Energy and Reactions Aims To recognise the difference

between exothermic and

endothermic reactions
Some chemical reactions like burning need a little energy
to get them going. Once they do, the reaction releases a lot To classify example reactions as
either exo- or endothermic
more energy. Other reactions, like turning limestone into
quicklime, need to be heated constantly.

Comparing the energy added to the energy released gives us two types of chemical reactions

Exothermic reactions Endothermic reactions

More energy is _______ More energy is _______

than is ______. than is ______.

This gives a rise in the This gives a drop in the

temperature of liquids or temperature of liquids or
gases in its surroundings. gases in its surroundings.

Aim To investigate the energy changes in several test-tube reactions.

Method You must wear goggles at all times

Temperature / ºC
Instructions Start Final Change

Measure 3cm³ of dilute hydrochloric acid into one test tube.

Measure 3cm³ of sodium hydroxide solution into another test tube.
Measure the starting temperature of the acid
Pour the alkali into the acid, stir and after 20 seconds take the temperature.

Place 3cm³ of water into a test tube and record the starting temperature.
Add one spatula of the ammonium salt and stir.
Record the temperature after 20 seconds.

Place 3cm³ of hydrochloric acid into a test tube. Record the start temperature
Add a piece of magnesium ribbon and allow to completely react.
Stir the contents and record the temperature after 20 seconds.

Place 3cm³ of copper sulphate solution into a test tube.

Record the starting temperature of this solution.
Add a spatula of iron filings and allow to completely react.
Stir the contents and record the temperature after 20 seconds.

Conclusion

Decide whether the reactions in each of the experiments you have carried out is
exothermic or endothermic

Exp1 Neutralization of dilute hydrochloric acid =

Exp2 Dissolving an ammonium salt in water =
Exp3 Dissolving magnesium in hydrochloric acid =
Exp4 Iron displacing copper sulphate =

Which reaction was most exothermic. What is your reason for choosing this answer ?
Getting Hot and Cold Aims To classify changes as either
exothermic or endothermic

To be aware of items which uses

Look at the following situations and decide if overall chemical change to self-cool
or self-heat
they release energy or if they take in energy.

Then write down if the type of change is exothermic or endothermic

Situation Requires Releases Type of change

energy energy
outside
Melting chocolate ü Endothermic is warmer

Burning wax (combustion)

Melting wax If the change

is exothermic its
surroundings get
Crops growing during the summer wam and the
mixture itself
Using sugar (glucose) inside our muscles loses energy

Freezing water

Adding sodium to water

outside
is cooler

If the change
is endothermic its
surroundings get
colder and the
mixture itself
gains energy

Questions on useful changes

Name some of the items you can buy which have self-heating mixtures.

In what kinds of situations are these objects particularly useful

Can you describe a situation when an item with a self-cooling mixture could be useful.

A group of chemists have designed a mixture which can be used to cool liquids down to
temperatures below OºC (water's freezing point). Think of some objects which could use this
mixture inside them. Use the space below to explain your choice.

Homework / Development : Create a logo and packet design for your self-cooling
(or self-freezing) object include a snappy name, price and the word endothermic.
Chemical Energy Aims To know how bond making and
breaking link to chemical changes

Chemical energy is a form of stored energy. Fuels like To calculate bond enthalpies for
methane (natural gas) contain chemical energy which can be simple covalent molecules.

released as heat when it burns. This energy comes from the

bonds holding the fuel together.

As methane burns with oxygen, the bonds holding the molecules together are broken. By the end of
the reaction new bonds have been formed
Starting molecules Molecules broken apart Finishing molecules

Bond ____________ needs energy Bond ____________ releases energy

Chemical Bonds
The breaking or making of each bond in a molecule involves set amounts of energy.

The energy needed to make/break the bonds in just one molecule is very very very small. It is more
useful to calculate the energy to break the bonds in a molar quantity - this is the energy need to
break apart billions and billions of bonds.

The energy is measured in kiloJoules (kJ, thousands of joules).

Bond broken or made Cl-C l H-H O=O C-C C-H C-C l

Energy needed / kJ per mol 243 43 6 49 8 347 413 346

Calculate the total energy needed to break apart the following molecules. The first
example has been completed for you.

Ethane H Propane 1,2 Dichloroethane

C-H H H
H 413 H H H
H C
H C H H C
C H
C C C H
H
H Cl
H
H H Cl
C-C
347
6 C-H bonds = 6 × 413
1 C-C bond = 1 × 347
Total energy Total energy Total energy
= 2825 kJ = kJ = kJ
required required required

On lined paper work the energy needed to break the following molecules
(i) water H2O (ii) butane C4H10 (iii) hexane C6H14 (iv) chloromethane C1H3Cl1
Energy Level Diagrams Aims To know how bond making and
breaking link to chemical changes

Bond breaking and bond making are important steps in To calculate bond enthalpies for
chemical reactions. They are at the heart of the energy simple covalent molecules.

changes which take place.

Whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic depends up on the bonds broken and made.

The following Energy Level Diagram represents the energy going into and then coming out
of a reaction. In the example below more energy is released than is taken in.
This is therefore an reaction.

Adding energy to

Activation Energy released as

Note that the
energy products have
been drawn on a

carbon lower level to show

methane dioxde that they have lost

+ + (released) some of

oxygen water their energy

It is possible to predict the amount of energy released as methane burns in oxygen. To do this it is
essential to look at the bonds broken and made during the reaction.
this is called
this is called H a double bond
a single bond O O H H
H C H O O C O
O O H H
H O

Bonds broken Bonds formed

4 x C-H and 2 x O=O 4 x O-H and 2 x C=O

The following bond energies are needed for the questions which follow.

O=O double bond 498kJ C-H single bond 413kJ O-H single bond 464kJ C=O double bond 745kJ

1 Calculate the total energy

(i) needed to break the bonds in the reactants
(ii) released as the bonds are formed in the products

2 Compare these two values, how call you tell this is an exothermic reaction ?

3 Calculate the overall chemical energy released by this reaction by finding the
difference between the two values*

Energy change for reaction = Eadded - Ereleased also written DH = E -E in out

*Endothermic reactions need more added energy, this difference is written as a +ve value.
Exothermic reactions give away their energy, this difference is written as a -ve value.
Calculating Energy Changes Aims To know how bond making and
breaking link to chemical changes

Endothermic reactions require more energy than they release. To calculate bond enthalpies for
Exothermic reactions release more energy than they require. simple covalent molecules.

Using the first example to help, calculate overall energies released/gained by these reactions.

Reactants Energy needed for

Products Energy released Overall energy change
bond breaking by bond making
kJ / mol kJ / mol
Energy Level Diagram

Nitrogen + Hydrogen N N @ 945 Ammonia N H @ 391

H H @ 436 Ein - Eout = 2253 - 2346
H H H = -93 kJ / mol
N N
H N
= 1 x 945 = 6 x 391

53
22
H

H + 3 x 436 H H 2 2

2346
H H
H N 3
H

=2253 =2346
H
Exothermic

Water H O @ 464 Hydrogen + Oxygen O O @ 498

H H @ 436 Ein - Eout =
H=+
H

H H H
H

O H
H

2 2
O

O O
H

Endothermic

Hydrogen + Chlorine Cl Cl @ 243 Hydrogen chloride H Cl @ 432

H H @ 436 Ein - Eout =

H Cl
Cl

H
H Cl
Cl

Propane + Oxygen O O @ 498 H O @ 464

C H @ 411
Water + Carbon dioxide
C O @ 805 Ein - Eout =
H H O O C C @ 348
O

H H H
H
H

C
C

C C O
H O
O

O C O
O

H H
H
H

O H
O H H
O O
O O O H O C O
O O

Nitrogen + Oxygen N N @ 945 Nitrogen monoxide N O @ 587

O O @ 498 Ein - Eout =

N N O
N
O
O
O N
Rates of Reaction
To identify the changes to
How catalysts work ¤ bonds that take place during a
reaction.

Catalysts alter the rate of the reaction but are themselves

To link these changes to an
unchanged (chemically) at the end of the reaction. energy profile with and without
a catalyst..

To explain how a catalyst works, we need to study the bonds holding the reactants together and
those holding the products together. Look at the following example of methane burning

Start Methane + Oxygen => Carbon dioxide + Water

End
Carbon
Oxygen joined
Methane dioxide
to oxygen
Water
Oxygen Carbon joined
to hydrogen

The energy from a match used to set alight to natural gas (methane), helps break apart the atoms.
As they form new bonds with oxygen, energy is released as heat and light in the flame.

The following graph looks at the energy changes during the oxidation(burning) of methane.
Added
Two arrows show the different changes
to bonds occuring.
Energy

start
Colour the arrow which represents
(i) bonding making BLUE
finish (ii) bonding breaking RED

Released

From the graph how can you tell that overall this is an exothermic reaction ?

The graph below shows the energy changes involved when either using a catalyst or not.
Energy / kJ

60 no catalyst
Use the graph to complete this table on
the energies involved in the catalysed
40 and uncatalysed reactions.
with
catalyst
20 Catalyst No Catalyst
Energy added
Activation energy
20
Total energy
released
120 kJ
40 This is called the
Energy Profile Overall energy
60 for the reaction 60 kJ
change* released

What is the effect on the activation energy for a reaction of adding a catalyst ?