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PANCHSHEEL PUBLIC SCHOOL, HARI NAGAR EXTN.NEW DELHI-44

A PROJECT ON MATHEMATICS

Topic: Formation of differential equation

to explain the process of cooling of boiled
water to a given room temperature.

 Name: Vikrant Chaudhary

 Class: 12
th

 Roll no.:

 Assigned by : Mr. Bipin joshi

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This is to certify that Nitesh Kumar Mishra,

student of class “XII” has
successfully completed the research
project on the topic : formation of
differential equation to explain the
process of cooling of boiled water to a
given room temperature. according to
the syllabus prescribed By CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
(CBSE), Under the guidance of Mr. Bipin
joshi (maths teacher) for academic session
2021- 2022

SUBJECT TEACHER SIGNATURE

Vice principal SIGNATURE

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Acknowledgement

In the accomplishment of this project

successfully, many people have best
owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able
to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank my principal
and maths teacher Mr. bipin joshi whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success his suggestions and his
instruction has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of
the project. Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various
phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
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Contents

Introduction

Cooling with no temperature input

Cooling with temperature input

Home heating

Bibiliography
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Introduction
In this project, I will show you some of the examples of building
differential equations for cooling & heating. As we know in Governing
Equation page, the most important step for cooling/heating case as
well is to figure out proper governing equation (governing law).
The fundamentals of Cooling problem is based on Newton’s Law of
Cooling.

Newton's law of cooling states that the rate of heat loss of a body
is directly proportional to the difference in the temperatures between
the body and its environment. The law is frequently qualified to
include the condition that the temperature difference is small and the
nature of heat transfer mechanism remains the same. As such, it is
equivalent to a statement that the heat transfer coefficient, which
mediates between heat losses and temperature differences, is a
constant. This condition is generally met in heat conduction (where
it is guaranteed by Fourier's law) as the thermal conductivity of
most materials is only weakly dependent on temperature. In convective
heat transfer, Newton's Law is followed for forced air or pumped fluid
cooling, where the properties of the fluid do not vary strongly with
temperature, but it is only approximately true for buoyancy-driven
convection, where the velocity of the flow increases with temperature
difference. Finally, in the case of heat transfer by thermal radiation,
Newton's law of cooling holds only for very small temperature
differences.
When stated in terms of temperature differences, Newton's law (with
several further simplifying assumptions, such as a low Biot number
and a temperature-independent heat capacity) results in a simple
differential equation expressing temperature-difference as a function
of time. The solution to that equation describes an exponential
decrease of temperature-difference over time. This characteristic
decay of the temperature-difference is also associated with Newton's
law of cooling.
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COOLING WITH NO TEMPERATURE INPUT

This example can be the most simplest case of Cooling problem and it would show
you the essense of
Newton's Law of cooling. The situation can be illustrated as shown below. Let's
assume that you have a hot drink (like hot coffee) and put it on the table and put a
thermometer in it and let it alone for several hours. You would know (from
experience) that the temperature will gradually decrease. This example would
explain how the temperature would change.

The governing equation for this case can be illustrated as below. Try to follow each and
every parts including all the arrows in this illustration and comments, and you would
automatically get a differential equation for the situation.
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If you just convert the governing law shown above into a matehmatical form, you would get
the differential equation as shown below.
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Cooling with temperature input

This example is just a little extension to previous example. In this situation, a

simple heat source is added. So you would have two factors influencing on the
system. One factor is removing heat (cooling) and the other factor is adding heat
(heating). The situation can be illustrated as shown below.

The governing equation for this case can be illustrated as below. Try to follow
each and every parts including all the arrows in this illustration and comments,
and you would automatically get a differential equation for the situation.
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If you just convert the governing law shown above into a matehmatical form, you would get
the differential equation as shown below.
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Home heating
This example would show you a more realistic case but would look much more complicated
than the examples shown above. However, don't get scared of it just by the complexity.
However complicated a situation look, you can always break the situation into several
component which is simple enough for you to attack. Once you get the several simple
blocks, just figure out the governing equation for each of the simple block and figure out the
differential equation for it.
When you complete building the differential equation for all the simpler component blocks,
you can simply put all those equations together and get a complete system equation.

The situatioin we have to solve is to deduce the mathematical model to represent the
temperature over time inside a house. It can be illustrated as shown below. This house is
made up of several sectors - Basement, Main Floor,Attic and Surrounding Air. Each of these
components has a couple of boundaries with the other components and each of the
boundary has different heat tranfer rate.

First, let's deduce the differential equation for the basement. It can be illustrated as shown
below. Try to follow each and every parts including all the arrows in this illustration and
comments, and you would automatically get a differential equation for the situation.
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If you combine all the factors described in the illustration into an equation, you would get a
differential equation as shown below.

Next, let's deduce the differential equation for the Main Floor. It can be illustrated as shown
below. Try to follow each and every parts including all the arrows in this illustration and
comments, and you would automatically get a differential equation for the situation.
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If you combine all the factors described in the illustration into an equation, you would get a
differential equation as shown below.

First, let's deduce the differential equation for the Attic. It can be illustrated as shown
below. Try to follow each and every parts including all the arrows in this illustration and
comments, and you would automatically get a differential equation for the situation.
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If you combine all the factors described in the illustration into an equation, you would get a
differential equation as shown below.

Now if you just put together all the individual equations for each individual component, you
would get a system equation (simultaneous equation) as shown below.
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BIBILIOGRAPHY

 Ncert class 12 maths

th

 Laxmi publications practical

lab manual
 Class 11 physics
th

 Www.google .com