A.

四選一選擇題（30 pts），請直接將寫出正確選項，答錯不倒扣

1. Which depends only on the initial and final state?

A. q
B. w
C. q  w
D. q + w

2. For an explosion in an open vessel, one would expect

A. ΔH  0 and ΔE  ΔH.
B. ΔH  0 and ΔE  ΔH.
C. ΔH  0 and ΔE  ΔH.
D. ΔH  0 and ΔE  ΔH.

3. The reaction 4 Ag(s) + O2(g) → 2 Ag2O(s) favors Ag2O at low temperature, but it favors
Ag and O2 at high temperatures. How can this be explained in terms of ΔH and ΔS?

A. ΔH˚  0 and ΔS˚  0.

B. ΔH˚  0 and ΔS˚  0.
C. ΔH˚  0 and ΔS˚  0.
D. ΔH˚  0 and ΔS˚  0.

4. A 1.00 L flask contains nitrogen gas at 25 C and 1.00 atm pressure. What is the final
pressure in the flask if an additional 2.00 g of N2 gas (M.W. = 28.01) is added to the flask
and the flask cooled to 55 C?

A. 1.28 atm
B. 2.01 atm
C. 2.56 atm
D. 3.29 atm

5. Which of the following would have a density of 1.21 g / L at 7.0 C and 0.987 atm?

A. Ar
B. N2
C. Ne
D. O2

General Chemistry Final Exam page 2

 6. You are given two flasks of equal volume. One contains H2 at 0 C and 1 atm while the
other contains CO2 at 0 C and 2 atm. Which of the following quantities will be the same
for both flasks?

A. average molecular kinetic energy

B. average molecular speed
C. density
D. number of molecules present

7. Which of the noble gases should show the greatest deviation from the ideal gas law at high
pressures?

A. Xe
B. Ar
C. He
D. All deviate equally.

8. The dipole moment of ClF is 0.88 D, and its bond length is 163 pm. What is the percent
ionic character of the ClF bond?

A. 0.54%
B. 7.8%
C. 11%
D. 25%

9. When a substance melts at its normal melting point, the sign of ΔH is ________ and the
sign of ΔS of this phase change is ________.

A. positive , negative
B. negative, positive
C. negative, negative
D. positive , positive

10. An ionic compound crystallizes in a unit cell having a face-centered cubic array of anions,
y n+
X , and all of the tetrahedral holes filled with metal ions, M . The empirical formula of
this ionic compound is

A. M2X.
B. MX.
C. MX2.
D. M2X7.

General Chemistry Final Exam page 3

11. A crystal was analyzed with x-rays having 2.49 Å wavelength. The angle of first-order
diffraction (n = 1) was 16.0. What would be the angle for second-order diffraction (n =
2)?

A. 7.92
B. 18.1
C. 32.0
D. 33.5

12. The highest coordination number for spherical packing is found in the

A. body-centered cubic structure.

B. simple cubic structure.
C. cubic closest-packing and hexagonal closest packing.
D. body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic.

13. Which cation in each set is expected to have the larger (more negative) hydration energy?

I Mg2+ or Ba2+ II K+ or Al3+

A. Mg2+ in set I and K+ in set II

B. Mg2+ in set I and Al3+ in set II
C. Ba2+ in set I and K+ in set II
D. Ba2+ in set I and Al3+ in set II

14. At a given temperature the vapor pressures of benzene and toluene are 183 mm Hg and
59.2 mm Hg, respectively. Calculate the total vapor pressure over a solution of benzene
and toluene with Xbenzene = 0.600.

A. 110 mm Hg
B. 121 mm Hg
C. 133 mm Hg
D. 242 mm Hg

15. Which of the following pairs of solutions have roughly the same boiling point elevation?

A. 0.200 m NaCl and 0.300 m Na2SO4

B. 0.100 m C6H12O6 and 0.0333 m CuCl2
C. 0.100 m NaCl and 0.100 m C6H12O6
D. 0.100 m KCl and 0.0500 m MgBr2

General Chemistry Final Exam page 4

B. 問答題（22%），除了第 3.題直接回答答案之外，其他必須詳細回答

1. (2 pts) 請以氣體分子動力學（The kinetic-molecular theory of gases）解釋查理定律

（Charles’ law）

2. (2 pts) 氟（F）的電負度（electronegativity）為 4.0，大於氯（Cl）的 3.0，可是氟甲

烷（CH3F）的偶極距（dipole moment）1.85 D，卻小於氯甲烷（CH3Cl）的 1.87
D，請解釋。

3. (6 pts) Determine the formula of each of these representations of the unit cell.

(a)
(c)

(b)

4. (4 pts) 克勞修斯─克拉佩龍（Clausius-Clapeyron）方程式係描述液體溫度與蒸氣壓
的關係：

 H vap  1
ln Pvap      C
 R  T

現在有一液體，其汽化熱為 83.145 kJ / mol，在 t K 時的蒸氣壓為 p atm，在 2t K 的

蒸氣壓則為 P mm Hg。請詳細列出過程，並以 p、t 與必要算式描述 P。

General Chemistry Final Exam page 5

5. 請以G = H  TS 為基礎，H 與S 的變化情形，解釋：
(a) (2 pts) 溶液的蒸氣壓小於純溶劑。
(b) (2 pts) 溶液的正常沸點大於純溶劑。。

6. 右圖是水的三相圖，請以右圖為基礎：
(a) (1 pt) 請概略畫出原圖後，再概略畫出 0.5 m
食鹽水的三相圖。（(a)小題錯誤，(a)、(b)兩
小題均不予計分）
(b) (3 pts) 請以(a)的三相圖解釋為什麼 0.5 m 食
鹽水的凝固點會低於純水。

C. 計算題（48 pts），請寫出計算過程，並留意答案要取多少有效位數

1. Methanol (CH3OH) is made industrially in two steps from CO and H2. It is so cheap to
make that it is being considered for use as a precursor to hydrocarbon fuels, such as
methane (CH4):

Step 1. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) → CH3OH(l) S = 332 J/K

Step 2. CH3OH(l) → CH4(g) + 1/2 O2(g) S = 162 J/K

With the following data:

CH3OH(l) Hf = 238.7 kJ / mol

CO(g) Hf = 110.5 kJ / mol
CH4(g) Hf = 74.8 kJ / mol

(a) (2 pts) Calculate G in kilojoules for step 1.

(b) (2 pts) In what temperature range is step 1 spontaneous?
(c) (2 pts) Calculate G in kilojoules for step 2.
(d) (2 pts) In what temperature range is step 2 spontaneous?
(e) (2 pts) If you were designing a production facility, would you plan on carrying out
the reactions in separate steps or together? Explain.

2. For a process to be spontaneous, the total entropy of the system and its surroundings must
increase; that is

Stotal = Ssystem + Ssurr > 0 For a spontaneous .process

Furthermore, the entropy change in the surroundings, Ssurr is related to the enthalpy
change for the process by the equation Ssurr = H/T.

General Chemistry Final Exam page 6

 (a) (2 pts) Since both G and Stotal offer criteria for spontaneity, they must be related.
Derive a relationship between them.
(b) (2 pts) What is the value of Ssurr for the photosynthesis of glucose from CO2 at 298
K?
6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)
G = 2879 kJ
S = 262 J/K

3. (6 pts) Set up a Hess’s law cycle, and use the following information to calculate Hf for
aqueous nitric acid, HNO3(aq). You will need to use fractional coefficients for some
equations.

3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) H = 137.3 kJ

2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) H = 116.2 kJ
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(l) H = 1165.2 kJ
NH3(g) Hf = 46.1 kJ / mol
H2O(l) Hf = 285.8 kJ / mol

4. A steel container with a volume of 500.0 mL is evacuated, and 25.0 g of CaCO3 is added.
The container and contents are then heated to 1500. K, causing the CaCO3 to decompose
completely, according to the equation CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g).

(a) (2 pts) Using the ideal gas law and ignoring the volume of any solids remaining in the
container, calculate the pressure inside the container at 1500 K. (molar mass: CaCO3
= 100.09 amu, CaO = 56.08 amu)
(b) (2 pts) Now make a more accurate calculation of the pressure inside the container.
Take into account the volume of solid CaO (density = 3.34 g/mL) in the container,
and use the van der Waals equation to calculate the pressure. The van der Waals
constants for are: a = 3.59 (L2atm)/mol2 , and b = 0.0427 L/mol.

5. The Rankine temperature scale used in engineering is to the Fahrenheit scale as the Kelvin
scale is to the Celsius scale. That is, 1 Rankine degree is the same size as 1 Fahrenheit
degree, and 0 R = absolute zero.

(a) (2 pts) What temperature corresponds to the freezing point of water on the Rankine
scale?
(b) (2 pts) What is the value of the gas constant R on the Rankine scale in
(Latm)/(Rmol)?
(c) (2 pts) Use the van der Waals equation to determine the pressure inside a 400.0 mL
vessel that contains 2.50 mol of CH4 at a temperature of 525 R. For CH4, a = 2.253

General Chemistry Final Exam page 7

 (L2atm)/mol2 , and b = 0.04278 L/mol.

6. (4 pts) Nitric acid is produced commercially by the Ostwald process. In the first step
ammonia is oxidized to nitric oxide:
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Assume this reaction is carried out in the apparatus diagramed below.

The stopcock between the two reaction containers is opened, and the reaction proceeds
using proper catalysts. Calculate the partial pressure of NO after the reaction is complete.
Assume 100% yield for the reaction, assume the final container volume is 3.00 L, and
assume the temperature is constant.

7. Calcium metal has a density of 1.55 g/cm3 and crystallizes in a cubic unit cell with an
edge length of 558.2 pm.
(a) (3 pts) How many Ca atoms are in one unit cell?
(b) (1 pt) In which of the three cubic unit cells does calcium crystallize?

8. (4 pts) When a 2.850 g mixture of the sugars sucrose (C12H22O11, molar mass = 342.3
amu) and fructose (C6H12O6, molar mass = 180.2 amu) was dissolved in water to a volume
of 1.50 L, the resultant solution gave an osmotic pressure of 0.1843 atm at 298.0 K. What
is Xsucrose of the mixture?

9. Treatment of 1.385 g of an unknown metal M with an excess of aqueous HCl evolved a

gas that was found to have a volume of 382.6 mL at 20.0 C and 755 mm Hg pressure.
Heating the reaction mixture to evaporate the water and remaining HCl then gave a white
crystalline compound, MClx. After dissolving the compound in 25.0 g of water, the
melting point of the resulting solution was 3.53 C.

(a) (2 pts) How many moles of H2 gas are evolved?

(b) (2 pts) What mass of MClx is formed?
(c) (2 pts) What is the molality of particles (ions) in the solution of MClx?

General Chemistry Final Exam page 8

1.

2.