrated HCl solution to its specified concentration of 3 Normal. In this mixture,
the reaction is deemed as reversible, which resorted to the presence of the four compounds as it
achieves equilibrium
10
Table 3.3 Determination for the mole of Acetic Acid and the Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
V NaOH,
Solutions mL (from meq HAc mol HAc Kc
experiment)
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5
69.65 24.7910 0.0248 9.9593
mL Ethyl acetate
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4
mL Ethyl acetate + 1 64.55 21.8774 0.0219 11.0814
mL Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2
mL Ethyl acetate + 3 46.25 11.4226 0.0114 28.0299
mL Water
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4
mL Ethyl acetate + 1 56.45 17.2499 0.0172 9.7233
mL Ethanol
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 86.25 34.2746 0.0343 0.8177
Acetic acid
Ethanol+ 1 mL Acetic 29.65 2.0533 2.0533×10-3 0.3846
acid
11
For table 3.3, the mole of acetic acid is obtained through determining the milliequivalent
of acetic acid through the volume of the titrant NaOH that was gathered from the said experiment.
The milliequivalent is then divided by 1000 to get the value of the moles of the component. The
value of acetic acid at equilibrium is the obtained though subtracting the NaOH volume used in
the solution from the used volume for the final equilibrium titration. In this experiment, the Kc’s
of solutions (a), (b), (c), and (d) are greater than 1 while Kc’s are less than 1 for solutions (e) and
(f). The general knowledge about equilibrium constant (Kc) is that when it is greater than 1, the
products exceed the reactants at equilibrium. In other words, the products in the reaction are
favoured. On the other hand, when Kc is less than 1, the reactants in the equilibrium are being
favoured. As Kc increases the reaction will proceed to the right causing an increase in the
concentration of products, the opposite happens when Kc decreases wherein the reaction will
proceed to the left causing an increase to the concentration of the reactants. Nonetheless, the higher
or lower value of Kc doesn’t imply that the molar concentrations of either reactants or products
are negligible.
12
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The equilibrium between ethanol, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, and water is investigated in this
experiment, with the addition of hydrochloric acid catalyzing the reaction. Although the
concentration of hydrochloric acid is high enough to change the nature of the water and the
numerical value of the equilibrium constant, the results are fairly consistent for any given
concentration. Due to the failure of the mass law, when concentrations are used to calculate the
equilibrium constant, the equilibrium constant is incorrect, especially at high concentrations. The
equilibrium constant is more accurately calculated when activities are used instead of analytically
determined concentrations. Vapor pressure or another method can be used to measure these
activities. However, the equilibrium constant may be calculated with fair accuracy from the
concentrations in many cases. The equilibrium constant (Kc) is generally understood to mean that
the products outnumber the reactants at equilibrium when it exceeds one. To put it another way,
the reaction's products are preferred. Conversely, when Kc is less than 1, the reactants in the
equilibrium are favored. When Kc rises, the reaction moves to the right, increasing the product
concentration; when Kc falls, the reaction moves to the left, resulting in an increase in reactant
concentration.
Calculating for the equilibrium constants of the given solutions, it can be concluded that
solutions a, b, c, and d favor the products. Meanwhile, the calculated equilibrium constants for
solutions e and f are less than 1; therefore, there will be an increase in the concentration of the
reactant for the equilibrium. Thus, the solutions with 5 mL Ethyl acetate, 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1
mL Water, 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water, and 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Ethanol have forward
reactions while the solutions with 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid and 4 mL Ethanol+ 1
mL Acetic acid, have backward reactions.

It is recommended that the students gather the data themselves to assess and examine first-
handly the reactions manifested by the solutions. Furthermore, it is recommended to use floating
numbers to solve the intermediate values needed in solving for the equilibrium constant to decrease
or limit the deviances.
14
REFERENCES
Alexander, R. B. (2021, October 28). Erlenmeyer Flask: Functions, Types, and How to Use It.
YaleTools. https://yaletools.com/erlenmeyer-flask/
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https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/atmospheric-pressure/
Boundless Chemistry. (n.d.). Equilibrium. Retrieved from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
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rium,the%20products%20do%20not%20change
Catalyst. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/catalyst
Chapter 14. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Retrieved from
https://web.gccaz.edu/~lisys52871/00152note/14Equilibrium.pdf
Commonly Used Lab Equipment. (n.d.). Laboratory Equipment.
https://laboratoryapparatus.weebly.com/commonly-used-lab-equipment.html
Corrosionpedia. (2020, October 20). Stoichiometric Reaction. Retrieved from
https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/6000/stoichiometric-
reaction#:~:text=A%20stoichiometric%20chemical%20reaction%20is,that%20occur%20
in%20corrosion%20processes.
Dual Burette Clamp. (n.d.). Indigo Instruments.
https://www.indigoinstruments.com/lab_supplies/lab_hardware/burette-clamp-dual-
metal.html
Helmenstine, A. M. (2018, August 5). What You Need to Know About Volumetric Flasks.
ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-volumetric-flask-605783
Introduction to Chemistry. (n.d.). Ester. Retrieve from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/esters/
JU’s (2022). Chemical Equilibrium- Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium. Retrieved
from https://byjus.com/jee/chemical-equilibrium/
Koop, F. (2021, January 22). Not too hot, not too cold. What’s the ideal room temperature?
Retrieved from https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/not-too-hot-not-too-cold-
whats-the-ideal-room-temperature/
Law of Mass Action. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-mass-
action
National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Phenolphthalein. Retrieved from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein MSDS - 107233 - Merck. (n.d.). Merck Millipore. Retrieved March 3,
2022, from https://www.merckmillipore.com/INTL/en/product/msds/MDA_CHEM-
107233
Pipette Bulbs. (n.d.). Fisher Scientific.
https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/browse/90140051/Pipette-Bulbs
Reagent bottles. (n.d.). Glasscolabs. https://www.glasscolabs.com/product-category/laboratory-
glassware/laboratory-glasswares-bottles/reagent-bottles/
SAFETY DATA SHEET. (n.d.). rcilabscan. Retrieved March 3, 2022, from
https://www.rcilabscan.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Acetic-Acid-Glacial-E-
DCC-010521.pdf
16
SAFETY DATA SHEET. (2015, October 5). SAFETY DATA SHEET. Retrieved March 3,
2022, from
https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=E1514&productDescription=
ETHYL+ACETATE+ETHANOL+SOLUTION&vendorId=VN00033897&countryCode
=US&language=en
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https://www.geneseo.edu/sites/default/files/users/247/Potassium%20hydrogen%20phthal
ate.pdf
SAFETY DATA SHEET Hydrochloric Acid, 31 – 36%. (n.d.). ASHTA Chemicals.
Retrieved March 3, 2022, from https://ashtachemicals.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/05/Safety-Data-Sheet_Hydrochloric-Acid.pdf
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content/uploads/Hydrochloric-Acid-Concentrated-SO-236.pdf
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SDS_US-English.pdf
Sodium hydroxide pellets MSDS - 106482 - Merck. (n.d.). Merck Millipore. Retrieved
March 3, 2022, from
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Stoppers & Corks. (n.d.). GrowingLabs. https://www.growinglabs.com/collections/stoppers-
corks#:%7E:text=Stoppers%20and%20corks%20are%20used,the%20vessel%20to%20be
%20shaken
17
The Equilibrium Constant. (2020, August 22). Retrieved from
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_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemi
cal_Equilibria/The_Equilibrium_Constant
Weighing Bottles. (n.d.). VWR. https://us.vwr.com/store/category/weighing-bottles/545627
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https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/lab/techniques/titration/what.html#:~:text=A%
20titration%20is%20a%20technique,until%20the%20reaction%20is%20complete.
18
APPENDICES
a. List and Uses of Apparatus

Apparatus Uses
Buret (Volumetric burette, burette) is
volumetric measuring laboratory
glassware used for precise variable
dispensing and measuring the volume
of a liquid, particularly one of the
Base buret reagents in a titration. For base
titrants, a base buret is employed. A
stopcock and valve are installed at the
burette's tip to regulate the flow of the
chemical solution. The barrel of the
base buret is made of a rubber tube.
Beaker can store liquid and solid
samples or as a reaction container. It is
used for chemical mixing, stirring, and

Beaker
heating. It can also be utilized to
capture liquids and filtrates from
titrations and filtering operations.

In labs, corks are used to seal
containers firmly. They are utilized to
Corks prevent spillage as well as trap toxic
odors, and allow the vessel to be
shaken.
Double buret clamps hold two burets

Double
in place simultaneously. It is useful
clamp for
for titration, one with acid and the
buret
other base.
The Erlenmeyer flask is characterized
by a broad flat bottom, a conical body,
and a high cylindrical neck. Liquids
are contained in Erlenmeyer flasks,
which are also used for mixing,
Erlenmeyer heating, cooling, incubation, filtration,
flask storage, and other liquid handling
procedures. The Erlenmeyer's sloped
sides and small neck allow the
contents of the flask to be combined
and swirled without spilling, making it
ideal for titrating and boiling liquids.
20
Iron stand is used to provide support
for other equipment and a means of

Iron stand
raising equipment above the work
surface.
Pipetol is put to a glass or plastic tube
by laying it on top. It helps regulate
the liquid flow from the dropping

Pipetol
bottle by acting as a vacuum source
for filling reagents using a pipette or
pasteur pipette.
The Reagent bottle is used to put or
store in chemical substances,
Reagent solutions, or solvents. It is designed as
bottle break resistant and is usually made up
of heavy glass material.
21
The function of a stirring rod is to mix
or stir liquids. Mixing will speed up
any reaction in the test tube or flask. A
glass stirring rod can also be used for
Stirring rod decanting a liquid from a residue or
sediment. The rods are thicker and
longer than a drinking straw. The
thickness of the rod makes it
unaffected by cold or heat.
A watch glass is a circular piece of
glass that is slightly convex-concave,
which is used as a surface to evaporate
a liquid. It holds solid while being

Watch glass
weighed or acts as a cover for a
beaker. It is applied to prevent dust or
other particles from entering the
beaker.
Weighing bottles are used for the
precise weighing of solids.

Weighing
Impermeable seal stoppers on top keep
bottles
contents unadulterated. Small-model
containers are particularly suited for
22
precision balances, as their empty
weight is extremely low.
A volumetric flask is a type
of laboratory glassware used to
prepare solutions. The mark on the
Volumetric flask neck indicates the
flask volume contained. These devices are
often used when solutions containing
dissolved solids of known
concentration are needed.
23
b. Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of this experiment, the following terms are defined in the context of
this laboratory report.
Barometric Pressure – Barometric pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure, is the pressure
caused by the weight of the air above us. Simply, it is the pressure within the Earth’s atmosphere
and it is measured using a “barometer”.
Catalyst – A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under
different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible.
Equilibrium – A state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward
reaction.
Equilibrium Constant – The equilibrium constant, K, expresses the relationship between
products and reactants of a reaction at equilibrium with respect to a specific unit. This article
explains how to write equilibrium constant expressions, and introduces the calculations involved
with both the concentration and the partial pressure equilibrium constant.
Ester – An ester is characterized by the orientation and bonding of the atoms shown, where R and
R’ are both carbon-initiated chains of varying length, also known as alkyl groups.
Mass Law – Law stating that the rate of any chemical reaction is proportional to the product of
the masses of the reacting substances, with each mass raised to a power equal to the coefficient
that occurs in the chemical equation.
Phenolphthalein – One of the most common acid-base indicators used to determine the end point
in acid-base titrations.
Room Temperature – Room temperature is defined as “around 20–22 °C (68–72 °F)”, while the
Oxford English Dictionary defines the temperature as “about 20 °C (68 °F)”. However, what we
24
understand as room temperature is actually a range of temperatures, chosen to represent
comfortable habitation for humans.
Stoichiometric Reaction – One where the quantities of the reactants and products are such that
all of the reactants are consumed and none remain after completion of the chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry is useful for measuring chemical reactions such as those that occur in corrosion
processes.
Titration – A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine
the concentration of an unknown solution.
25
c. Computations
Given:
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid
Required: A.) moles of each component at equilibrium using densities and titration data;
B.) Kc
Solution:
A.1) moles of each component at equilibrium using densities
Table 3.1 Determination for the mole and weight of Ethyl Acetate using Density
Wt. Ethyl Mol of Ethyl

Solutions N HCL Wt. of pure HCl
Acetate Acetate
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL
3 4.47 0.0507 0.5468
Ethyl acetate
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468
Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL
Ethyl acetate + 3 mL 3 1.7880 0.0203 0.5468
Water
26
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468
Ethanol
Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468
Acetic acid
Ethanol+ 1 mL Acetic 3 ----- ----- 0.5468
acid
Given:
ρ of Ethyl Acetate = 0.894 g/mL
MW of Ethyl Acetate = 88.1047 g/mol
Solution:
5mL
N HCl ×MW HCl ×V HCl (3 equiv/L)(36.45g/mol)( )L
1000mL
Wt. pure HCl = ƒ
= 1 mol/equiv
= 0.5468 g
M
ρ= ; wt. = ρ × V
V
wt.
mol = MW
➢ a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate
wt. of Ethyl Acetate = (0.894g/mL) × (5mL) = 4.47g

4.47g
mol of Ethyl Acetate = 88.1047g/mol = 0.0507 mol
➢ b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Water
27
3.5880g
mol of Ethyl Acetate =88.1047g/mol = 0.0407 mol
➢ c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water

1.7880g
mol of Ethyl Acetate = 88.1047g/mol = 0.0203 mol
➢ d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Ethanol
3.5880g
mol of Ethyl Acetate =88.1047g/mol = 0.0407 mol
➢ e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid
3.5880g
mol of Ethyl Acetate = = 0.0407 mol
88.1047g/mol
Table 3.2 Determination for the mole of Water

* Experiment Data: 1 mL H2O = 0.78g; 3 mL H2O = 2.87g
Solutions Wt. of H2O mol of H2O
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate 4.7032 0.2613
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate

5.4832 0.3046
+ 1 mL Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate +

7.5732 0.4207
3 mL Water
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate

4.7032 0.2613
+ 1 mL Ethanol
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate +

4.7032 0.2613
1 mL Acetic acid
28
f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL
4.7032 0.2613
Acetic acid
M
ρ= ; wt. = ρ × V
V
wt.
mol = MW
using ρ of 3N HCl = 1.05 g/mL,
wt. of 3N HCl = wt. of pure HCl + wt. of H2O
wt. of H2O = wt. of 3N HCl - wt. of pure HCl
wt. of H2O = (1.05g/mL × 5mL) – 0.5468g
wt. of H2O = 4.7032g

4.7032g
mol of H2O = 18g/mol = 0.2613 mol
wt. of H2O = 4.7032g + 0.78g = 5.4832g
5.4832g
wt. of H2O = 4.7032g + 2.87g = 7.5732g
7.5732g
29
wt. of H2O = (1.05g/mL × 5mL) – 0.5468g
wt. of H2O = 4.7032g

4.7032g
wt. of H2O = (1.05g/mL × 5mL) – 0.5468g
wt. of H2O = 4.7032g

4.7032g
mol of H2O = = 0.2613 mol
18g/mol
➢ f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL Acetic acid
wt. of H2O = (1.05g/mL × 5mL) – 0.5468g
wt. of H2O = 4.7032g

4.7032g
A.2) moles of each component at equilibrium using titration data
meq HAc = meq NaOH – meq HCl
mol HAc = meq HAc/1000
meq NaOH = meq KHP
➢ Standardization of NaOH using KHP

30
Given:
From the experiment,
Wt. KHP = 1.05g
V NaOH = 9mL
MW KHP = 204.22g/mL
Solution:
meq NaOH = meq KHP

wt.⁄
MW
mL × N = ƒ×1000
1.05g
⁄204.22g/mol
9mL × N = = 1×1000
N = 0.5173 equiv/L
Table 3.3 Determination for the mole of Acetic Acid and the Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
V NaOH,
Solutions mL (from meq HAc mol HAc Kc
experiment)
a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5
69.65 24.7910 0.0248 9.9593
mL Ethyl acetate
b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4
mL Ethyl acetate + 1 64.55 21.8774 0.0219 11.0814
mL Water
c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2
mL Ethyl acetate + 3 46.25 11.4226 0.0114 28.0299
mL Water
d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4
mL Ethyl acetate + 1 56.45 17.2499 0.0172 9.7233
mL Ethanol
e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4
mL Ethyl acetate + 1 86.25 34.2746 0.0343 0.8177
mL Acetic acid
f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4
mL Ethanol+ 1 mL 29.65 2.0533 2.0533×10-3 0.3846
Acetic acid
31
meq HAc = meq NaOH – meq HCl
meq HAC = (N × mL) NaOH - (N × mL) HCl
mol HAc = meq HAc/1000
Solution:
meq HAc = (0.5713N × 69.65mL) – (3N × 5mL) = 24.7910 meq

24.7910
mol HAc = = 0.0248 mol
1000

21.8774
1000

11.4226
1000

17.2499
1000
0.789g
ρ×V ×1mL
mL
mol Ethanol = MW = 46.068g/mol = 0.0171 mol

34.2746
1000
1.049g
ρ×V ×1mL
mL
mol HAc (initial) = MW = 60.052g/mol = 0.0175 mol
32

2.0533
mol HAc = = 2.0533×10-3 mol
1000
0.789g
ρ×V ×4mL
mL
mol Ethanol = MW = 46.068g/mol = 0.0.0685 mol
1.049g
ρ×V ×1mL
mL
mol HAc (initial) = MW = 60.052g/mol = 0.0175 mol
For Kc,
[Ethyl Acetate][Water]
Kc = [HAc][Ethanol]
Ethanol + HAc Ethyl Acetate + Water
Ethanol HAc Ethyl Acetate Water
I 0 0 0.0507 0.2613
C (-) 0.0248 (-) 0.0248 0.0248 0.0248
E 0.0248 0.0248 0.0269 0.2365
[0.0269][0.2365]
Kc = [0.0248][0.0248] = 9.9593
I 0 0 0.0407 0.3046
C (-)0.0219 (-)0.0219 0.0219 0.0219
E 0.0219 0.0219 0.0188 0.2827
33
[0.0188][0.2827]
Kc = [0.0219][0.0219] = 11.0814
I 0 0 0.0203 0.4207
C (-)0.0114 (-)0.0114 0.0114 0.0114
E 0.0114 0.0114 0.0089 0.4093
[0.0089][0.4093]
Kc = [0.0114][0.0114] = 28.0299
I 0.0171 0 0.0407 0.2613
C (-)0.0172 (-)0.0172 0.0172 0.0172
E 0.0343 0.0172 0.0235 0.2441
[0.0235][0.2441]
Kc = [0.0343][0.0172] = 9.7233
I 0 0.0175 0.0407 0.2613
C (-)0.0343 (-)0.0343 0.0343 0.0343
E 0.0343 0.0518 0.0064 0.2270
[0.0064][0.2270]
Kc = [0.0343][0.0518] = 0.8177
34
I 0.0685 0.0175 0 0.2613
C (-)2.0533×10-3 (-)2.0533×10-3 2.0533×10-3 2.0533×10-3
E 0.0706 0.0196 2.0533×10-3 0.2592
[2.0533×10^−3][0.2529]
Kc = [0.0706][0.0196]
= 0.3846
9.9593+11.0814+28.0299 +9.7233+0.8177+0.3846
KC ave = = 9.9988
6
35
d. Problems
1. For the reaction 2NO2 (g) ↔ 2 NO (g) + O2 (g) at 184oC, Kp = 6.76x10-5 for pressure
in atm. Find the degree of dissociation of the NO2 (g) at a total pressure of 1 atm.
GIVEN:
2𝑁𝑂2 (𝑔) ↔ 2NO (g) + 𝑂2 (𝑔)
T= 184° 𝐶
Kp= 6.76 𝑥 10−5 atm
𝑃𝑇 = 1 atm
REQUIRED:
𝛼 (𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
SOLUTION:
2𝑁𝑂2 (𝑔) ↔ 2𝑁𝑂(𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔)
I 2x 0 0
C -x𝛼 2x𝛼 x𝛼
E 2x-x𝛼 2x𝛼 x𝛼
@ equilibrium,
Total Moles (𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) = (2𝑥 − 𝑥𝛼 ) + (2𝑥𝛼) + (𝑥𝛼)
𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥𝛼 + 2𝑥𝛼 + 𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑥(1 + 𝛼)
MOLES OF NO= 2𝑥𝛼
36
2𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑁𝑂 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
2𝑥 (1 + 𝛼 )
𝛼
𝑋𝑁𝑂 =
(1 + 𝛼)
MOLES OF 𝑂2 = 𝑥𝛼
𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑂2 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
2𝑥 (1 + 𝛼 )
𝛼
𝑋𝑂2 =
2(1 + 𝛼)
MOLES OF 𝑁𝑂2
2𝑥 (1 − 𝛼 )
𝑋𝑁𝑂2 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
2𝑥 (1 + 𝛼 )
1−𝛼
𝑋𝑁𝑂2 =
1+𝛼
(𝑋𝑁𝑂 )2 (𝑋𝑂2 )
𝐾𝑃 =
(𝑋𝑁𝑂2 )2
𝛼 𝛼
(1 + 𝛼 )2 ( ( )
2 1 + 𝛼)
6.76 × 10−5 =
1−𝛼
(1 + 𝛼 )2
𝛼 = 0.0504045997
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝒐𝒓 𝟓. 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟓%
37
2. At 30° 𝐶 Kp in atmospheres for the dissociation SO2Cl2 ↔ SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g) is 2.9x10-
2. Calculate the degree of dissociation when the total equilibrium pressure is 1 atm.
GIVEN:
𝑆𝑂2 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) ↔ 𝑆𝑂2 (g) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔)
T= 30° 𝐶
Kp= 2.9 𝑥 10−2 atm
𝑃𝑇 = 1 atm
REQUIRED:
𝛼 (𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
SOLUTION:
𝑆𝑂2 𝐶𝑙2(𝑔) ↔ 𝑆𝑂2(𝑔) + 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔)
I x 0 0
C -x𝛼 x𝛼 x𝛼
E x-x𝛼 x𝛼 x𝛼
@ equilibrium,
Total Moles (𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑥𝛼 ) + (𝑥𝛼) + (𝑥𝛼)
𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝛼 + 𝑥𝛼 + 𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥 + 𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑥(1 + 𝛼)
MOLES OF 𝑆𝑂2 = 𝑥𝛼
38
𝑥𝛼
𝑋𝑁𝑂 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
𝑥 (1 + 𝛼 )
𝛼
𝑋𝑁𝑂 =
1+𝛼
MOLES OF 𝐶𝑙2 = 𝑥𝛼
𝛼
𝑋𝑂2 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
𝑥 (1 + 𝛼 )
𝛼
𝑋𝑂2 =
1+𝛼
MOLES OF 𝑆𝑂2 𝐶𝑙2
𝑥 (1 − 𝛼 )
𝑋𝑁𝑂2 = (1 𝑎𝑡𝑚)
𝑥 (1 + 𝛼 )
1−𝛼
𝑋𝑁𝑂2 =
1+𝛼
(𝑋𝑆𝑂2 )(𝑋𝐶𝑙2 )
𝐾𝑃 =
(𝑋𝑆𝑂2𝐶𝑙2 )
𝛼 𝛼
(( )( )
1 + 𝛼 ) (1 + 𝛼 )
2.9 × 10−2 =
1−𝛼
(1 + 𝛼 )
𝛼 2
( )
2.9 × 10 −2
= 1 + 𝛼
1−𝛼
(1 + 𝛼 )
𝛼 = 0.1678770433
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟕%
39
3. For the reaction C2H5OH (l) + CH3COOH (l) ↔ CH3COOC2H5 (l) + H2O (l), let α be
the number of moles of alcohol present initially per mole of acid and x the number of
moles of acid esterified after equilibrium is established. From the data, calculate Kc and
from the average value of Kc, find x when α is 0.1 mole.
GIVEN:
𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑙) ↔ 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶2 𝐻5(𝑙) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
A x
0.5 0.420
1.0 0.665
1.5 0.779
REQUIRED:
𝐾𝐶 @ 𝑎 = 0.5 ; 𝑥 = 0.420
𝐾𝐶 @ 𝑎 = 1.0 ; 𝑥 = 0.665
𝐾𝐶 @ 𝑎 = 1.5 ; 𝑥 = 0.779
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑥 @ 𝑎 = 0.1 ; 𝐾𝐶 = 𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒
SOLUTION:
@ 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟎
I 0.5 1 0 0
C -0.42 -0.42 0.42 0.42
E 0.08 0.58 0.42 0.42
40
[𝑋𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶2 𝐻5(𝑙) ][𝑋𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) ]
𝐾𝐶 =
[𝑋𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑙) ][𝑋𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) ]
[0.42][0.42]
𝐾𝐶 =
[0.58][0.08]
𝑲𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟕
@ 𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟎 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟓
I 1 1 0 0
C -0.665 -0.665 0.665 0.665
E 0.335 0.335 0.665 0.665

𝐾𝐶 =
[0.665][0.665]
𝐾𝐶 =
[0.335][0.335]
𝑲𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟓
@ 𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟓 ; 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟗
I 1.5 1 0 0
41
C -0.779 -0.779 0.779 0.779
E 0.721 0.221 0.779 0.779

𝐾𝐶 =
[0.779][0.779]
𝐾𝐶 =
[0.227][0.721]
𝑲𝑪 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟎𝟖𝟒
3.8017 + 3.9405 + 3.8084

𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
3
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟓𝟎𝟐
@ 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟏 ; 𝑲𝑪 = 𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆
I 0.1 1 0 0
C -x -x x x
E 0.1-x 1-x x x

𝐾𝐶 =
[𝑥 ][𝑥]
3.8502 =
[1 − 𝑥 ][0.1 − 𝑥]
42
𝑥 = 1.388660444
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
43
e. Material Safety Data Sheet
E.1 Hydrochloric acid
Section 1: Chemical Product and Company Identification
Product Name: Hydrochloric Acid, 31 – 36.7%

Identified Uses: Acid etching, steel pickling, oil and gas, ore and mineral,
food processing, pharmaceutical, organic chemical synthesis
Company Information:
ASHTA ChemicalsInc.
P.O. Box 858
Ashtabula, Ohio 44005
Phone: (440)997-5221
Fax: (440)998-0286
24-hour Emergency Phone: CHEMTREC: (800)424-9300
Section 2: Hazards Identification
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)

Corrosive to metals - Category 1 Serious eye damage - Category 1 Skin corrosion -
Category 1B
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure - Category 3
GHS label elements, including precautionary statements:
Signal Word: Danger

Pictograms(s):
Hazard Statements
H290 May be corrosive tometals.
H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
H318 Causes serious eye damage.
H335 May cause respiratory irritation.
Precautionary Statements
P234 Keep only in original container.
P261 Avoid breathing dust/fume/mist/vapors/spray.
P264 Wash skin thoroughly after handling.
P271 Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye
44
protection/face protection.
P301 + P330 +P331 IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting
P303 + P361 + P353 IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all
contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water. Shower.
P304 + P340 + P310 IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in
a position comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a
POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P305 + P351 + P338 + IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
P310 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to
do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER
or doctor/physician.
P363 Wash contaminated clothingbefore reuse.
P390 Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P403 + P233 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container with a
resistant inner liner.
P405 Store locked up.
P406 Store in a corrosive resistant stainless steel container with
a resistant inner liner.
P501 Dispose of contents/container in accordance with
local/state/national regulations.
Section 3: Composition and Information on Ingredients
Synonyms:
CHEMICAL NAME: Hydrochloric acid
TRADE NAME: Hydrochloric acid, 31 –36%
SYNONYMS: Muriatic acid, Chlorohydric acid, Hydrogen
Chloride
C.A.S: 7647-01-0
EC: 231-595-7
WHMIS: D2A, E
CHEMICALFORMULA: HCl (in aqueoussolution)
CHEMICALFAMILY: Inorganic Acid
Section 4: First Aid Measures
Description of first aid measures:

Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into the fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give humidified air. Give oxygen, but only by a certified physician.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:

Immediately flush with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
45
contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a
physician.
In case of eye contact:

Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing eyes during transport
to medical facility.
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth thoroughly with water. If vomiting occurs, keep head low so that stomach
content doesn't get into the lungs. Consult a physician.
Section 5: Fire and Explosion Data
Flash Point (Method): Non-combustible.

ExtinguishingMedia: Use extinguishing agents compatible with acid and
Appropriate for the burning material. Use water
spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Auto Ignition Temp: Non-combustible.
Special Fire Fighting Procedures: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full
Protective clothing. In case of fire and/or explosion
do not breathe fumes. Use standard fire fighting
procedures and consider the hazards of other
involved materials.
Unusual Fire/Explosion Hazards: Releases flammable hydrogen gas when reacting
with metals.
Special Remarks on Fire Hazards:
Noncombustible. Calcium carbide reacts with hydrogen chloride gas with incandescence.
Uranium phosphide reacts with hydrochloric acid to release spontaneously flammable
phosphines. Rubidium acetylene carbides burns with slightly warm hydrochloric acid.
Lithium silicide in contact with hydrogen chloride becomes incandescent. When dilute
hydrochloric acid is used, gas spontaneously flammable in air is evolved. Magnesium
boride treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid produces spontaneously flammable gas.
Cesium acetylene carbide burns in hydrogen chloride gas. Cesium carbide ignites in contact
with hydrochloric acid unless acid is dilute. Reacts with most metals to produce flammable
Hydrogen gas.
Special Remarks on Explosion Hazards:
Hydrogen chloride in contact with the following can cause an explosion, ignition on
contact, or other violent/vigorous reaction: Acetic anhydride, AgClO + CCl4, Alcohols +
hydrogen cyanide, Aluminumtitanium alloys (with HCl vapor), 2-Amino ethanol,
Ammonium hydroxide, Calcium carbide, Ca3P2 Chlorine + dinitroanilines (evolves gas),
Chlorosulfonic acid, Cesium carbide, Cesium acetylene carbide, 1,1-Difluoroethylene
46
Ethylene diamine, Ethylene imine, Fluorine, HClO4, Hexalithium disilicide, H2SO4,
Metal acetylides or carbides, Magnesium boride, Mercuric sulfate, Oleum, Potassium
permanganate, beta-Propiolactone, Propylene oxide, Rubidium carbide, Rubidium,
acetylene carbide, Sodium (with aqueous HCl), Sodium hydroxide, Sodium tetra selenium,
Sulfonic acid, Tetra selenium tetra nitride, U3P4 , Vinyl acetate. Silver per chlorate with
carbon tetrachloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid produces trichloromethyl
perchlorate which detonates at 40 oC.
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Environmental Precautions:
Use closed systems when possible. Provide local exhaust ventilation where vapor or
mist may be generated. Avoid discharge into drains, water courses, or onto the ground.
Containment and Cleaning:

Follow preplanned emergency procedures. Only properly equipped, trained, functional
personnel should attempt to contain a leak. All other personnel should be evacuated
from the danger area. Using full protective equipment, apply appropriate emergency
device or other securement technology to stop the leak if possible.
Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and
place in an appropriate waste disposal container. If necessary: neutralize
the residue with a dilute solution of sodium carbonate.
Large Spill: Corrosive liquid. Stop leak if without risk. Do not touch spilled material.
Use water spray curtain to knock down vapor drift. Prevent entry into
sewers, basements or confined areas; dike if needed. Call for assistance
on disposal. Neutralize the residue with a dilute solution of sodium
carbonate. Be careful that vapor is not present at a concentration level
above TLV.
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Precautions to be taken for handling and storage:

Wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Do not get in eyes, on skin, on
clothing. Do not breathe mist or vapor. Observe good industrial hygiene practices. Do
not empty into drains. Use caution when combining with water; DO NOT add water to
acid, ALWAYS add acid to water while stirring to prevent release of heat, steam and
fumes. Store in a well-ventilated place. Store away from incompatible materials. Store
closed containers in a clean, cool, open or well-ventilated area. Keep out of sun.
Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Principal Component: Hydrochloric Acid

Occupational Exposure Limits:
Regulatory Limits:
47
Component OSHA Final PEL OSHA Final PEL OSHA Final PEL
TWA STEL Ceiling
Hydrochloric Acid 5 ppm 7.59 mg/m3

Mixture
ACGIH TLV = 5 ppm (7.59 mg/m3) TWA

NIOSH IDLH = 50 ppm (as HCl, 2010)
Exposure Controls:
Eye Protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Face shield (8-inch

minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and
approved under appropriate government standards such as
NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Respiratory Protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are
appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose
combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator
cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the
respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face
supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components
tested and approved under appropriate government
standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN(EU).
Other Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of
protective equipment must be selected according to the
concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the
specific workplace.
Ventilation Recommended: Exhaust ventilation is required to meet PEL limits.
Glove Type Recommended: Wear neoprene, nitrile, butyl rubber or PVC gloves to
prevent exposure.
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Appearance: Liquid.
Color: Colorless to light yellow.
Odor: Pungent. Irritating (Strong.)
Taste: Not available
Molecular Weight: Not applicable
pH (1% soln/water): Acidic
Melting point/freezing point: -30°C (-22°F)
Initial boiling point: >100°C (>212°F)
Flash point: Not applicable
Auto-ignition temp: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: Not available
Decomposition temperature: Not available
Flammability (solid, gas): Not combustible
48
Water solubility: 100%
Molecular weight: 36.46
Relative density (specific gravity): 1.16 (32% HCl solution)
1.19 (36.5% HCl solution)
Bulk density: 8.75 lbs/gal (32% HCl solution)
9.83 lbs/gal (36.5% HCl solution)
Vapor density (air = 1): 1.267 at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 84 mm Hg @ 20°C
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity Data
Stability: Hydrochloric acid is stable under normal conditions

and pressures.
Conditions to avoid: Incompatible materials, metals, excess heat, bases.
Incompatibility: Bases, amines, metals, permanganates (e.g.,
Potassium permanganate), fluorine, metal
acetylides, hexalithium disilicide.
Hazardous decomposition products: Hydrogen chloride, chlorine, hydrogen gas.
Polymerization: Hazardous polymerization WILL NOT occur.
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Information on likely routes of exposure:

Inhalation: Vapors and mist will irritate throat and respiratory system and
cause coughing.
Skin contact: Causes skin burns.
Eye contact: Causes eye burns.
Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed. Causes digestive tract burns. Ingestion
may produce burns to the lips, oral cavity, upper airway,
esophagus and possibly the digestive tract.
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics:

Contact with this material will cause burns to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes.
Permanent eye damage including blindness could result.
Information on toxicological effects:

Acute toxicity: Harmful ifswallowed.
Skin corrosion/irritation: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Irritation: Causes serious eye damage.
Respiratorysensitization: Not available.
Skin sensitization: No data available.
Germcell mutagenicity: No data available to indicate product or any
components present at greater than 0.1% are
mutagenic or genotoxic.
Carcinogenicity: This product is not considered to be a carcinogen
49
by IARC, ACGIH, NTP or OSHA.
Reproductive toxicity: This product is not expected to cause
reproductive
or developmental effects.
Specific target organ toxicity- single exposure: May cause respiratory irritation.
Specific target organ toxicity- repeated exposure: No data available.
Aspiration hazard: Not available.
Chronic effects: Prolonged inhalation may be
harmful.
Components Species Test Results:

Hydrochloric acid (CAS# 7647-01-0)
Rat - Inhalation LC50: 3124 ppm, (1 hour)

Rabbit - Dermal LD50: 5010 mg/kg
Section 12: Ecological Information
Ecotoxicity: Because of the low pH of this product, it would be

Expected to produce significant ecotoxicity upon
exposure to aquatic organisms and aquaticsystems.
Aquatic Toxicity: This material is toxic to fish and aquatic organisms.
Most aquatic species do not tolerate pH lower than
5.5 for any extended period.
Fish Toxicity: Fish LC50 Mosquito fish: 282 mg/l, 96 hours
Fish LC50 Bluegill: 3.6 mg/l, 48hours
Persistence and Degradability: Not biodegradable. Hydrochloric acid will likely be
neutralized to chloride by alkalinity present in
natural environment.
BioaccumulativePotential: No data available.
Mobility in Soil: Hydrochloric acid will be neutralized by naturally
occurring alkalinity. The acid will permeate soil,
dissolving some soil material and will then
neutralize.
Other Adverse Effects: No other adverse environmental effects (e.g.,
ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation.
Section 13: Disposal Considerations
Collect and reclaim or dispose in sealed containers at a properly licensed waste

disposal site. This material, if not neutralized, must be disposed of as hazardous waste. Do
not allow this material to drain into sewers/water supplies. Do not contaminate ponds,
waterways or ditches with chemical or used container. Dispose of contents/container in
accordance with local/regional/national or internationalregulations.
Section 14: Transport Information
50
Shipping:
Usual ShippingContainers: Tank cars, bulk tankers.
Usual Shelf Life: Indefinite (life ofcontainers).
Storage/TransportTemperatures: Ambient.
Suitable Storage:
Materials/Coatings: Teflon, Tygon, Rubber, PVC and
Polypropylene Materials.
D.O.T. Information:
Labeling: Corrosive
D.O.T. Identification Number: UN 1789
D.O.T. Shipping Name: Hydrochloric Acid
Hazard Class: 8
Packing Group: II
Hazard Guide: 157
Placard: UN 1789
Section 15: Regulatory Information
SARA 302 Components

No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III,
Section 302.
SARA 313 Components

The following components are subject to reporting levels established by SARA Title III,
Section 313:
Hydrochloric Acid CAS#: 7647-01-0
SARA 311/312 Hazards

Acute health hazard, reactive hazard.
Massachusetts Right to Know Components

Pennsylvania Right to Know Components

New Jersey Right to Know Components

California Prop. 65 Components

This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause
cancer, birth defects or anyother reproductive harm.
51
OSHA PSM/RMP Threshold for Accidental Release:
CAS# 7647-01-0 is regulated under OSHA PSM only if anhydrous HCl.
CAS# 7647-01-0 is regulated under EPA RMP only if > 37% HCl.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA):

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation Liability Act: (CERCLA)

Section 16: Other Information
NFPA Rating:
Health hazard: 3
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity Hazard: 1
This information is drawn from recognized sources believed to be reliable. ASHTA

Chemicals, Inc. makes no guarantees or assumes any liability in connection with this
information. The user should be aware of changing technology, research, regulations
and analytical procedures that may require changes herein. The above data is supplied
upon the condition that persons will evaluate this information and then determine its
suitability for their use. Only U.S.A. regulations apply to the above.
Version 1.0 For the new GHS SDS Standard Revision Date: 12/31/2014
Version 1.1 Graphics updated Revision Date: 3/9/2015
Version 1.2 Title updated Revision Date: 6/2/2015
Version 1.3 Section 9 changes Revision Date: 7/30/2015
Version 1.4 Section 1, 15 changes Revision Date: 4/15/2016
Version 1.5 Changed P501 text (Section 2) Revision Date: 6/15/2016
Version 1.6 Updated Section 2.0 Revision Date 4/20/2017
Removed Version, Updated Format Revision Date 5/16/2018
Updated Format Revision Date: 11/03/2020
E.2 Sodium hydroxide pellets
Product identifiers
Product Name: Sodium hydroxide pellets EMPROVE® ESSENTIAL Ph
Eur,BP,FCC,JP,NF,E 524
Product Number: 1.06482
Catalogue No. : 106482
Brand: Millipore
Index-No. : 011-002-00-6
REACH No. : 01-2119457892-27-XXXX
52
CAS-No. : 1310-73-2
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses: Cosmetic raw material, Food supplement, Food and
pharmaceutical industry
Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet

Company: Merck KGaA
Frankfurter Str. 250
D-64271 DARMSTADT
Telephone: +49 (0)6151 72-0
Fax: +49 6151 727780
E-mail address: TechnicalService@merckgroup.com
Emergency telephone number

Emergency Phone # : +(44)-870-8200418 (CHEMTREC (GB))
+(353)-19014670 (CHEMTREC Ireland)
001-803-017-9114 (CHEMTREC India)
Classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008

Corrosive to Metals (Category 1), H290
Skin corrosion (Sub-category 1A), H314
Serious eye damage (Category 1), H318
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Labelling according Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Pictogram
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H290 May be corrosive to metals.
Precautionary statement(s)
P234 Keep only in original packaging.
P260 Do not breathe dusts or mists.
P280 Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/
face protection/ hearing protection.
P303 + P361 + P353 IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all
contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water.
P304 + P340 + P310 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep
53
comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON
CENTER/ doctor.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
Supplemental Hazard None
Statements
Reduced Labeling (<= 125 ml)
Pictogram
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement(s)
P260 Do not breathe dusts or mists.
contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water.
P304 + P340 + P310 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep
comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON
CENTER/ doctor.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several
minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing.
Supplemental Hazard None
Statements
Other hazards
This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent,
bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at
levels of 0.1% or higher.
Formula: NaOH
Molecular weight: 40 g/mol
CAS-No. : 1310-73-2
EC-No. : 215-185-5
Index-No. : 011-002-00-6
54
Component Classification Concentration
sodium hydroxide
CAS-No.: Met. Corr. 1; Skin Corr. 1A; Eye Dam. 1; H290, H314, <= 100 %
1310-73-2 H318 Concentration limits: >= 5 %: Skin Corr. 1A, H314; 2
EC-No.: 215- - < 5 %: Skin Corr. 1B, H314; 0,5 - < 2 %: Skin Irrit. 2,
185-5 H315; 0,5 - < 2 %: Eye Irrit. 2, H319; >= 0,4 %: Met. Corr.
Index-No.: 1, H290;
011-002-00-6
General advice
First aiders need to protect themselves. Show this material safety data sheet to the
doctor in attendance.
If inhaled
After inhalation: fresh air. Call in physician.
In case of skin contact

In case of skin contact: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/ shower. Call a physician immediately.
In case of eye contact

After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water. Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
If swallowed
After swallowing: make victim drink water (two glasses at most), avoid vomiting (risk of
perforation). Call a physician immediately. Do not attempt to neutralise.
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed

The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed

No data available
Suitable extinguishing media

Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the
surrounding environment.
55
Unsuitable extinguishing media
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

Sodium oxides
Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.
Advice for firefighters

Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact
by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.
Further information
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet. Prevent fire
extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures

Advice for non-emergency personnel: Avoid inhalation of dusts. Avoid substance
contact. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency
procedures, consult an expert.
Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up

Cover drains. Collect, bind, and pump off spills. Observe possible material restrictions
(see sections 7 and 10). Take up dry. Dispose of properly. Clean up affected area. Avoid
generation of dusts.
Reference to other sections

For disposal see section 13.
Precautions for safe handling

For precautions see section 2.2.
Storage conditions
No aluminium, tin, or zinc containers. No metal containers.
Tightly closed. Dry.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.
Storage class
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8B: Non-combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
56
Personal protective equipment
Eye/face protection
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate
government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). Tightly fitting safety
goggles
Skin protection
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet,
supplied by us and for the designated use. When dissolving in or mixing with other
substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN374 please
contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves (e.g. KCL GmbH, D-36124 Eichenzell,
Internet: www.kcl.de).
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L
Splash contact
Body Protection
protective clothing
Respiratory protection
required when dusts are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following
standards: DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to
the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P2
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory
protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
57
These measures have to be properly documented.
Control of environmental exposure

Appearance Form: solid

Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: Not applicable
pH: ca.> 14 at 100 g/l at 20 °C
Melting point: 318 °C
Initial boiling point
and boiling range: 1.390 °C at 1.013 hPa
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or
explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 24 hPa at 20 °C
Vapor density: 1,38 - (Air = 1.0)
Density: 2,13 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: No data available
Water solubility: 1.090 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient
n-octanol/water: Not applicable for inorganic substances
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Relative vapor density: 1,38 - (Air = 1.0)
Reactivity
No data available
Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Possibility of violent reactions with:
Acetone, Chlorine, Ethylene oxide, Fluorine, Hydrogen halides, Hydrazine hydrate
hydroxylamine, Acid anhydrides, Acrolein, Acid chlorides, Acids, sulfuric acid,
58
Chloroform, Water, hydrogen peroxide, anhydrides, phosphides, halogen-halogen
compounds, trichloroethene
Decompose violently in contact with:

Organic Substances, hydrogen sulphide
Risk of ignition or formation of inflammable gases or vapours with:

powdered aluminium, Ammonium salts, persulfates, Sodium borohydride, phosphorus,
Oxides of phosphorus, Halogenated hydrocarbon, Light metals, Metals
Risk of explosion/exothermic reaction with:

Bromine, Calcium in powder form, furfuryl alcohol, Nitromethane, Peroxides, organic
nitro compounds, Nitriles, Acrylic monomers, Chloroform with Acetone, Nitrobenzene
with Methanol, Nitrobenzene with salts, magnesium, Zinc and Tin (in the presence of
atmospheric oxygen and/or moisture)
Conditions to avoid
no information available
Incompatible materials
Aluminum, brass, Metals, metal alloys, Zinc, Tin
Hazardous decomposition products

In the event of fire: see section 5
Acute toxicity
Oral: No data available
Symptoms: If ingested, severe burns of the mouth and throat, as well as a danger of
perforation of the esophagus and the stomach.
Symptoms: burns of mucous membranes, Cough, Shortness of breath, Possible
damages:, damage of respiratory tract
Dermal: No data available
Skin corrosion/irritation
Skin - Rabbit
Result: Causes burns.
Remarks: (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, Annex VI)
Serious eye damage/eye irritation

Eyes - Rabbit
Result: Causes serious eye damage.
(OECD Test Guideline 405)
Remarks: (Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, Annex VI)
Causes serious eye damage.
59
Respiratory or skin sensitization
Patch test: - In vitro study
Result: negative
Remarks: (ECHA)
Germ cell mutagenicity

No data available
Carcinogenicity
No data available
Reproductive toxicity
No data available
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure

No data available
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure
No data available
Aspiration hazard
No data available
Endocrine disrupting properties
Product:
Assessment: The substance/mixture does not contain
components considered to have endocrine
disrupting properties according to REACH Article
57(f) or Commission Delegated regulation (EU)
2017/2100 or Commission Regulation (EU)
2018/605 at levels of 0.1% or higher.
Effects: burning sensation, Cough, wheezing, laryngitis, Shortness
of breath, spasm, inflammation and edema of the larynx,
spasm, inflammation and edema of the bronchi,
pneumonitis, pulmonary edema,
Material is extremely destructive to tissue of the mucous membranes and upper

respiratory tract, eyes, and skin., To the best of our knowledge, the chemical,
physical, and toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated.
Other dangerous properties can not be excluded. Handle in accordance with good
industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Toxicity
60
Toxicity to fish LC50 - Gambusia affinis (Mosquito fish) - 125 mg/l
- 96 h
Remarks: (ECOTOX Database)
Toxicity to daphnia EC50 - Ceriodaphnia (water flea) - 40,4 mg/l - 48 h
and other aquatic Remarks: (ECHA)
invertebrates
Toxicity to bacteria EC50 - Photobacterium phosphoreum - 22 mg/l - 15 min
Remarks: (External MSDS)
Persistence and degradability

The methods for determining the biological degradability are not applicable to inorganic
substances.
Bioaccumulative potential
No data available
Mobility in soil
No data available
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment

Endocrine disrupting properties

Product:
Assessment : The substance/mixture does not contain components
considered to have endocrine disrupting properties
according to REACH Article 57(f) or Commission
Delegated regulation (EU) 2017/2100 or Commission
Regulation (EU) 2018/605 at levels of 0.1% or higher.
Other adverse effects

Harmful effect due to pH shift.
Forms corrosive mixtures with water even if diluted.
Neutralisation possible in waste water treatment plants.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Waste treatment methods
Product
See www.retrologistik.com for processes regarding the return of chemicals and
containers, or contact us there if you have further questions.
61
UN number
ADR/RID: 1823 IMDG: 1823 IATA: 1823
UN proper shipping name

ADR/RID: SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLID
IMDG: SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLID
IATA: Sodium hydroxide, solid
Transport hazard class(es)

ADR/RID: 8 IMDG: 8 IATA: 8
Packaging group
ADR/RID: II IMDG: II IATA: II
Environmental hazards
ADR/RID: no IMDG Marine pollutant: no IATA: no
Special precautions for user

No data available
Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance

or mixture
This material safety data sheet complies with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No.
1907/2006.
Other regulations
Take note of Dir 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work.
Chemical Safety Assessment

A Chemical Safety Assessment has been carried out for this substance.
Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.
H290 May be corrosive to metals.

H315 Causes skin irritation.
H318 Causes serious eye damage.
H319 Causes serious eye irritation.
Further information
62
The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and
shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the
present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to
appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of
the product. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation and its Affiliates shall not be held liable for any
damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See
www.sigma-aldrich.com and/or the reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional
terms and conditions of sale.
Copyright 2020 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. License granted to make unlimited paper copies
for internal use only.
The branding on the header and/or footer of this document may temporarily not visually
match the product purchased as we transition our branding. However, all of the
information in the document regarding the product remains unchanged and matches the
product ordered. For further information please contact mlsbranding@sial.com.
Version 8.8 Revision Date 29.10.2021 Print Date 18.11.2021
E.3 Potassium hydrogen phthalate
Product identifiers
Product name: Potassium hydrogen phthalate
Product Number : P1088
Brand : Sigma-Aldrich
CAS-No. : 877-24-7
Identified uses: Laboratory chemicals, Manufacture of substances

Company: Sigma-Aldrich
3050 Spruce Street
SAINT LOUIS MO 63103
USA
Telephone : +1 800-325-5832
Fax : +1 800-325-5052
Emergency telephone number

Emergency Phone # : +1-703-527-3887 (CHEMTREC)
Classification of the substance or mixture

Not a hazardous substance or mixture.
63
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Not a hazardous substance or mixture.
Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) or not covered by GHS

none
Substances
Synonyms: KHP
Potassium biphthalate
Potassium phthalate monobasic
Phthalic acidmonopotassium salt
Potassium hydrogen phthalate
Formula: C8H5KO4
Molecular weight: 204.22 g/mol
CAS-No. : 877-24-7
EC-No. : 212-889-4
No components need to be disclosed according to the applicable regulations.
Description of first aid measures
General advice
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration.

Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.

Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
If swallowed
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water.

The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling
64
No data available

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Carbon oxides, Potassium oxides

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Further information
No data available

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist
or gas. Avoid breathing dust.
For personal protection see section 8.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in
suitable, closed containers for disposal.


Avoid formation of dust and aerosols.
Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Normal
measures for preventive fire protection.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities,

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Specific end use(s)
Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated
65
Components with workplace control parameters

Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Appropriate engineering controls

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands
before breaks and at the end of workday.
Eye/face protection
government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact
with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with
applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Full contact
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Material tested:Dermatril® (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Material tested:Dermatril® (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
data source: KCL GmbH, D-36124 Eichenzell, phone +49 (0)6659 87300, e-mail
sales@kcl.de, test method:
EN374
If used in solution, or mixed with other substances, and under conditions which
differ from EN 374, contact the supplier of the CE approved gloves. This
recommendation is advisory only and must be evaluated by an
industrial hygienist and safety officer familiar with the specific situation of
anticipated use by our customers. It should not be construed as offering an approval
for any specific use scenario.
Body Protection
Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of
dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protective
66
equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the
dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of
dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use
respirators and components tested and approved under
appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Do not let product enter drains

Odour: No data available
Odour Threshold: No data available
pH: 4
Melting point/range: 295 - 300 °C (563 - 572 °F) - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapour pressure: No data available
Vapour density: No data available
Relative density: 1.640 g/cm3
Water solubility: soluble
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: No data available
Auto-ignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Reactivity
No data available
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Possibility of hazardous reactions

No data available
67
Conditions to avoid
No data available
Strong oxidizing agents

Other decomposition products - No data available
Acute toxicity
LD50 Oral - Rat - > 3,200 mg/kg
Inhalation: No data available
No data available

No data available
Respiratory or skin sensitisation

No data available

No data available
Carcinogenicity
IARC: No component of this product present at levels greater than or
equal to 0.1% is identified as probable, possible or confirmed human
carcinogen by IARC.
ACGIH: No component of this product present at levels greater than or
equal to 0.1% is identified as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen
by ACGIH.
NTP: No component of this product present at levels greater than or
equal to 0.1% is identified as a known or anticipated carcinogen by
NTP.
OSHA: No component of this product present at levels greater than or
equal to 0.1% is identified as a carcinogen or potential carcinogen
by OSHA.
No data available
68
No data available

No data available
Aspiration hazard
No data available
Additional Information
RTECS: CZ4326000
Nausea, Vomiting, To the best of our knowledge, the chemical, physical, and
toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated.
Toxicity
No data available

No data available
No data available
Mobility in soil
No data available

PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not
conducted

No data available
Product
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contaminated packaging
Dispose of as unused product.
DOT (US)
Not dangerous goods
69
IMDG
Not dangerous goods
IATA
Not dangerous goods
SARA 302 Components

No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III,
Section 302.
SARA 313 Components

This material does not contain any chemical components with known CAS numbers that
exceed the threshold (De Minimis) reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section
313.
SARA 311/312 Hazards

No SARA Hazards
Massachusetts Right To Know Components

No components are subject to the Massachusetts Right to Know Act.
Pennsylvania Right To Know Components

CAS-No.877-24-7
Revision Date
New Jersey Right To Know Components

CAS-No. 877-24-7
Revision Date
California Prop. 65 Components

This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause
cancer, birth defects, or any other reproductive harm.
HMIS Rating
Health hazard: 1
Chronic Health Hazard:
Flammability: 0
Physical Hazard: 0
70
NFPA Rating
Health hazard: 0
Fire Hazard: 0
Reactivity Hazard: 0
Further information
Copyright 2014 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. License granted to make unlimited paper copies
for internal use only. The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport
to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is
based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard
to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties
of the product. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation and its Affiliates shall not be held liable for
any
damage resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See
www.sigma-aldrich.com and/or the reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional
terms and conditions of sale.
Preparation Information
Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
Product Safety – Americas Region
1-800-521-8956
Version: 5.2 Revision Date: 08/21/2014 Print Date: 01/23/201
E.4 Glacial acetic acid
Product identifier
Product name: ACETIC ACID GLACIAL
CAS-No.: 64-19-7
Product code: AR1002, BP1002, EP1002, GP1002, LC1002, RP1002,
SM1002, VL1002
Identified uses: Chemical for analysis and production.

Company: RCI LABSCAN LIMITED.
24 Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
Telephone number: (662) 613-7911-4
Fax number: (662) 613-7915
Emergency Telephone Number

Emergency phone: (662) 613-7911-4
71

Flammable liquid and vapour (Category 3), H226
Skin corrosion (Category 1A), H314
Serious eye damage (Category 1), H318
Labelling according Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Pictogram
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H226 Flammable liquid and vapour.
P210 Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames
and other ignition sources. No smoking.
P233 Keep container tightly closed.
P240 Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.
P242 Use non-sparking tools.
P243 Take action to prevent static discharges.
P260 Do not breathe fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P264 Wash hand thoroughly after handling.
P280 Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye
protection/face protection.
P301 + P330 + P331 IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].
P304 + P340 IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep
comfortable for breathing.
P305 + P354 + P338 IF IN EYES: Immediately rinse with water for several
minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to
do.
P316 Get emergency medical help immediately.
P363 Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P403 + P235 Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
72
Substances
Synonyms: Acetic acid, Ethanoic acid, Ethylic acid, Methane carboxylic acid,
Vinegar acid.
CAS-No EC-No EC-Index-No Formula Molecular
Weight Weight%
64-19-7 200-580-7 607-002-00-6 CH3COOH 60.05 g/mol <=100
Hazardous ingredients according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Acetic acid
CAS-No: 64-19-7 Flammable liquid (Category 3), <= 100 %

EC-No: 200-580-7 EC-Index-No: 607- H226
002-00-6 Skin corrosion (Category 1A),
H314
Serious eye damage (Category 1),
H318
Description of first aid measures

General advice Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Inhalation Move to fresh air in case of accidental inhalation of vapors.
Keep patient warm. In case of shortness of breath, give
oxygen. Apply artificial respiration only if patient is not
breathing or under medical supervision. No artificial
aspiration mouth to mouth or mouth to nose. Use suitable
instruments/apparatus.
Skin contact Remove contaminated clothing and wash affected skin
with soap and water. Dab with polyethylene glycol 400.
Obtain medical attention. If signs of poisoning appear, treat
as for inhalation. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
Contaminated combustible material, e.g. clothing ignites
more readily and burns fiercely.
Eye contact If the substance has got into the eyes, immediately wash
out with plenty of water at least 15 minutes. Obtain medical
attention.
Ingestion Rinse mouth. Do not induce vomiting. Keep patient warm.
In case of shortness of breath, give oxygen. Apply artificial
respiration only if patient is not breathing or under medical
supervision. No artificial aspiration mouth to mouth or
73
mouth to nose. Use suitable instruments/apparatus. Obtain
medical attention. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person.

The most important known symptoms and effects are described in section 2 and section
11.

After swallowing: make victim drink water (two glasses at the most), avoid vomiting (risk
of perforation). Immediately call in physician. Do not attempt to neutralize.

Extinguish with carbon dioxide, dry chemical, foam or water spray. In the event of fire,
cool tanks with water
spray.

Combustible. Vapors heavier than air. Vapors may form explosive mixture with air at
ambient temperature. Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapors possible
in the event of fire. The following may develop in event of fire: Acetic acid vapors.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective suit.
Further information
Standard procedure for chemical fires.

Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Do not breathe vapors or spray mist. Remove all
sources of ignition. Wear a positive-pressure supplied-air respirator, flame retardant
antistatic protective clothing. Shut off leaks if without risk. Keep people away from and
upwind of spill/leak.
Contain or absorb leaking liquid with sand or earth, consults an expert. Prevent liquid
entering sewers, basements and workpits. If substance has entered a water course or
sewer or contaminated soil, advise police.

Spillage: May react with combustible substances creating fire or explosion hazard and
formation of toxic fumes. Take necessary action to avoid static electricity discharge
74
(which might cause ignition of organic vapors). Soak up with inert absorbent material
(e.g. sand, silica gel or chemical absorbent pads). Prevent liquid entering sewers,
basements and workpits; vapor may create explosive atmosphere. Transfer to covered
steel drums. Dispose of promptly.

For disposal see Section 13.

Keep container tightly closed. Take necessary action to avoid static electricity discharge
(which might cause ignition of organic vapors). Use only in area provided with
appropriate exhaust ventilation. Do not breathe vapors or spray mist. Avoid contact with
skin, eyes and clothing. Do not empty into drains.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities

Keep tightly closed in a dry, cool and well-ventilated place. Keep away from heat and
sources of ignition. Keep out of direct sunlight and away from incompatible materials.
Store in original container. Electrical equipment should be protected to the appropriate
standard. Requirements for containers, no metal containers.
Specific end use(s)

Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated.
Control parameters
Derived No Effect Level (DNEL)
Application Area Health Effects Exposure Value
Worker Acute Local effects Inhalation 25 mg/m³
Worker Long-term Local effects Inhalation 25 mg/m³
Consumer Acute Local effects Inhalation 25 mg/m³
Consumer Long-term Local effects Inhalation 25 mg/m³
Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)

Compartment Value
Fresh water 3.058 mg/l
Fresh water sediment 11.36 mg/kg
Marine water 0.3058 mg/l
Marine sediment 1.136 mg/kg
Aquatic intermittent release 30.58 mg/l
Sewage treatment plant 85 mg/l
Exposure controls
75
The product should only be used in areas from which all naked lights and other
sources of ignition have been excluded. Ventilation hoods and fans required when
working with organic solvents or in hot melt applications.
Individual protection measures (Personal protective equipment, PPE)

Eye/face protection
Goggles giving complete protection to eyes.
Skin protection
Chemical resistant apron / flame retardant antistatic protective clothing, heavy
duty work shoes.
Handle with gloves
- Full contact wears gloves from butyl rubber material.
- Splash contact wears gloves from natural latex material.
The select protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive
89/686 EEC and standard EN 374 derived from it.
In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment. Required
when vapor/aerosols are generated filter E-(P2) (EN 141 or EN 14387).
Environmental exposure controls

Prevent liquid entering sewers, basements and workpits.
Appearance Form: Liquid

Color: Colorless
Odour: Pungent
Odour Threshold: Not Available
pH: 2.5 at 50g/l (H2O) at 20ºC
Melting point/range: 17°C
Boiling point/range: 118°C
Flash point: 39 ºC (closed cup)
Evaporation rate: Not Available
Flammability (solid, gas): Not Available
Explosion limits: lower: 4 %(V)
upper: 19.9 %(V)
Vapor Pressure: 15.4 hPa at 20ºC
Relative Vapor Density: 2.07
Density: 1.05 g/ml at 20ºC
Water solubility: Soluble at 20ºC
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water): log Pow: -0.17
Auto-Ignition temperature: 485 ºC
Decomposition Temperature: Not Available
Viscosity: 1.22 mPa.s at 25ºC
76
Explosive properties: Not Explosive
Oxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is not classified as
oxidizing.
Reactivity
In flammable. Incompatible with various metals.
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Risk of explosion in contact with hydrogen peroxide, chromium (VI)-oxide, potassium
permanganate, sodium peroxide, perchloric acid, phosphorus trichloride.
The substance polymerize in contact with acetaldehyde.
The substance can react dangerously with alcohols, strong oxidizing agents, strong lyes,
alkali hydroxide, strong acids, nitric acid, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium nitrate (heat),
bromine pentafluoride,
chlorosulfuric acid, dichromate-sulfuric acid, diaminoethane, acetic anhydride, ethylene
glycol, potassium-tert. Butoxide, oleum Iron, Zinc, magnesium, Mild steel.
Conditions to avoid
Strong heating, temperature <0 ºC
Anhydrides/water, aldehydes, alcohols, halogen-halogen compounds, oxidizing agent,
chromium(VI)-oxide, potassium permanganate, peroxide compounds, perchloric acid,
chromosulfuric acid, metal (iron, zinc, magnesium are generation of hydrogen), alkali
hydroxides, nonmetallic halides, ethanolamine. Incompatible with various metals.

Acetic acid vapors, carbon monoxides, carbon dioxides (Hazardous decomposition
products from under fire condition).
Information on toxicological effects

Acute toxicity
LD50 (oral, rat): 3310 mg/kg
LC50 (inhalation, rat): 11.4 mg/l/4 h
Acute oral toxicity

Burns in oesophagus and stomach. Gastric spasms, bloody vomiting, dyspnoea. Risk of
perforation in the esophagus and stomach. Pulmonary failure pis ossible after aspiration
of vomit. Shock, cardiovascular failure, acidosis, Damage of kidneys.
77
Acute inhalation toxicity
Irritation symptoms in the respiratory tract. Pneumonia bronchitis. Inhalation may lead to
the formation of oedemas in the respiratory tract.
Burns

Burns of mucous membranes. Risk of blindness and corneal clouding.

Not Available

Bacterial mutagenicity; Salmonella typhimurium is negative.
Carcinogenicity
Not Available
Not Available
Teratogenicity
No teratogenic effect in animal experiments.
Specific target organ toxicity (STOT) - single exposure

Not Available
Specific target organ toxicity (STOT) - repeated exposure

Not Available
Aspiration hazard
Not Available
Further information
Systemic effects: gastric spasms, bloody vomiting, dyspnea, perforation in the
oesophagus and stomach, shock, cardiovascular failure, acidosis. Damage of kidneys.
Toxicity
Toxicity to fish LC50 L. macrochirus: 75 mg/l/96h
Toxicity to daphnia EC50 Daphnia magna: 47 mg/l /24h
and other aquatic invertebrates
Toxicity to algae IC5 Sc.quadricauda: 4000 mg/l/16h
78
Toxicity to bacteria EC5 Ps. Putida: 2850 mg/l /16h
EC5 Protozoa: E.sulcatum: 78 mg/l/72 h

Biodegradability 99%/30 d, Readily biodegradable.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 880 mg/g/5d.
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) log Pow: -0.17
Mobility in soil
Not Available

Biological effects; Harmful effect on aquatic organisms. Harmful effect due to pH shift.
Caustic even in diluted form. Do not allow to enter waters, waste water or soil.
Waste treatment methods

Product
There are no uniform EC Regulations for the disposal of chemicals or residues.
Chemical residues generally count as special waste. The disposal of the latter is
regulated in the EC member countries through corresponding law and regulations. We
recommend that you contact either the authorities in charge or approved waste disposal
companies which will advise you on how to dispose of special waste or burn in chemical
incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as
this material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental
regulations.
Contaminated packaging
Disposal in compliance with official regulations. Handle contaminated packaging as
hazardous waste in the same way of the substance itself. If not officially specified
differently, non-contaminated packaging may be treated like household waste or recycled.
Land Transport (ADR/RID)

UN Number 2789
UN proper shipping name ACETIC ACID GLACIAL
Transport hazard class(es) 8 (3)
Packing group II
Environmental hazards No
Special precautions for user Yes
Sea transport (IMDG)
79
UN Number 2789
Packing group II
Marine pollutant No
Special precautions for user Yes
EmS F-E S-C
Air transport (IATA)

UN Number 2789
Packing group II
Environmental hazards No
Special precautions for user No
River transport (AND/ADNR)

(Not examined)
This safety datasheet complies with the requirements of Globally Harmonized System of
Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance

or mixture
Not Available

For this product a chemical safety assessment was not carried out.
Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3

H226 Flammable liquid and vapour.
Recommended restrictions
Take notice of labels and safety data sheets for the working. Chemicals Take necessary
action to avoid static electricity discharge.
Reference
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).
Labelling according to EC Directives 67/548 EEC and Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008.
Transportation information according to Recommendations on the Transport of
Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations. Twelfth revised edition. United Nations.
80
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance in
Sankt Augustin/Germany,
Source: IFA for Databases on hazardous substances (GESTIS).
Further information
Contact to RCI Labscan Limited.
Revision Date
01/05/2021
E.5 Ethyl alcohol

Product identifier Ethyl Alcohol 190 Proof

Other means of identification
Synonyms Ethyl Alcohol 92-98% ; Ethanol
Recommended use General purpose solvent.
Recommended restrictions Use in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations.
Manufacturer/Importer/Supplier/Distributor information
Company Name Greenfield Global USA Inc.
Address 1101 Isaac Shelby Drive
Shelbyville, KY 40065
USA
Telephone 502.232.7600
Fax 502.633.6100
Company Name Greenfield Global USA Inc.

Address 58 Vale Road
Brookfield, CT 06804
USA
Telephone 203.740.3471
Fax 203.740.3481
Emergency phone number

USA CHEMTREC: 1.800.424.9300 (CCN 17213)
International CHEMTREC: +1.703.527.3887 (CCN 17213)
Physical hazards Flammable liquids Category 2

Health hazards Serious eye damage/eye irritation Category 2
OSHA defined hazards Not classified.
Label elements
81
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement Highly flammable liquid and vapor. Causes
serious eye Irritation.
Precautionary statement Prevention Keep away from
heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No
smoking. Keep container tightly
closed. Ground/bond container and
receiving equipment. Use explosion-proof
electrical/ventilating/lighting equipment.
Use only non-sparking tools. Take
precautionary
measures against static discharge. Wash
thoroughly after handling. Wear protective
gloves/eye protection/face protection.
Response If on skin (or hair): Take off immediately all
contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/shower.
If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for
several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If
eye irritation persists: Get medical
advice/attention. In case of fire:
Use appropriate media to extinguish.
Storage Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
Disposal Dispose of contents/container in
accordance with
local/regional/national/international
regulations.
Mixtures
Chemical name CAS number %
Ethyl alcohol 64-17-5 92 - 98
Water 7732-18-5 2-8
All concentrations are in percent by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Inhalation
82
Move to fresh air. Call a physician if symptoms develop or persist.
Skin contact
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower. Get
Medical attention if irritation develops and persists.
Eye contact
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact
lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Get medical attention if irritation
develops and persists.
Ingestion
Rinse mouth. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.
Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed

Headache. Severe eye irritation. Symptoms may include stinging, tearing, redness,
swelling, and blurred vision. Coughing.
Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed

Provide general supportive measures and treat symptomatically. Thermal burns: Flush
with water immediately. While flushing, remove clothes which do not adhere to affected
area. Call an ambulance. Continue flushing during transport to hospital. Keep victim
under observation. Symptoms may be delayed.
General information
Take off all contaminated clothing immediately. Ensure that medical personnel are aware
of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. Wash
contaminated clothing before reuse. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in
attendance.

Water fog. Alcohol resistant foam. Dry chemical powder. Carbon dioxide (CO2).

Do not use water jet as an extinguisher, as this will spread the fire.
Specific hazards arising from the chemical

Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel considerable distance to
a source of ignition and flash back. During fire, gases hazardous to health may be
formed. Combustion products may include: carbon oxides..
Special protective equipment and precautions for firefighters

Self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing must be worn in case of
Fire.
83
Fire fighting equipment/instructions
In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes. Move containers from fire area if
you can do so without risk. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Specific methods
Use standard firefighting procedures and consider the hazards of other involved
materials.
General fire hazards

Highly flammable liquid and vapor.

Keep unnecessary personnel away. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak.
Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks, or flames in immediate area).
Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up. Do not touch
damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Local authorities should be advised if
significant spillages cannot be contained. For personal protection, see section 8 of the
SDS.

Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks, or flames in immediate area).
Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Take
precautionary measures against static discharge. Use only non-sparking tools. This
product is miscible in water.
Large Spills: Stop the flow of material, if this is without risk. Dike the spilled material,
where this is possible. Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite, sand or earth to
soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal. Following product
recovery, flush area with water.
Small Spills: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
Containers for later disposal. Wipe up with absorbent material (e.g. cloth, fleece). Clean
surface thoroughly to remove residual contamination.
Never return spills to original containers for re-use. For waste disposal, see section 13 of
the SDS.
Avoid discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground.
84
Do not handle, store or open near an open flame, sources of heat or sources of ignition.
Protect material from direct sunlight. When using do not smoke. Explosion-proof general
and local exhaust ventilation. Take precautionary measures against static discharges. All
equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Use non-sparking tools and
explosion-proof equipment. Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid prolonged exposure. Wear
appropriate personal protective equipment. Observe good industrial hygiene practices.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities

Keep away from heat, sparks and open flame. Prevent electrostatic charge build-up by
using common bonding and grounding techniques. Store in a cool, dry place out of direct
sunlight. Store in tightly closed container. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep in an area
equipped with sprinklers. Store away from incompatible materials (see Section 10 of the
SDS).
Occupational exposure limits

US. OSHA Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants (29 CFR 1910.1000)
Components Type Value
Ethyl alcohol (CAS 64-17-5) PEL 1900 mg/m3
1000 ppm
US. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values

Ethyl alcohol (CAS 64-17-5) STEL 1000 ppm
US. NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Ethyl alcohol (CAS 64-17-5) TWA 1900 mg/m3
1000 ppm
Biological limit values

No biological exposure limits noted for the ingredient(s).

Explosion-proof general and local exhaust ventilation. Good general ventilation should be
used. Ventilation rates should be matched to conditions. If applicable, use process
enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to maintain airborne
levels below recommended exposure limits. If exposure limits have not been established,
maintain airborne levels to an acceptable level. Provide eyewash station and safety shower.
Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment

Eye/face protection Chemical goggles are recommended.
Skin protection
Hand protection Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves. Nitrile, butyl
85
rubber or neoprene gloves are recommended. Other suitable
gloves can be recommended by the glove supplier. Be aware
that the liquid may penetrate the gloves. Frequent change is
advisable.
Other Wear appropriate chemical resistant clothing.
Respiratory protection If engineering controls do not maintain airborne
concentrations below recommended exposure limits (where
applicable) or to an acceptable level (in countries where
exposure limits have not been established), an approved
respirator must be worn.
Thermal hazards Wear appropriate thermal protective clothing, when
necessary.
General hygiene considerations When using do not smoke. Always observe
good personal hygiene measures, such as
washing after handling the material and
before eating, drinking, and/or smoking.
Routinely wash work clothing and protective
equipment to remove contaminants.
Appearance
Physical state Liquid
Form Liquid
Color Clear liquid; invisible vapor.
Odor Sweet. Alcohol-like
Odor Threshold Not available
pH Not available
Melting point/freezing point -175 - -124.6 °F (-115 - -87 °C)
Initial boiling point and boiling range 172.4 - 176 °F (78 - 80 °C)
Flash point 59.0 - 68.0 °F (15.0 - 20.0 °C) closed
cup
Evaporation rate Expected to be rapid.
Flammability (solid, gas) Not applicable
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits
Flammability limit - lower (%) 3.3 % (for 100% Ethanol)
Flammability limit - upper (%) 19 % (for 100% Ethanol)
Vapor pressure 59.5 hPa (for 100% Ethanol) (68 °F
(20 °C))
Vapor density 1.6
Relative density 0.796 - 0.825 g/ml (77 °F (25 °C))
Solubility (water) Miscible
Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) Not available.
Auto-ignition temperature 685.4 °F (363 °C) (for 100%
Ethanol)
Decomposition temperature Not available.
86
Viscosity Not available.
Other information
Explosive properties Not explosive.
Molecular formula C2H60 (Ethanol) H2O (Water)
Molecular weight 18.02 g/mol (Water)
46.07 g/mol (Ethanol)
Oxidizing properties Not oxidizing
Reactivity The product is stable and non-reactive

under normal conditions of use, storage and
transport.
Chemical stability Material is stable under normal conditions.
Possibility of hazardous reactions Hazardous polymerization does not occur
Conditions to avoid Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks,
open flames and other ignition sources.
Avoid temperatures exceeding the flash
point. Contact with incompatible materials.
Incompatible materials Strong oxidizing agents.
Hazardous decomposition products No hazardous decomposition products are
known.
Information on likely routes of exposure

Inhalation Prolonged inhalation may be harmful.
Skin contact Prolonged skin contact may cause
temporary irritation.
Eye contact Causes serious eye irritation.
Ingestion Expected to be a low ingestion hazard.
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics

Headache. Severe eye irritation. Symptoms may include stinging, tearing, redness,
swelling, and blurred vision. Coughing.
Information on toxicological effects

Acute toxicity
Components Species Test Results
Ethyl alcohol (CAS 64-17-5)
Acute Inhalation
Vapor
LC50 Rat 117 - 125 mg/l, 4 Hours
Oral
LD50 Rat 10470 mg/kg
87
Skin corrosion/irritation Prolonged skin contact may
cause temporary irritation.
Serious eye damage/eye irritation Causes serious eye irritation
Respiratory sensitization Not a respiratory sensitizer
Skin sensitization This product is not expected
to cause skin sensitization.
Germ cell mutagenicity No data available to indicate
product or any components
present at greater than 0.1%
are mutagenic or genotoxic.
Carcinogenicity Not classifiable as to
carcinogenicity to humans.
IARC Monographs. Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity
Not listed
NTP Report on Carcinogens
Not listed
OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1053)
Not regulated.
Reproductive toxicity This product is not expected
to cause reproductive or
developmental effects.
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure Not classified.
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Not classified.
Aspiration hazard Not an aspiration hazard
Chronic effects Prolonged inhalation may be
Harmful.
Ecotoxicity The product is not classified as environmentally

hazardous. However, this does not exclude the possibility
that large or frequent spills can have a harmful or damaging
effect on the environment.
Components Species Test Results
Aquatic
Algae EC10 Freshwater algae 11.5 mg/l, 72 hours
EC50 Freshwater algae 275 mg/l, 72 hours
Marine water algae 1900 mg/l
NOEC Marine water algae 1580 mg/l
Fish LC50 Freshwater fish 11200 mg/l, 24 hours
NOEC Freshwater fish 250 mg/l
Invertebrate EC50 Freshwater invertebrate 5012 mg/l, 48 hours
Marine water invertebrate 857 mg/l, 48 hours
88
NOEC Freshwater invertebrate 9.6 mg/l, 10 days
Marine water invertebrate 79 mg/l, 96 hours
Other EC50 Lemna minor 4432 mg/l, 7 days
NOEC Lemna minor 280 mg/l, 7 days
Other
Micro-organisms LC50 Micro-organisms 5800 mg/l, 4 hours
Terrestial
Plant EC50 Terrestrial plant 633 mg/kg dw
Persistence and degradability No data is available on the degradability of

this product.
Bioaccumulative potential No data available for this product.
Mobility in soil This product is miscible in water.
Other adverse effects No other adverse environmental effects
(e.g. ozone depletion, photochemical ozone
creation potential, endocrine disruption,
global warming potential) are expected from
this component.
Disposal instructions Collect and reclaim or dispose in sealed

containers at licensed waste disposal site.
Incinerate the material under controlled
conditions in an approved incinerator. Do not
incinerate sealed containers. Dispose of
contents/container in accordance with
local/regional/national/international
regulations.
Disposal instructions Dispose in accordance with all applicable
regulations.
Hazardous waste code The waste code should be assigned in
discussion between the user, the producer and
the waste disposal company.
Waste from residues / unused products Dispose of in accordance with local
regulations. Empty containers or liners may
retain some product residues. This material
and its container must be disposed of in a safe
manner (see: Disposal instructions).
Contaminated packaging Since emptied containers may retain
product residue, follow label warnings even
after container is emptied. Empty containers
should be taken to an approved waste
handling site for recycling or disposal.
89
DOT
UN number UN1170
UN proper shipping name Ethanol solution
Class 3
Subsidiary risk -
Label(s) 3
Packing group II
Marine pollutant No.
Special precautions for user Read safety instructions, SDS and
emergency procedures before handling.
Special provisions 24, IB2, T4, TP1
Packaging exceptions 4b, 150
Packaging non bulk 202
Packaging bulk 242
IATA
UN number UN1170
UN proper shipping name Ethanol Solution
Class 3
Subsidiary risk -
Packing group II
Environmental hazards No.
ERG Code 3L
IMDG
UN number UN1170
UN proper shipping name ETHANOL SOLUTION
Class 3
Subsidiary risk -
Packing group II
Marine pollutant No.
EmS F-E, S-D
Transport in bulk according to Not established.
Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and
the IBC Code
90
US federal regulations This product is a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined
by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29
CFR 1910.1200.
TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt. D)
Not regulated.
CERCLA Hazardous Substance List (40 CFR 302.4)
Not listed.
SARA 304 Emergency release notification
Not regulated.
OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1053)
Not regulated.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)
SARA 302 Extremely hazardous substance
Not listed.
SARA 311/312 Hazardous chemical No
Classified hazard categories Flammable (gases, aerosols,
liquids, or solids) Serious eye
damage or eye irritation
SARA 313 (TRI reporting)
Not regulated.
Other federal regulations
Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) List
Not regulated.
Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR
68.130)
Not regulated.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Not regulated.
FEMA Priority Substances Respiratory Health and Safety in the
Flavor Manufacturing Workplace
Ethyl alcohol (CAS 64-17-5) Low priority
US state regulations
US. Massachusetts RTK - Substance List
US. New Jersey Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act

US. Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know Law

US. Rhode Island RTK

California Proposition 65
91
California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 2016 (Proposition
65): This material is not known to contain any chemicals currently listed as
carcinogens or reproductive toxins. For more information go to
www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
International Inventories
Country(s) or region Inventory name On inventory
(yes/no)*
Australia Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS) Yes
Canada Domestic Substances List (DSL) Yes
Canada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL) No
China Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (IECSC) Yes
Europe European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Yes
Substances (EINECS)
Europe European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS) No
Japan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS) Yes
Korea Existing Chemicals List (ECL) Yes
New Zealand New Zealand Inventory Yes
Philippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Yes
Substances (PICCS)
Taiwan Taiwan Chemical Substance Inventory (TCSI) Yes
United States Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Yes
& Puerto Rico
*A "Yes" indicates this product complies with the inventory requirements administered by
the governing country(s).
A "No" indicates that one or more components of the product are not listed or exempt
from listing on the inventory administered by the governing country(s).

Issue date 21-August-2018
Revision date
Version # 01
HMIS® ratings Health: 2
Flammability: 3
Physical hazard: 0
Disclaimer Greenfield Global USA, Inc. cannot anticipate all
conditions
under which this information and its product, or the products
of other manufacturers in combination with its product, may
be used. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure safe
conditions for handling, storage and disposal of the product,
and to assume liability for loss, injury, damage or expense
due to improper use. The information in the sheet was
written based on the best knowledge and experience
currently available.
92
E.6 Ethyl acetate
Product Name Ethyl acetate

Cat No. : E151-1; E151-4; XXE151RS200; NC1188978
Synonyms No information available
Recommended Use Laboratory chemicals.
Uses advised against Food, drug, pesticide or biocidal product use

Company
Fisher Scientific Company
One Reagent Lane
Fair Lawn, NJ 07410
Tel: (201) 796-7100
Emergency Telephone Number Chemtrec US: (800) 424-9300

Chemtrec EU: 001-703-527-3887
Classification
This chemical is considered hazardous by the 2012 OSHA Hazard Communication
Standard (29 CFR 1910.1)
Flammable liquids Category 2

Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation Category 2
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure) Category 3
Target Organs - Central nervous system (CNS).
Label Elements
Signal Word Danger
Hazard Statements
Highly flammable liquid and vapor
Causes serious eye irritation
May cause drowsiness or dizziness
Precautionary Statements
93
Prevention
Obtain special instructions before use
Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood
Use personal protective equipment as required
Wash face, hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling
Wear eye/face protection
Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapors/spray
Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area
Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking
Keep container tightly closed
Ground/bond container and receiving equipment
Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting equipment
Use only non-sparking tools
Take precautionary measures against static discharge
Keep cool
Response
IF exposed or concerned: Get medical attention/advice
Inhalation
IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for
breathing
Skin
IF ON SKIN (or hair): Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/shower
Eyes
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present and easy to do. Continue rinsing
If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention
Fire
In case of fire: Use CO2, dry chemical, or foam for extinction
Storage
Store locked up
Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed
Disposal
Dispose of contents/container to an approved waste disposal plant
Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC)

Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
94
Component CAS No Weight %
Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 74-76
Eye Contact Rinse immediately with plenty of water, also under

the eyelids, for at least 15 minutes.
Skin Contact Wash off immediately with plenty of water for at
least 15 minutes.
Inhalation Remove to fresh ai
Ingestion Do NOT induce vomiting. Most important
symptoms
And effects
Most important symptoms Difficulty in breathing. . Symptoms of overexposure
and effects may be headache, dizziness, tiredness, nausea
and vomiting: Inhalation of high vapor
concentrations may cause symptoms like
headache, dizziness, tiredness, nausea and vomiting
Notes to Physician Treat symptomatically
Suitable Extinguishing Media Water mist may be used to cool closed containers.
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media No information available
Flash Point -5 °C / 23 °F
Method Based on available literature
Autoignition Temperature No information available
Explosion Limits
Upper No data available
Lower No data available
Sensitivity to Mechanical Impact No information available
Sensitivity to Static Discharge No information available
Specific Hazards Arising from the Chemical
Flammable. Containers may explode when heated. Vapors may form explosive mixtures
with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back.
Hazardous Combustion Products

None known.
Protective Equipment and Precautions for Firefighters

As in any fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH
(approved or equivalent) and full
protective gear.
NFPA
95
Health 2
Flammability 3
Instability 0
Physical hazards N/A
Personal Precautions Remove all sources of ignition. Take

precautionary measures against static
discharges.
Environmental Precautions Do not flush into surface water or sanitary
sewer system. See Section 12 for additional
Ecological Information.
Methods for Containment and Clean Up Remove all sources of ignition. Use
spark-proof tools and explosion-proof
equipment. Take precautionary measures
against static discharges.
Handling Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces and sources of
ignition. Use only non-sparking tools. To avoid ignition of vapors
by static electricity discharge, all metal parts of the equipment must
be grounded. Take precautionary measures against static discharges.
Use spark-proof tools and explosion-proof equipment.
Storage Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Flammables area.
Incompatible Materials. Strong oxidizing agents.
Exposure Guidelines
Component ACGIH OSHA PEL NIOSH IDLH Mexico OEL

TLV (TWA)
Ethyl TWA: 400 (Vacated) TWA: 400 IDLH: 2000 ppm TWA: TWA: 400
acetate ppm ppm 400 ppm TWA: 1400 ppm
(Vacated) TWA: mg/m3
1400 mg/m3
TWA: 400 ppm
TWA: 1400 mg/m3
Legend:
ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
96
NIOSH IDLH: NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Engineering Measures
Ensure that eyewash stations and safety showers are close to the workstation location.
Ensure adequate ventilation, especially in confined areas. Use explosion-proof
electrical/ventilating/lighting equipment.
Personal Protective Equipment

Eye/face Protection Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or
chemical safety goggles as described by
OSHA's eye and face protection regulations
in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard
EN166.
Skin and body protection Wear appropriate protective gloves and
clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respiratory protection Follow the OSHA respirator regulations
found in 29 CFR 1910.134 or European
Standard EN 149. Use a NIOSH/MSHA or
European Standard EN 149 approved
respirator if exposure limits are exceeded or
if irritation or other symptoms are
experienced.
Hygiene Measures Handle in accordance with good industrial
hygiene and safe
Physical State Liquid

Appearance Colorless
Odor No information available
Odor Threshold No information available
pH No information available
Melting Point/Range No data available
Boiling Point/Range No information available
Flash Point -5 °C / 23 °F
Method - Based on available literature
Evaporation Rate No information available
Flammability (solid,gas) Not applicable
Flammability or explosive limits
Upper No data available
Lower No data available
Vapor Pressure No information available
Vapor Density No information available
Density 0.87
Specific Gravity No information available
Solubility miscible
97
Partition coefficient; n-octanol/water No data available
Autoignition Temperature No information available
Decomposition Temperature No information available
Viscosity No information available
Reactive Hazard None known, based on information available

Stability Stable under normal conditions. Conditions to
Avoid Keep away from open flames, hot surfaces
and sources of ignition.
Incompatible Materials Strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous Decomposition Products None under normal use conditions
Hazardous Polymerization Hazardous polymerization does not occur.
Hazardous Reactions None under normal processing.
Acute Toxicity
Product Information
Oral LD50 Based on ATE data, the classification criteria are not met. ATE >
2000 mg/kg.
Dermal LD50 Based on ATE data, the classification criteria are not met. ATE >
2000 mg/kg.
Vapor LC50 Based on ATE data, the classification criteria are not met. ATE >
20 mg/l.
Component Information
Component LD50 Oral LD50 Dermal LC50
Inhalation
Ethyl acetate 10,200 mg/kg ( Rat ) > 20 mL/kg ( Rabbit ) 58 mg/l (rat; 8 h)
> 18000 mg/kg ( Rabbit )
Toxicologically Synergistic Products No information available

Delayed and immediate effects as well as chronic effects from short and long-term
Exposure
Irritation No information available
Sensitization No information available
Carcinogenicity The table below indicates whether each agency has listed
any ingredient as a carcinogen.
Component CAS No IARC NTP ACGIH OSHA Mexico
Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 Not listed Not listed Not listed Not listed Not listed
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer)
98
Group 1 - Carcinogenic to Humans
Group 2A - Probably Carcinogenic to Humans
Group 2B - Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans
NTP: (National Toxicity Program) NTP: (National Toxicity Program)
Known - Known Carcinogen
Reasonably Anticipated - Reasonably Anticipated to be a Human Carcinogen
ACGIH: (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists)
A1 - Known Human Carcinogen
A2 - Suspected Human Carcinogen
A3 - Animal Carcinogen
Mutagenic Effects No information available

Reproductive Effects No information available.
Developmental Effects No information available.
Teratogenicity No information available.
STOT - single exposure Central nervous system (CNS)
STOT - repeated exposure None known
Aspiration hazard No information available
Symptoms / effects,both acute and delayed Symptoms of overexposure may be

headache, dizziness, tiredness, nausea
and vomiting: Inhalation of high
vapor concentrations may cause
symptoms like headache, dizziness,
tiredness, nausea and vomiting
Endocrine Disruptor Information No information available
Other Adverse Effects The toxicological properties have not
been fully investigated.
Ecotoxicity
Contains no substances known to be hazardous to the environment or that are not
degradable in waste water treatment plant
Component Freshwater Freshwater Fish Microtox Water Flea

Algae
Ethyl EC50 = 3300 Fathead minnow: LC50: 230 EC50 = 1180 EC50 = 717
acetate mg/L/48h mg/l/ 96h Gold orfe: LC50: mg/L 5 min mg/L/48h
270 mg/L/48h EC50 = 1500
mg/L 15 min
EC50 = 5870
mg/L 15 min
99
EC50 = 7400
mg/L 2 h
Persistence and Degradability Miscible with water Persistence is unlikely

based on information available.
Bioaccumulation/ Accumulation Not likely to bioaccumulate.
Mobility Will likely be mobile in the environment due
to its volatility.
Waste Disposal Methods

Chemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded chemical is classified
as a hazardous waste. Chemical waste generators must also consult local, regional, and
national hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and
RCRA - U Series Wastes U112
DOT
UN-No UN1993
Proper Shipping Name Flammable liquid, n.o.s.
Technical Name Ethylacetate
Hazard Class 3
Packing Group II
TDG
UN-No UN1993
Hazard Class 3
Packing Group II
IATA
UN-No UN1993
Hazard Class 3
Packing Group II
IMDG/IMO
UN-No UN1993
Hazard Class 3
Packing Group II
United States of America Inventory
100
US EPA (TSCA) Listed
TSCA Inventory notification Active
International Inventories
Canada (DSL/NDSL) Listed
Europe (EINECS/ELINCS/NLP) 205-500-4
Philippines (PICCS) Listed
Japan (ENCS) Listed
Japan (ISHL) Listed
Australia (AICS) Listed
China (IECSC) Listed
Korea (KECL) KE-00047
U.S. Federal Regulations
SARA 313 Not applicable
SARA 311/312 Hazard Categories See section 2 for more
Information
CWA (Clean Water Act) Not applicable
Clean Air Act Not applicable
OSHA Not applicable
CERCLA Not applicable
U.S. State Right-to-Know Regulations
Massachusetts Listed
New Jersey Listed
Pennsylvania Listed
Illinois –
Rhode Island Listed
U.S. Department of Transportation
Reportable Quantity (RQ): Y
DOT Marine Pollutant N
DOT Severe Marine Pollutant N
U.S. Department of Homeland Security This product does not contain any DHS
chemicals.
Prepared By Regulatory Affairs

Thermo Fisher Scientific
Email: EMSDS.RA@thermofisher.com
Creation Date 05-Oct-2015
Revision Date 24-Dec-2021
Print Date 24-Dec-2021
Revision Summary This document has been updated to comply with the US
OSHA HazCom 2012 Standard replacing the current
legislation under 29 CFR 1910.1200 to align with the
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling
of Chemicals (GHS).
101
E.7 Concentrated hydrochloric acid
SDS Name: Hydrochloric Acid Concentrated

Catalog Numbers: SO-236
Company Identification: ROWLEY BIOCHEMICAL
10 ELECTRONICS AVENUE
DANVERS, MA 01923
For information, call: 978-739-4883
Emergency Number: 800-424-9300
For CHEMTREC assistance, call: 800-424-9300
GHS Classifications Category

H290-Corrosive to metals: 1
H300-Acute toxicity, oral: 1
H314-Skin corrosion/irritation: 1B
H318-Serious eye damage/eye Irritation: 1
H330-Acute toxicity, inhalation: 2
H335-Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation: 3
Pictograms or Hazard Symbols and Hazard Statement(s):
Hazard Statements:
H290-May be corrosive to metals
H300-Fatal if swallowed
H314-Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
H318-Causes serious eye damage
H330-Fatal if inhaled
H335-May cause respiratory irritation (target organs: respiratory tract)
Precautionary Statements:
P234-Keep only in original container.
P260-Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261-Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
102
P264-Wash thoroughly after handling.
P270-Do not eat, drink, or smoke when using this product.
P271-Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P280-Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P284-Wear respiratory protection.
P301+P310-If swallowed: Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
P301+P330+P331-If swallowed: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P303+P361+P353-If on skin (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated
clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower.
P304+P340-If inhaled: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position
comfortable for breathing.
P305+P351+P338-If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove
contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P310-Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
P312-Call a poison center or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P330-Rinse mouth.
P363-Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P390-Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P403+P233-Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P405-Store locked up.
P406-Store in corrosive resistant container with a resistant inner liner.
P501-Dispose of contents/container in accordance with
local/regional/national/international regulations.
CAS# Chemical Name Percent

7647-01-0 Hydrochloric Acid 36-38 v/v
7732-18-5 Water balance
Eye Exposure:
Corrosive to naked eye; in case of contact flush eyes well for 15 minutes,
lifting the lower and upper eyelids occasionally. May cause permanent eye damage or
blindness. Seek immediate medical attention.
Dermal Exposure: Obtain medical attention; corrosive to exposed skin. In case of skin
contact, flush with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. May cause deep and penetrating burns. Seek
immediate medical advice.
Oral Exposure: If exposed, seek immediate medical advice. Will cause severe burns to
the mouth and severe and permanent damage to the digestive tract. Causes
gastrointestinal burns and perforation of the digestive tract. Do not induce vomiting; give
large quantities of water.
Inhalation Exposure: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. Seek immediate medical attention.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Inhalation of vapors may cause coughing,
103
choking, inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. In severe cases, it
may cause pulmonary edema, circulatory failure, and death.
General Information:
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in pressure-demand,
MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full protective gear. During
a fire, irritating gases may be generated by thermal decomposition or combustion.
Extinguishing media: Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, dry sand, water spray or
alcohol-resistant foam. Hazardous Combustion Products: Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
gas, irritating toxic fumes and gases.
Flash Point: Not available
Autoignition Temperature: Not available
Explosion Limits, Lower: Not available
Upper: Not available
NFPA Rating: (estimated) Health: 3; Flammability: 0; Instability: 0
Note: Corrosive material. Causes burns by all exposure routes. Corrosive to the
respiratory system. Inhalation may lead to the formation of oedemas in the respiratory
tract, damages of respiratory tract, and tissue damage. Fatal if inhaled. Ingestion causes
severe swelling, severe damage to the tissue and danger of perforation. Fatal if
swallowed. Causes serious eye damage and risk of blindness. Contact with skin causes
severe burns.
Procedure(s) of Personal Precaution(s):

Wear personal protective equipment. Do not ingest or inhale. Do not get on skin or
clothing. Do not get in eyes. Ensure adequate ventilation.
Methods for Cleaning up:
Absorb with sand, earth, or vermiculite. Carefully sweep up
and containerize for proper disposal. Do not release to the environment. Do not release
to drains.
Use care when handling. Wear personal protective equipment. Ensure adequate ventilation.
Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not ingest or inhale. Do not get on skin or clothing.
Do not get in eyes. Store in a tightly-closed container at in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area.
Corrosive material. Keep away from incompatible materials.
Note: Corrosive material. Causes burns by all exposure routes. Corrosive to the respiratory
system. Inhalation may lead to the formation of oedemas in the respiratory tract, damages
of respiratory tract, and tissue damage. Fatal if inhaled. Ingestion causes severe swelling,
104
severe damage to the tissue and danger of perforation. Fatal if swallowed. Causes serious
eye damage and risk of blindness. Contact with skin causes severe burns.
Engineering Controls:
Use explosion-proof ventilation equipment. Facilities storing or
utilizing this material should be equipped with an eyewash facility and a safety shower.
Use adequate general or local exhaust ventilation to keep airborne concentrations below
the permissible exposure limits.
Personal Protective Equipment

Eyes:
Wear appropriate protective eyeglasses or chemical safety goggles as described by
OSHA's eye and face protection regulations in 29 CFR 1910.133 or European Standard
EN166.
Skin:
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin exposure.
Clothing:
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators:
A respiratory protection program that meets OSHA's 29 CFR 1910.134 and
ANSI Z88.2 requirements or European Standard EN 149 must be followed whenever
workplace conditions warrant a respirator's use.
Exposure Limits:
Chemical Name ACGIH NIOSH OSHA - Final PELs
Hydrochloric acid Ceiling: 2 50 ppm IDLH Ceiling: 5 ppm Ceiling:

CAS#7647-01-0 ppm Ceiling: 5 ppm Ceiling: 7 mg/m3
7 mg/m3
OSHA Vacated PELS: Hydrochloric acid: 5 ppm Ceiling; 7 mg/m3 Ceiling
Physical State: Liquid

Appearance: Clear, colorless
Odor: Pungent
Vapor Pressure: Not available
Odor threshold: Not available
Vapor Density: 1.27
pH: <1
Relative density: Not available
Melting point/freezing point: -30 degrees Celcius
105
Solubility: Soluble in water
Boiling Point: 57 degrees Celcius
Flash point: Not available
Evaporation Rate: Not available
Flammability (solid, gas): Not available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Auto-ignition temperature: Not available
Decomposition temperature: Not available
Viscosity: Not available
Specific Gravity/Density: Not available
Chemical Stability: Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.

Conditions to avoid: Incompatible materials, ignition sources, excess heat,
freezing.
Incompatibilities with Other Materials: Strong oxidizing agents and reducing
agents. Metals, bases, sodium hypochlorite,
amines, fluorine, cyanides, alkalies,
permanganates, fluorine, metal acetylides.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen gas, irritating
toxic fumes and gases.
CAS#7647-01-0 Hydrochloric Acid: RTECS#: MW4025000

LD50 Oral: 238-277 mg/kg (rat)
LD50 Dermal: >5010 mg/kg (rabbit)
LC50 Inhalation: 1.68 mg/L (rat) 1h
Carcinogenicity:
Hydrochloric Acid CAS# 7647-01-0 is not listed by IARC, NTP, ACGIH, or
OSHA, or California Prop 65.
Carcinogenicity: Not available

Epidemiology: Not available
Teratogenicity: Not available
Reproductive Effects: Not available
Developmental Effects: Not available
Neurotoxicity: Not available
Mutagenicity: Not available
Specific Target Organ Toxicity, Single Exposure: Respiratory tract
Specific Target Organ Toxicity, Repeated Exposure: Not available
The toxicological properties of this material have not been thoroughly investigated.
Note: Corrosive material. Causes burns by all exposure routes. Corrosive to the
106
respiratory system. Inhalation may lead to the formation of oedemas in the respiratory
tract, damages of respiratory tract, and tissue damage. Fatal if inhaled. Ingestion causes
severe swelling, severe damage to the tissue and danger of perforation. Fatal if
swallowed. Causes serious eye damage and risk of blindness. Contact with skin causes
severe burns.
Ecotoxicity: Do not release to the environment. Do not release to drains. Harmful to

aquatic life.
CAS#7647-01-0 Hydrochloric Acid:

LC50, freshwater fish: 282 mg/L 96h (gambusia affinis – mosquito fish)
EC50, water flea: 56 mg/L 72h (daphnia)
Persistence and degradability: Not available

Bio-accumulative potential: Not available
Mobility: Will likely be mobile in the environment due to its water solubility.
DISPOSAL: Dispose of in accordance with all federal, state, and local regulations.
DOT
Class 8
PG II
UN 1789
Shipping Name: Hydrochloric Acid Solution
Canada Regulatory Information

WHMIS Classification: This product has been classified in accordance with the hazard
criteria of the CPR, and the SDS contains all the information required by the CPR.
SDS Creation Date: 5-11-12

Revision #1: 4-10-13 MH
Revision #2: 11-30-21
E. 8 Phenolphthalein
107
Product identifiers
Product name : Phenolphthalein indicator ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Product Number : 1.07233
Catalogue No. : 107233
Brand : Millipore
Index-No. : 604-076-00-1
REACH No. : 01-2119498295-24-XXXX
CAS-No. : 77-09-8
Identified uses: Reagent for analysis

Company: Merck KGaA
Frankfurter Str. 250
D-64271 DARMSTADT
Telephone : +49 (0)6151 72-0
Fax : +49 6151 727780
E-mail address : TechnicalService@merckgroup.com
Emergency telephone
Emergency Phone # : +(44)-870-8200418 (CHEMTREC (GB))
+(353)-19014670 (CHEMTREC Ireland)
001-803-017-9114 (CHEMTREC India)
Classification of the substance or mixture

Germ cell mutagenicity (Category 2), H341
Carcinogenicity (Category 1B), H350
Reproductive toxicity (Category 2), H361f
Label elements
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
Pictogram
Signal word Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H341 Suspected of causing genetic defects.
H350 May cause cancer.
H361f Suspected of damaging fertility.
P201 Obtain special instructions before use.
108
P202 Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read
and understood.
P308 + P313 IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/ attention.
P501 Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste
disposal plant.
Supplemental Hazard none
Statements
Restricted to professional users.
Other hazards
Substances
Formula: C20H14O4
Molecular weight: 318,33 g/mol
CAS-No. : 77-09-8
EC-No. : 201-004-7
Index-No. : 604-076-00-1
phenolphthalein Included in the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC)
according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH)
CAS-No. 77-09- Skin Irrit. 2; Muta. 2; Carc. 1B; Repr. 2; H315, H341, <= 100 %
8 H350, H361f Concentration limits: >= 1 %: Carc. 1B,
EC-No. 201- H350; 2, H319; >= 0,4 %: Met. Corr. 1, H290;
004-7
Index-No. 604-
076-00-1
General advice
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
109
If inhaled
After inhalation: fresh air. Call in physician.

Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with
water/ shower. Consult a physician.

After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water. Call in ophthalmologist. Remove contact
lenses.
If swallowed
After swallowing: immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). Consult a
physician.

The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling

No data available

Water Foam Carbon dioxide (CO2) Dry powder

For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Carbon oxides
Combustible.
Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire.

Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact
by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.
Further information
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water
system.

Advice for non-emergency personnel: Avoid generation and inhalation of dusts in all
circumstances. Avoid substance contact. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate the
110
danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
For personal protection see section 8.

Cover drains. Collect, bind, and pump off spills. Observe possible material restrictions
(see sections 7 and 10). Take up carefully. Dispose of properly. Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.

Advice on safe handling

Work under hood. Do not inhale substance/mixture.
Hygiene measures
Immediately change contaminated clothing. Apply preventive skin protection. Wash
hands and face after working with substance.
Storage conditions
Tightly closed. Dry. Keep in a well-ventilated place. Keep locked up or in an area
accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.
Storage class
Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1D: Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous
materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects
Specific end use(s)

Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated

Eye/face protection
government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). Safety glasses
Skin protection
111
Full contact

supplied by us and for the designated use. When dissolving in or mixing with
other substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN374
please contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves (e.g. KCL GmbH, D-36124
Eichenzell, Internet: www.kcl.de).
Splash contact
Body Protection
protective clothing
required when dusts are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the
following standards: DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards
relating to the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P3
The entrepreneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of

respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the
producer. These measures have to be properly documented.

Color: white
Odor odorless
Odor Threshold Not applicable
pH No data available
112
Melting point: ca.263,7 °C at ca.1.013 hPa - OECD
Test
Guideline 102
Initial boiling point
and boiling range > 450 °C at 1.013 hPa - OECD Test
Guideline 103
Flash point No data available
Evaporation rate No data available
Flammability (solid, gas) The product is not flammable. -
Flammability (solids)
Upper/lower flammability or
explosive limits No data available
Vapor pressure < 0,1 hPa at 50 °C - OECD Test Guideline
104
Vapor density No data available
Density 1,27 g/cm3 at 32 °C
Relative density ca.1,29 at 20,6 °C - OECD Test Guideline
109
Water solubility 0,00336 g/l at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline
105- slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 0,9 at 25 °C - OECD Test
Guideline 117 -
Bioaccumulation is not expected.
Autoignition temperature 397 °C
- Relative self-ignition temperature for solids
Decomposition temperature No data available
Viscosity Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties No data available
Oxidizing properties none
Bulk density 350 - 450 kg/m3
Surface tension 71,8 mN/m at 3.000g/l at 20 °C
- OECD Test Guideline 115
Particle size 56,6 µm
- OECD Test Guideline 110 - Mean particle size
Reactivity
The following applies in general to flammable organic substances and mixtures: in
correspondingly fine distribution, when whirled up a dust explosion potential may
generally be assumed.
Chemical stability
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
Violent reactions possible with:
113
Strong oxidizing agents
Conditions to avoid
no information available
No data available

Acute toxicity
Oral: No data available
Inhalation: No data available
Skin - reconstructed human epidermis (RhE)
Result: irritating - 42 min

Eyes - In vitro study
Result: non-corrosive - 4 h

Local lymph node assay (LLNA) - Mouse
Result: Not a skin sensitizer.
Suspected of causing genetic defects.
Test Type: Ames test
Test system: Salmonella typhimurium
Metabolic activation: with and without metabolic activation
Method: OECD Test Guideline 471
Result: negative
Carcinogenicity
No data available
Suspected of damaging fertility.
114
No data available

No data available
Aspiration hazard
No data available
Additional Information
Repeated dose toxicity - Rat - male and female - Oral - 13 Weeks - NOAEL (No
observed adverse effect level) - 800 mg/kg
To the best of our knowledge, the chemical, physical, and toxicological properties have
not been thoroughly investigated.
After uptake of large quantities:

Nausea
Vomiting
Gastrointestinal disturbance
Fever
cardiovascular disorders
CNS disorders
The substance has a laxative effect.

Other dangerous properties can not be excluded.
This substance should be handled with particular care.
Toxicity
Toxicity to daphnia and other aquatic Invertebrates
static test EC50 - Daphnia magna (Water flea) - > 100 mg/l - 48 h
Toxicity to algae
static test ErC50 - Desmodesmus subspicatus (green algae) - > 3,33 mg/l - 72 h
static test NOEC - Desmodesmus subspicatus (green algae) - 0,57 mg/l - 72 h


Biodegradability aerobic - Exposure time 28 d
Result: 76 % - Readily biodegradable.
(OECD Test Guideline 301F)
115
Remarks: The 10 day time window criterion is not fulfilled.
No data available
Mobility in soil
No data available


No data available
Product
See www.retrologistik.com for processes regarding the return of chemicals and
containers, or contact us there if you have further questions.
UN number
ADR/RID: - IMDG: - IATA:
-
UN proper shipping name

ADR/RID: Not dangerous goods
IMDG: Not dangerous goods
IATA: Not dangerous goods

ADR/RID: - IMDG: - IATA: -
Packaging group
ADR/RID: - IMDG: - IATA: -
ADR/RID: no IMDG Marine pollutant: no IATA: no
Special precautions for user

Further information
Not classified as dangerous in the meaning of transport regulations.
116
Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the

substance or mixture
This material safety data sheet complies with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No.
1907/2006.
Authorisations and/or restrictions on use
REACH - Restrictions on the manufacture, : phenolphthalein
placing on the market and use of certain
dangerous substances, preparations and articles
(Annex XVII)
REACH - Candidate List of Substances of Very : phenolphthalein

High Concern for Authorisation (Article 59).
Other regulations
Observe work restrictions regarding maternity protection in accordance to Dir 92/85/EEC
or stricter national regulations where applicable.
Take note of Dir 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work.

For this product a chemical safety assessment was not carried out.
Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.

H315 Causes skin irritation.
H341 Suspected of causing genetic defects.
H350 May cause cancer.
H361f Suspected of damaging fertility.
Further information
The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive
and shall be used only as a guide. The information in this document is based on the
present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the product with regard to appropriate
safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the product.
Sigma-Aldrich Corporation and its Affiliates shall not be held liable for any damage
resulting from handling or from contact with the above product. See www.sigma-
aldrich.com and/or the reverse side of invoice or packing slip for additional terms and
conditions of sale.
Version 7.4
Revision Date 11.09.2021
Print Date 11.09.2021
117

3734 - Module 1 Unit 2

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3734 - Module 1 Unit 2

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HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA

A Laboratory Report Presented to the

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course:

LABORATORY REPORT EVALUATION SHEET

Laboratory Course: CHE 2221L Physical Schedule: M 10:30-1:30

Contents Total Points Remarks Score

Evaluated by: Date:

Chemical equilibrium is the state wherein the concentration of reactants and

HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate, b) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Water, c) 5 mL 3N HCl

+ 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water, d) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Ethanol, e) 5

mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid, and f) 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL

increase in the concentration of the reactant for the equilibrium.

Keywords: Chemical Equilibrium, Homogeneous Chemical Equilibria, Equilibrium

TABLE OF CONTENTS/ LIST OF TABLES/ LIST OF FIGURES ii

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 8

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 13

a. List and Uses of Apparatus 19

e. Material Safety Data Sheet 44

Table 3.2 Determination for the mole of Water 10

Figure 2.1 Methodology of the Experiment 4

equilibrium can be classified as homogenous or heterogenous. Homogenous equilibrium happens

it depends on the temperature.

The addition of excess reactants or products in a given equilibrium mixture can be

presence of products tends to decrease the extent of conversion of reactants to products.

In chemical equilibrium, the chemical equation is a useful key in the calculation of

equilibrium constant. Equilibrium constant, Kc is the ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of

the representation of how the equilibrium constant is being calculated or solved.

of molarity (or atm for Kp).

mixture contains appreciable amounts of both reactants and products.

standardization. Here titration, a chemical qualitative analysis technique, is executed to determine

Preparation of Apparatus and Reagents

3N Hydrochloric 0.500N NaOH Rinse the burette

Stopper standing for atleast 24 hours to 1

Experimentation: Titration Rough Titration

Figure 2.1 Methodology of the Experiment

• One (1) 1000 mL beaker • One (1) watch glass

• Fifteen (15) 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks • One (1) pipetol

• Five (5) weighing bottles • One (1) burette

• One (1) stirring rod • One (1) iron stand

• Twelve (12) corks • Fifteen (15) 250 mL volumetric

Preparation of Reagents flask

• Distilled water • Glacial acetic acids

• Hydrochloric acid • Ethyl alcohol

• Sodium hydroxide pellets • Ethyl acetate

• Potassium hydrogen Phthalate • Concentrated hydrochloric acid

prepare 1000mL of 0.5N NaOH solution.

were mixed for the students to be titrated:

a. 5 mL 3N HCl + 5 mL Ethyl acetate

b. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Water

c. 5 mL 3N HCl + 2 mL Ethyl acetate + 3 mL Water

d. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Ethanol

e. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethyl acetate + 1 mL Acetic acid

f. 5 mL 3N HCl + 4 mL Ethanol+ 1 mL Acetic acid

Preparation of Titration Set-up

tap allowing to run out the titrant from the burette.

is seen in the solution.

to demonstrate how homogeneous equilibrium is reached through the determination of equilibrium

through the equation

Wt. Ethyl Mol of Ethyl

Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468

Ethyl acetate + 3 mL 3 1.7880 0.0203 0.5468

Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468

Ethyl acetate + 1 mL 3 3.5880 0.0407 0.5468