Department of Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering Design 2A (GROUP REPORT)

Authors

Names
S.N Mntungwa (21901179)

L.P Manickum (21750179)

Z.K Ntanzi (21625072)

TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY STUDY OF CASTOR OIL PRODUCTION

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Chemical Engineering Design 2A at

Durban University of Technology in the department of Chemical Engineering.

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Production of castor oils

Current status of a castor oil

Figure 1: word consumption of castor oils

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Figure 2: Gujarat Castor seed production

Charts 1, and 2

The castor oil costs spike 23% in globe advertise, lower contribution of castor oil showcase
in India, the world's biggest maker of ware, has pushed up the cost of castor oil in the
universal markets, by 32.07 percent from a year prior.

As indicated by industry heads, the cost of castor oil in the worldwide market has contacted
$ 1,300 for each tonn a year prior,. In a household advertise, its costs has move by 27
percent to Rs 1,150 for each 10 kg from Rs 900 every year back, through the local market is
exceptionally little as contrasted and the abroad interest

"In schedule year 2020" we don't anticipate that fare should go up contrasted and 2019,
when the nation had traded 5.5-6 lakh huge amounts of castor oil. It might even be less this
year because of a lack in gracefully of castor seeds. India represents 85 percent of the
worldwide castor seed yield. Its creation in kharif 2018 has been pegged at 11.16 lakh tons
contrasted and 14.16 lakh tons in kharif 2017. Gujarat is the top cultivator of the oilseed
while Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are other driving makers. Castor, a long
length kharif crop, is planted in July-August and collected in December-January.Current
statues of castor oil.

Advantage of castor oil

 Castor oil contains nutrients E, proteins and Omega 6 fats

 Castor oil is likewise known for its enemy of bacterial properties
 It is a remedy for lovely hair and graceful skin
 Castor oil fundamental to advance injury recuperating
 Castor oil is an amazing Anti-Inflammatory Effects
 Castor oil when treated appropriately it can decreases Acne.
 Castor oil is additionally utilized as a material for battling Fungus
 Castor oil assumes a significant job, in keeping hair and scalp sound

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Production of castor oils

Figure 1: castor plant flow diagram

Extraction or castor oil

Castor oil can be removed from castor seeds by dissolvable extraction, mechanical
squeezing of a blend of both. Mechanical squeezing is disadvantageous as it can just
concentrate about 45% of the oil. This implies the remainder of the oil in the cake should
again be extricated by a dissolvable and consequently causing twofold work, increment in
extraction costs and accordingly the procedure become naturally hostile. By and large,
castor seeds contains somewhere in the range of 45 and 55% oil by weight contingent upon
the assortments geological area and the technique for extraction.

The remarkable properties and assorted uses of castor oil and its subordinates makes castor
oil well known and significantly more significant among vegetable oils. The nearness of ester

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linkage, a twofold bond and the hydroxyl bunch in ricinoleic corrosive kindnesses the oil as
an appropriate sustainable asset for some substance responses, changes and changes. The
nearness of carboxylic gathering for instance, permit change of castor oil by means of a few
responses, for example, esterification, amidation while the nearness of twofold bond, bears
the change of the oil

Expansion of hydrogen to the unsaturated fat within the sight of nickel of palladium impetus
change the fluid ricinoleic corrosive into semi-strong immersed 12-hdroxysterearic corrosive.
The semi-strong soaked ricinoleic corrosive is a significant material in ventures and in gum
or polymer blends. The oil has high dissolving point, improved capacity characteristics, taste,
and smell. Besides, the hydrogenated oil has an improved oxidative and warm solidness. A
decent quality hydrogenated castor with high hydroxyl worth and low iodine esteem is
acquired at 423 K, 1.034 ×106 Pa, in 5 h with 2% (weight of oil) Raney nickel impetus.
Hydrogenation of castor oil at low weight (1.96-2.45 ×105) and low temperature (398-408 K)
requires high focus. Castor oil hydrogenation should likewise be possible by synergist move
hydrogenation (CTH). Reactant move hydrogenation has advantage in that it can use natural
atoms as hydrogen contributors at surrounding weight and moderate temperatures. Besides,
no extraordinary reactors are required and the dissolvable is utilized as hydrogen benefactor
alongside a chose impetus. The CTH procedure utilizing Pd/C impetus and distinctive
hydrogen giver solvents have likewise been accounted for soy, sunflower, and castor oils.

Figure 3: the cosmetic chemist of castor bean

Hydrolysis of castor oil

Hydrolysis of castor oil by moderate expansion of castor oil to 80% harsh arrangement
(sodium hydroxide) produces ricinoleic corrosive and glycerol. After warming at 523 K within
the sight of NaOH, sebacic corrosive (a 10 carbon dicarboxylic corrosive) and capryl liquor
(2-octanol) are delivered. Both sebacic corrosive and capryl liquor have numerous
employments. The liquor discovers its uses as plasticizer, as a dissolvable, dehydrater,
antibubbling specialist and furthermore as a floatation operator in coal industry. The esters f
sebacic corrosive then again are plasticizers for vinyl saps and are likewise utilized in the
production of dioctyl sebacic (DOS), a fly grease and oil in air cooled burning engines.

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Further more, sebacic corrosive is utilized as a monomer where it responds with
hexamethylenediamine to deliver nylon.

Lack of hydration

The lack of hydration of ricinoleic corrosive is a corrosive catalyzed response which expels
the hydroxyl bunch as water to present another twofold bond. The response results into the
creation of both non-conjugated linoleic corrosive and the conjugated linoleic corrosive. The
drying out of castor oil is generally done at temperature over 473 K within the sight of a
corrosive impetus, for example, concentrated sulphuric corrosive, phosphoric corrosive, p-
toluenesulfonic corrosive, sodium bisulfate, or enacted dirts under latent climate. The
shaped linoleic acids have different mechanical applications including, the creation of
defensive covering, disappears, oils, cleansers, paints, inks, production of alkyd pitches,
coatings, apparatus completions and groundworks. The linoleic acids are likewise essential
fixings in dashing engine oil for elite vehicle cruiser motors.

Sulphation of castor oil

Sulphation alludes to the presentation of SO3 bunch into a natural compound to create the
qualities C-OSO3 design. Sulphation of castor oil produces sulphuric corrosive esters
(Turkey-red oil) in which the hydroxyl gathering of ricinoleic corrosive has been esterified.
The response is finished by treating crude castor oil at room temperature or at temperature
under 308 K with concentrated sulphuric corrosive for 3-4 h. turkey red oil is generally
utilized in material and beautifiers enterprises by delivering manufactured cleansers in the
plans/arrangements of ointments, conditioners, and cloth. It is likewise utilized in shower oil
plans alongside common or engineered scent or basic oils or in shampoos

Castor Seed Dehulling

Castor seed contains about 30%–35% oil. The extraction procedure starts with the expulsion
of the frame from the castor oil seeds. This can be practiced with the assistance of a castor
seed dehuller.

Castor Seed Cleaning

In the wake of expelling the body from the seed, the seeds are cleaned in seed cleaner, the
hardware has screens of different sizes that can evacuate inorganic polluting influences.

Castor Seed Drying

In this procedure, the cleaned seeds are warmed in a steam-jacketed cooker/pot to evacuate
dampness, and this solidifying procedure will help in extraction. The cooked seeds are then
dried before the extraction procedure starts.

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Castor Seed Pressing

A screw oil press machine is utilized to pound the castor oil-seeds to encourage expulsion of
the oil. The principal period of this extraction is called pre-squeezing. Subsequent to
squeezing oil is gathered and sifted and the separated material is joined back with new, new
seeds for rehash extraction. Thusly, the mass separated material continues getting gathered
and goes through a few extraction cycles consolidating with new mass material as the
procedure gets rehashed. This material is at long last launched out from the press and is
known as castor cake.

Castor Seed Filtration

In the wake of squeezing, unrefined castor oil despite everything remain polluting influences
in the removed oil. To help in the evacuation of the rest of the pollutions, filtration
frameworks are normally utilized. The filtration frameworks can expel enormous and little
size particulates, and even water from the oil. The filtration framework hardware regularly
utilized for this assignment is the oil channel press.

Other product of castor oil

Creation of oil from castor makes two fundamental results: husks and supper. Roughly \ 1.3
huge amounts of husks and 1.1 huge amounts of supper are delivered for every ton of
Castor Oil removed and refined. Castor supper is a significant result as of its ideal nitrogen
content, and is be utilized as a natural compost. Blends of the castor supper and husks are
utilized as compost advance generous plant development. Castor supper is a decent natural
compost, because of its high Nitrogen and Phosphorous substance. Leftover unsaturated
fats can likewise be recouped from the waste material

By- product of castor oil

 Ricin
 Outer coating of castor oil (hull)

Material balance

Given values:



 Conversion :

 Component balance



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 F P

 overall material balance



Castor oil production process have three streams, each stream contain thermal and
physical properties. Stream 1 have flowrate 2291.7 kg/hr and Stream two with
1273.2kg/hr, thermal conductivity 4.727w/m , pressure 50-100mmHg, viscosity
889.3 centistokes, with a temperature at it boiling point 313 and specific heat of
0.089kJ/kg/k. stream 2 contain pure water 100 wt% composition, density of water
1000m3/kg and boiling point 100 .

Thermal and physical properties of castor oil:

Properties Values Units

Density 961
Viscosity 889.3
Refractive index 1.480
Specific heat 0.089
Specific gravity 0.959
Boiling point 313
Melting point -2 to -5
Thermal conductivity 4.727

Table 1: Thermal and physical properties of castor oil

Identification and discussion:

 Feedstock composition: 16500 ton supplied as a feedstock per year. The

compositions that are produced during the production of castor oil, ricinoleic acid is
the main composition in the castor oil production process. Average weight
percentage 90 wt% of ricinoleic acid, 4 wt% of oleic acid, 3 wt% of linoleic acid, 0.75

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 wt% of stearic acid, 0.075 wt% of palmitic acid, 0.075 wt% of linolenic acid and 0.4
wt% of dihydroxy stearic acid.

 Temperature: the temperature in work place(Plant) where the production will take
place constant temperature is required to produce quality product and better yield
when produced at a constant required temperature. The optimum temperature of the
castor oil production is 15 - 20 . If the temperature is too high it reduce the quality
of castor seeds, products and yield of castor oil produced, this could damage oil
product.

 Handling castor seed: the transportation of castor seeds from overseas at India to
South Africa by ship and tracks for local. Machines for feedstock, hand applied for
washing and remove leaves, stems, sand and foreign particles. The removal of the
oil facilitated by crushing the castor seeds using a continuous screw.

 Heating rate: Castor oil has a heating value of 37 200 000.00 J/hr. Seeds were
cooked before extraction process, seeds were heated for extraction process. Higher
temperature yields, higher amount of castor oil. Chemical production and physical
production.

 Pressure: the required pressure for castor seed to produce quality products must be
between 50 to 100mmHg. The oil expeller machine is used to put pressure in castor
seeds for squeezing castor beans and this stage extract castor seeds itself. The
higher pressure used in these machines, the high castor oil yield.

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