Mukuba University

Department of Chemistry

CHE 450: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT 2 / TUTORIAL SHEET 2 DUE DATE: 02/11/ 2020

9. An _____________________ process takes place at constant temperature,

while the heating of water in open air under atmospheric pressure is
_______________________. An Isochoric process is done at _____________
___________ as in the case of heating of gas in a sealed metal container. In a Reversible
process, the system is close to equilibrium at all times and _______________
___________ of the conditions can restore the universe (system + surrounding) to the
original state. __________________ Δq is zero during the process (no heat is
added/removed to/from the system).
10. Calculate the work done when 50 g of iron reacts with hydrochloric acid in:
(i) a closed vessel of fixed volume, (ii) an open beaker at 25°C.
11. Calculate ΔU for a process that takes 1.000 mol of argon from 298.15K and volume of
2.000 L to 373.15K and a volume of 20.000 L. Does the result depend on whether the
process is reversible?
12. Two moles of gas at 1 bar and 298 K are compressed at constant temperature by use of a
constant pressure of 5 bars. How much work is done on the gas? If the compression is
driven by a 100-kg mass, how far will the mass fall in the earth’s gravitational field?
13. Explain the meaning of the terms (a) phase (b) components (c) Degrees of freedom, used
in the Gibbs phase rule used in the study of heterogeneous phase equilibria (d) Ideal
solution (e) Evaporation (f) Boiling (g) Azeotrope
14. Which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous: (a)
mixing of water and ethanol, (b) dissolution of sugar in a cup of hot coffee, (c) formation
of oxygen atoms from O2 molecules at STP, (d) rusting of iron, (e) formation of glucose
from CO2 and H2O at STP?
15. Indicate whether each statement is True or False.
(a) The entropy of the universe increases for any spontaneous process.
(b)The entropy change of the system is equal and opposite that of the surroundings for
any irreversible process.
(c) The entropy of the system must increase in any spontaneous process.
(d)The entropy change for an isothermal process depends on both the absolute
temperature and the amount of heat reversibly transferred.
16. Calculate ΔS˚ for the reduction of aluminium oxide by hydrogen gas:

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 Use the following standard entropy values:

b. Consider the reaction

carried out at 25 ˚C and 1 atm. Calculate ΔH˚, ΔS˚, and ΔG˚ using the following data:

17. Derive an equation for the Gibbs free energy change during the reversible isothermal expansion
of a van der Waals gas. Calculate ΔG for the expansion of 1.00 mol of Ar from 0.0500 dm3 to
25.00 dm3 at 25 °C (a = 1.363 dm6 bar mol-2 and b = 0.032 19 dm3 mol-1). Compare this answer
to that, assuming ideal gas behaviour
18. The phase diagram for neon is

Use the phase diagram to answer the following questions.

(a) What is the approximate value of the normal melting point?
(b) Over what pressure range will solid neon sublime?
(c) At room temperature can neon be liquefied by compressing it?
19. The phase diagram for magnesium copper at constant pressure shows that two
compounds are formed: MgCu2 that melts at 1073 K, and Mg2Cu that melts at 853 K.
The three eutectics are 9.4 % by wt Mg (953bK), 34 % by wt Mg (833 K), and 65 % by
wt Mg (653 K).
a) Construct the phase diagram and label all regions.
b) How many degrees of freedom are there for each area and at each eutectic point?
c) Describe (or show by diagram what happens when a 75% by wt Cu mixture heated to
900 K is cooled to 650 K?
20. Toluene (component 1) and benzene (component 2) form ideal solutions. The vapour
pressures of toluene and benzene at 1.013 bar are given as follows:
T(K) 353.3 361.2 363.2 367.2 371.2 373.2 377.2 383.8
P1* (bar) - 0.508 0.543 0.616 0.698 0.742 0.836 1.013
*
P2 (bar) 1.013 1.285 1.361 1.526 1.705 1.800 2.004 -
What is the mole fraction X1 of toluene in the toluene-benzene solution that boils at 100
°C and what is the mole fraction Y1 of toluene in vapour?
21. The vapour pressures of benzene and toluene have the following values in the
temperature range between their boiling points at 1 bar:

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 T (°C) 79.4 88 94 100 110.0
P* (C6H6) (bar) 1.00 1.285 1.526 1.801
P* (C6H6) (bar) 0.508 0.616 0.742 1.00
a) Calculate the compositions of the vapour and liquid phases at each temperature and
plot the Boiling Point Diagram (the T-X or Temperature-Composition phase
diagram). Label all the regions and indicate the degrees of freedom in each region.
b) If a solution containing 39.055 g benzene and 46.065 g toluene is heated, at what
temperature will the first bubble of vapour appear and what will be its composition?

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