INSTITUTO CIENTIFICO DE ESTUDIOS

SUPERIORES DE APODACA

Materia:
Ingles V.

Docente:
Lic. Rogelio Rangel Tijerina.

Alumno:
Carlos Alberto Pérez Moreno.

Contenido.

 Trabajo Final.
1.1 Auxiliary verbs: do, have, be.

presente simple auxiliar to be

1.- I am a teacher.
1._i am a good student.. Jose Luis Morales Robles
1.- Martin Alvarado: We are in Class- Nosotros estamos en clase
1- Mauricio Gaytan : we are the champions K
1.-Daniel. Paul never does his homework
1.- Samuel: We are studying English
1.-Eduardo Del angel. I am an online student.
1.- Gabriel: I am a player football
1.- Patty: You are beautiful.
1. Lizbeth: I am a student.
1.- Cassandra: you are being mean
1.Devani; You have to read this book
1.-Mariano he Is a student
1.- Jhovany; I am play the videogames
1. anibal : they are workers
1.- Carlos Perez: I am work in this moment.
1.- Mariana Romero: We are playing soccer
1.-hector: I am a good fifa player
1-Mireya You are a good perdón.
1- I am a mother
1 Lourdes-- I am a woman
1- Daniel C: I am a good student
1-Christian Daniel: You are awesome
81-luis villarreal:I am a pilot
81-Cristal Perez:I am a dancer
Magdaleno I am a soccer player

pasado simple
2.-I was a good student. Jose Luis Morales Robles
2.- I was in my house
2.- Daniel C: He lived in boston
2.-Eduardo Del angel. I was at work
2- Mauricio Gaytan : I was a good boxer
2.-Daniel. She cleaned her house
2.-Martin Alvarado : I was play golf-estaba jugando golf
2.- Gabriel: I was a runer
2.- Samuel: They were playing
2.- Patty: I had pain.
2.- Cassandra: I walked all night
Magdaleno Iwas a futboll soccer
2.-Mariano You at school last mondy
2 Devani: He studied for his class2
he drive your car
2. Lizbeth: she Cleaned her House.
2.- Jhovany; She called me yesterday
2: anibal they worked last weed
2.- Carlos Perez: He studied for ingles class.
2.- Mariana Romero: We were playing soccer
2.- Hector: I was working the weekend
2-mireya: I was sleeeping verte confortable.
2-lourdes- I was eating
2.-Christian Daniel: I traveled around you country last summer
82-luis villarreal:You worked very hard last week
82-Cristal Perez:You arrived ten minutes late
3.-Futuro simple
3.- Martin Alvarado-- I will see you next week--Te vere la proxima semana
3: anibal ; l will be. washing the car
3.-I will be here
3.-Eduardo Del Angel. I will be at work.
3.-Daniel. I will not be.
3.- Samuel: You will watch the T.V
3.-It will be a dog. Jose Luis Morales Robles
3: l will study tomorrow
3.- Gabriel: You will make exercise
3.- Patty: He will watch the movie.
3.- Mariano I will see you next week
3 Devani: Will you be for dinner?
3.-Cassandra: I will ask why
3.Lizbeth: I will go to the store.
3.- Jhovany; I will work tomorrow
3.- Mariana Romero: We will play soccer
3.- Hector: we will eat pizza
3- Mireya: I promise I Will work harder.
3- Daniel C: Will you be home for dinner. 83-
luis villarreal:He will be very upset
Magdaleno he will do much better
3- lourdes- will give you a money
3-Christian Daniel: I will be playing in the park
83-Cristal Perez:I will change my clothes for the party

To do
pregunta
Magdaleno Do you have cars tienes coches
4.-Do you like baseball?
4.- Daniel.Do You love me?
4.- Martín Alvarado. Do you speak english?-- Habla usted ingles?
4- Maricio Gytan . Dou you like watch tv
4.- Eduardo. do you eat chinese food?
4.- Gabriel: Do you like onions?
4.- Patty: Do you play football?
4.- Do we do the dinner
4.-Cassandra: Do you enjoy doing exercise?
4.-Carlos Perez: Do you like chinese food?
4.- Mariano do you like sport
4. Lizbeth: Do you like pizza?
4.-Jhovany; Do we met before?
4 anibal : this car runs a lot ?
4.- Mariana Romero: Do you like play soccer?
4.- Hector: Do you like spaghetti?
4-lourdes Do you need some money.
4-mireya: do You like asían series?
4- Daniel C: Do you like play video games?
4- Christian Daniel: Do you like dance? 4-
luis villarreal:Do you speak french fluently?
4-Cristal Perez:Do you like music?
negación
4 Devani: Does this dog eat a lot?
5- Mauricio Gaytan. I do not like watch tv
5.-Do you eat chinese food?. Jose Luis Morales Robles
5.-I don’t like baseball.
5.- Eduardo. I dont like eat food chinise
5.- Martin Alvarado.- I don´t speak english--No hablo ingles
5.- Daniel. She does not love me
5.- Gabriel: I do not like onions
5.- Patty: I don’t aet cookies.
5: anibal : i do “t like to wash the car
5.- Samuel: We don´t using shoes for running
5.-Mariano I don’t like sport
5.-Casandra:I don’t like getting up early
5.-Carlos Perez: I dont´t like the chinese food.
5. Lizbeth: I don't like pizza
5 anibal gtz : i don “t like milk
5.- Jhovany; She does not eat pizza
5.- She does not dance salsa
5.- Hector: I don´t like spaghetti
85.luis villarreal:I don´t eat apples
85-Cristal Perez:I don´t like soccer
5- lourdes- I do not like beer
To have - haber
5- Mireya:I do not like to exercise.
5- Daniel C: The whather isn´t hot
5-Christian Daniel: I don't eat papaya
participio pasado tercer verbo de listas
Magdaleno I don't like to watch news no me gusta ver noticias

presente perfecto
6.- I have met my new neighbor. yo he conocido a mi nuevo vecino.
6.- Eduardo. I have worked in a new company
6- Mauricio you have a new car
6.- Martin Alvarado.-You have money--Tu tienes dinero
6.- Gabriel: I have a pet
6: anibal : l have computadora
6.- Daniel. I have known the new house.
6.- Samuel: You have my lunch
6.-Mariano: I hat pizza yesterday
6.-Cassandra: I have learned new things.
6.-you have brown eyes. Jose Luis Morales Robles
6 devani: I have slep ten hours
6.- Patty: He has worked all the week.
6. Lizbeth: I have Worked For my Uncle.
6.- Jhovany; I have to wash my hands
6.- Mariana Romero: I Have Chinesse Food
6,- Hector: You have a new iphone
6 lourdes I have a money
6-mireya:I have learned to Cook.
6- Christian Daniel: You have a nice car
6- Daniel C: I´ve lost my keys
86-luis villarreal:I have seen what he can do
86-Cristal Perez:I have taught this game to all off my friends

2.1 The passive.

2.2 Past perfect and past perfect

progressive.

Passive Voice
Everyone drinks water.

Water is drunk by everyone.

"Voice" is a grammatical category that applies to verbs. Voice in English

expresses the relationship of the subject to the action. Voice has two
values:
 ● active: the subject does the action
● passive: the subject receives the action

Shakespeare wrot Hamlet

e .

Hamlet was by Shakespeare.

written

The active voice is the "normal" voice - the one that we use most of the
time. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb:

active subject verb object

Cats eat mice.

The passive voice is lss common. In the passive voice, the subject receives
the action of the verb:

passive subject verb object

 ←

Mice are eaten by cats.

See how the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive
verb:

subject verb object

active Everybody drinks water.

passive Water is drunk by everybody.

Active Voice
Cats eat mice.

The active voice is the "normal" voice of an English sentence. Intransitive

verbs (verbs with no direct object) are always in the active voice. Transitive
verbs are usually in the active voice:

subject verb

Johnny laughed.
Anton got up late.

People drink water

.

In the active voice, the subject is the person or thing responsible for the
action of the verb.

All tenses are possible in the active voice, as well as all sentence types,
positive, negative or question.

Use of active

The active voice is the "default" voice in English. All intransitive verbs can
only be in the active voice, and all transitive verbs usually are active voice -
unless we deliberately make them passive.

In spoken English, we almost always use active voice. It is the natural

choice, more precise and generally shorter.

pasado perfecto
7.- I had worked in that university. Yo había trabajado en esa universidad
7- Mauricio Gaytan : i had loved thad girl
7.- Martin Alvarado….. I had money----Yo tenía dinero
7.- carlos Perez:had eating in that restorant. Yo habia comido en ese restaurente.
7 lourdes I had been looking for a job
7.- daniel.i had studied at that school
7.- Samuel: I had slepp very much
7.-Mariano: The had studied english before the went the london
7.- Eduardo. I had not been shopping when you call me.
7.- Gabriel: I had a motorcycle
7.- Patty: I had bought a hamburger.
7.-I had worked. Jose Luis Morales Robles
7.- Jhovany; I had forgotten all my problems
7 Devani They had completed the projet
7.- Cassandra: I had worked as a teacher
7: anibal : l wanted to run
7. Lizbeth: I had read the book before I saw the movie.
7. Mariana Romero: I had played as a professional
7. Hector: I had bought some feathers
7 Mireya: I had Many duties
7- Daniel C: I had not been shopping when you called me
7.-Christian Daniel: I had a hosky dog
87.luis villarreal:I had eaten on the morning so I wasn't hungry 87-
Cristal Perez:I had that house for nine years before I had to shell it

pasado perfecto progresivo

8- I had been playing football in my childhood. yo estuve jugando futbol en mi niñez

8 Mauricio Gaytan : I had driving in my car
8.- Carlos Perez: I had been playing baseball with tomateros de culiacan team. Yo estube
jugando con el equipo tomateros de culiacan.
8.- Gabriel: You had a pet
8.- Martin Alvarado ---we had vacations----Nosotros tuvimos vacaciones
8.- Daniell. I had working there.
8: anibal : he had a big dog
8.- Samuel: We had swimming since the high school
8.- Mariano: You hadn’t been sleep at home yesterday
8 Devani The dog was barking
8.- Patty: He had a fanccy car.
8.-we had not been playing football. Jose Luis Morales Robles
8.- Jhovany; When you came, I was eating
8.- Cassandra: he was telling lies.
8 lourdes I had been driving all night
8. Lizbeth: We had not been playing baseball.
8. Mariana Romero: I had covid 19
8-mireya: they had a son.
8-Daniel C: She had cried when i found her
8-Christian Daniel: I had been to the zoo
88-luis villarreal:She had been working
8----Lourdes she was there last night
88-Cristal Perez.I had been finishing her homework

3.1 Adverbs of degree.

Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are
usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there
are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are
examples of adverbs of degree.

Adverb Modifyi Example

of ng
degree

extreme adjectiv The water was

ly e extremely cold.

quite adjectiv The movie is quite

e interesting.

just verb He was just

leaving.

almost verb She has almost

finished.

very adverb She is running very

fast.

too adverb You are walking

too slowly.
enough adverb You are running
fast enough.

Usage of "enough"
Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.

Enough as an adverb
Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or
adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both
in positive and negative sentences.

Examples

● Is your coffee hot enough? rogelio 9 Está tu café suficientemente caliente?

● This box isn't big enough. Mauricio 9 Esta caja no es tan grande?
● He didn't work hard enough.9.- Gabriel: el no trabajó lo suficiente
● I got here early enough. 9.- Eduardo. llegue lo suficientemente temprano.
● Mariano :He didn’t eat enougth. 9.- El no comió lo suficiente
● 9..Martin Alvarado : Are you correct enough- ¿Estás lo suficientemente
correcto?
● 9.- Patty: Is your burger big enough?
● there is enough space in my back yard. 9 jose luis.hay espacio suficiente
en mi patio trasero
● 9. lizbeth: Always is not enough. Nunca es suficiente
● 9. Mariana Rom: Homework is not enough for vacation - La tarea no es
suficiente para vacaciones
● 9-mireya: You never do anything good.
● 9-Christian Daniel: The sun is not strong enough -El sol no esta
suficientemente fuerte
● 9 Lourdes Guzman ----the music was good enougth to stay there all the
nigth, la musica fue lo sufiecientemente buena para quedarme toda la
noche
● 9- Daniel C: there is enough food in the fridge

Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.

Examples

● He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.10 Mauricio Gaytan : El

trabajo lo suficicente mente duro para pasar el examan
● Is your coffee hot enough to drink? 10.-Eduardo. tu cafe esta lo
suficientemente caliente para beber?
● She's not old enough to get married. Cassandra 10.- Ella no tiene edad
suficiente para casarse.
● He is not old enough to get a tatto
● Mariano 10.-El no tiene edad para tatuarse
● 10: Lourdes guzman , I¨m goog enougth to be your wife soy
sufiencientemente buena para ser tu esposa
● 10.-Martin Alvarado: the day is nice enough ---el día es suficientemente
agradable
● I got here early enough to sign up.10. Lizbeth. Tengo suficiente oido para
inscribirme.
● 10.- Patty: She cooked delicious enough for her family. - Ella cocinó lo
suficientemente delicioso para su familia.
● 10.- Mariana Rom: Train enough to get into the team - Entrene lo suficiente
para entrar al equipo
● 10-mireya:He is qualified enough to work- el está suficientemente
capacitado para trabajar.
● 10- Christian Daniel: He played clean enough -El jugó suficientemente
limpio
● 10- Daniel C: He is not old enough to drink-No tiene edad suficiente para
beber

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".

Examples

● The dress was big enough for you.11.- Eduardo. el vestido era lo
suficientemente grande para ti
● The pants were good enough quality 11.Mariano: El pantalón era
suficientemente de buena calidad
● She's not experienced enough for this job. 11.- Cassandra Ella no tiene la
experiencia suficiente para este trabajo
● Is the coffee hot enough for you? 10.-Carlos Perez el cafe esta
suficientemente caliente para ti?
● 11---Lourdes guzman the car is fast enough for this race**/// el carro es
sufienentemente rapido para esta carrera
 ● 11.- Martin Alvarado. You have enough experience to play- Tienes
suficiente experiencia para jugar.
● I don’t try hard enough to win 12.Mariano: No hago el suficiente esfuerzo
para ganar
● 11.- Mariana Romero: Food is not enough for you? - La comida no es
suficiente para ti?
● He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.12.- Eduardo. No trabajo lo
suficiente para la promoción.
● 11. Lizbeth: you have enough experience for the job. Tienes suficiente
experiencia para el trabajo
● Your work is rewarding enough for you. 12.- Patty - Tu trabajo es
suficientemente gratificante para ti.
● 11-Mireya: You have too Many problems.
● 11- Christian Daniel: The job was right enough for me - El trabajo era lo
suficientemente adecuado para mí
● 11- Daniel C: You have enough experience to play soccer- Tienes
suficiente experiencia para jugar futbol.

Enough as a determiner
Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the
noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable
nouns.

Examples

● We have enough bread. 13- Mauricio Gaytan : Tenemos suficiente pan

● 12. Lizbeth: you have enough vacation days. Tienes suficientes días de
vacaciones
● You have enough children.11.- Carlos Perez : Tienes suficientes hijos
● I dont’ have enough income 13.-Mariano:no tengo los suficientes ingresos
● They don't have enough food.13.- Eduardo. no tienen suficiente comida
● 12 .- martin alvarado--We have enough fruit -- Tenemos suficiente fruta
● I don't have enough apples. 9.- Jhovany; no tengo suficientes manzanas
● You have enough tattoos. 13.- Patty - Tu tienes suficientes tatuajes.
● 12.- Mariana Romero: You have enough music for the dance - Tu tienes
suficiente música para el baile
● 12-mireya: You have enough energy to work.
● 12-Christian Daniel: You have enough time to get ready - Tienes suficiente
tiempo para alistarte
● 12 Lourdes G----we had enough for today tenemos suficiente por hoy
● 12 Daniel C: There was enough food for about ten people.
Usage of "too"
"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage
patterns.

Too meaning "also"

Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.

Examples

● I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.14.- Eduardo. Yo

tambien me gustaria ir a nadar si me dejas ir.
● Can I go to the zoo too?14- Mauricio Gaytan :¿ Puedo ir al zoologico
tambioen?
● Is this gift for me too?15.- Eduardo. ¿es este regalo para mi tambien?
● I'm not going to clean your room too! 12.- Carlos Perez: No limpiare tu
cuarto tambien.
● Cat I go out tonigth with my friends 14.Mariano: Puedo salir esta noche con
mis amigos
● 13 Lourdes G----we can tell them too, tambien a ellos les podmeos decir
● 13.-martin alvarado.- I can go visit you too- puedo ir a visitarte
● 13. Lizbeth: I can invite my friends too
● 13.- Mariana Romero: Can I go on a trip? - ¿Puedo ir de viaje?
● I want to go eat too. 14- Patty
● 13-mireya:can i go for a walk with You?
● 13-Christian Daniel: I can go to school too?
● 13- Daniel C: You are too young to understand.(eres demasiado joven para
entender)

Too meaning "excessively"

Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it
modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.

Examples

● This coffee is too hot. 13.- Carlos Perez: este cafe esta demasiado
caliente.
● He works too hard.15 -Mauricio Gaytan : El trabaja muy duro
● Isn't she too young? 10.- Jhovany; No es ella demasiado joven?
● I am not too short! 13.-jose luis morales. no soy demasiado bajo.
 ● 14 Lourdes G--- I was too late, estoy muy retrasada
● 14.- Martin alvarado: he is too weak- él es demasiado débil
● She is too young to marry. 15.- Patty
● 14.- Mariana Romero: Im not too angry - No soy demasiado enojona
● 14-mireya: I'm not too selfish.
● 14- Christian Daniel: The game is too hard - El juego es demasiado difícil
● 14- Daniel C: I don´t drink excessively- no bebo en exceso

Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.

Examples

● The coffee was too hot to drink.10.-jose luis. el café estaba demasiado
caliente.
● You're too young to have grandchildren! 14.- Carlos Perez: eres
demasiado joven para tener nietos.
● I am not too tired to go out tonight.11.- Jhovany; no estoy demasiado
cansado para salir esta noche
● Don't you work too hard to have any free time?11.- jose luis morales. no
trabajes demasiado para tener tiempo libre.
● 15 lourdes guzman -----you ara not too old. no eres demasiado viejo
● 15.- Martin Alvarado.-- you are too smart-- eres demasiado inteligente
● 16.- Patty: She doesn´t work too late to go out for a walk.
● 15. Mariana Romero: The coffee is too bitter - El café está demasiado
amargo
● 15-mireya: he is too handsome.
● 15-Christian Daniel: That he is too excited to have a puppy
● 15- Daniel C: Your question is too difficult ti answer

Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".

Examples

● The coffee was too hot for me.16. Mauricio Gaytan : El cafe estaba
demasiado caliente para mi
● The shoes were too small for him. 15.-Mariano Los zapatos eran muy
pequeños para el
● The dress was too small for her.15.- Carlos Perez: el vestido era
demasiado pequeño para ella.
● He's not too old for this job.14.- jose luis morales. no es demasiado mayor
para este trabajo.
 ● Sally's not too slow for our team.12.- Jhovany; sally no esta demasiado
lenta para nuestro equipo
● 16.- Martin alvarado--your house is too dangerous for my pet--Tu casa es
demasiado peligrosa para mi mascota
● 17.- Patty - These dress is too short for me.
● 16. Mariana Romero: Ingrid is not too short to play - Ingrid no es demasiado
baja para jugar.
● 16- Mireya: it's not too drak yo no out.
● 16-Christian Daniel: The sauce is too spicy for me
● 16--Lourdes --- the fotbol is the best form me , el futbol es lo mejor para mi
● 16-Daniel C: I was too excited to sleep-estaba demasiado emocionado para
dormir
● 16 Carlos Perez : I was too sad to dancing.- estaba demasiado triste para
bailar.

Usage of "very"
Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.

Examples

● The girl was very beautiful. 18. Mauricio Gaytan : La chica era muy
hermosa
● The car was too fancy to buy.-18.-Carlos Perez el caro era demasiado
elegante para comprarlo.
● The house is very expensive.12.- jose luis- la casa es muy cara.
● He worked very quickly. 13.- Jhovany; Trabajo muy duro
● You donn´t seem to be very well 19.-Carlos Perez: No pareces estar muy
bien.
● She runs very fast. 15. Lizbeth: ella Corre mucho
● 18.- Patty - He feels very tired..
● 20.-Carlos Perez: you feel very tired. Se siente muy cansado.
● 17.- Martin Alvarado--that car is very nice-- ese carro de muy bonito
● 17/Lourdes/ you are very cute…. eres muy bonito
● 17.- Mariana Romero: The food is very big - La comida es muy grande
● 17-mireya: the girl is very happy.
● 21 Carlo Perez: The girls is very cheerful. la chica es muy alagre.
● 17-Christian Daniel: The cat is very big -El gato es muy grande
● 17-Daniel C: The book is very good-el libro es muy bueno
3.2 Sentence adverbs.

1. He is often wandering the streets.

22.- Carlos Perez: el a menudo esta vagando por las calles.

11Daniel - a menudo vaga por las calles.

18-Lourdes ///we often are thinking of you

17. Mariana: He often plays soccer - El a menudo suele jugar futbol

18- Christian Daniel: I will often run - A menudo voy a correr

23.- Carlos Perez: I will often drive my car. a menudo manejo mi auto.

16-Mauricio Gaytan : He often watch tv - A menudo ve tv

18- Daniel C: He often play video games- A menudo juega videojuegos

2. She never tells a lie. 14.- Jhovany; ella nunca dice una mentira

10.-Daniel. ella nunca dice una mentira

24.- Carlos Perez : He never eat chinese food. el nunca come comida china.

18. Mariana: She never tells she loves me.- Ella nunca dice que me ama

19- Christian Daniel: He never tells the truth -Él nunca dice la verdad

19/ lourdes guzman ruiz we never tells whata we do , nosotros nunca decimos lo que
nosotros hacermos

17 Mauricio Gaytan: He never tells i love you- El nunca dice te amo

19-Daniel C: She never says bad words- ella nunca dice malas palabras

3. He is generally late. 15.-jose luis morales. generalmente llega tarde.

10.- Gabriel: el generalmente tarda

25.- Carlos Perez: They generally meet on sunday.- Ellos Generalmente se reunen los
domingos.

20/ Lourdes Guzman Ruiz // in generally we get all the tiketes back, en general nos
regresan todos lo tiketes

20-Christian Daniel: He generally got much homework -El generalmente tiene mucha
tarea

20- Daniel C: She generally drink coffee-ella generalmente bebe cafe

18-Mauricio Gaytan: Rogelio generally smoked weed- Rogelio generalmente fumaba

4. Actually, it was how my friends celebrated my birthday.

12. Daniel - en realidad fue como mis amigos celebraron mi cumpleaños.

19-Mauricio Gaytan: Actually only i wanted congratulate you . En realidad solo queria
felicitarte

26.-Carlos Perez: Actually I just wanted to eat a few.- En realidad solo queria comer
un poco.

21-Christian Daniel: The movie was actually great

21/ Lourdes G : Actually I did not wanted to be there. en realidad si siquierea queiria
estar ahi

21- Daniel C: Actually, we are still friends- en realidad nosotros todavía somos amigos

5. It is very fine today. 16 jose luis morales esta muy bien hoy
11.-Gabriel: Este es un buen dia

22-Christian Daniel: I´m very sleepy -Tengo mucho sueño

22/ Lourdes G : I’m very happy soy muy feliz

27.- Carlos Perez .- It is very fine day. este sera un buen dia.

20-Mauricio Gaytan: i am very strong- Soy muy fuerte

22- Daniel C: This week has been very stressful

6. He is bold enough to face the enemy.

19.- Patty - Él es lo suficientemente audaz para enfrentar el enemigo.

23. Christian Daniel: She is capable enough to jump rope - Ella es suficientemente
capaz de saltar la cuerda

23: Lourdes Gu : she is capable of everything

21 Mauriciol Gaytan: My baby is enough strong to jump - Mi bebe es lo

suficientemente fuerte para saltar

23- Daniel C: There is enough food in the fridge- hay suficiente comida en la nevera

7. The baby was gazing adoringly at chocolate cake.

20.- Patty - El bebe está mirando con adoración el pastel de chocolate.

24. Christian Daniel: He looks adoringly at his girlfriend - Él mira con adoración a su
novia

24: Lourdes Guzman : he looked at his wife adoringly. el vio a su esposa con
adorarcaion

24- Daniel C: He gazes adoringly at the women- el mira con adoración a la mujer
8. The manager briefly discussed the new assignment.

21.- Patty - El gerente brevemente discutió la nueva asignación.

25. Christian Daniel: The text was read briefly

25: Lourdes G: we only had a time for very briefly conversation. solo tuvimos tiempo
par aun corta conversación

9. He reads only good books.15.- Jhovany; el lee solamente buenos libros

26.Christian Daniel: She only does one job at a time - Ella solamente hace un trabajo
a la vez

26:Lourdes Guz: love only ones at time, amar solo a uno a la vez

25- Daniel C: She had been there only twice in her life- Ella habia estado alli solo dos
veces en su vida

10. He runs much faster than I.17 jose luis morales. corre mucho más rápido que yo

27; Lourdes Guzman ; he eat much more thab me el comio mucho mas que yo

27.Christian Daniel: She studies much more than me - Ella estudia más que yo.

26 Daniel C: He´s much nicer that his father- Es mucho más agradable que su padre

11. The child was weeping bitterly.18 jose luis morales . el niño llora amargamente

28.Christian Daniel: The lady spent a moment bitterly -La señora pasó un momento
amargamente

28: Lourdes Guzman ; we were espending bitterly time ,, estubimos pasado

momentos terribles.

27 Daniel C: I don´t know why you speak so bitterly about her-No se porque hablas de
ella con tanto rencor
12. I have not got any money

29 Louredse Guzman 29: i Have not any posiblilty to go to whit you , no tengo
innguna posiblilidad de ir contigo

Lizbeth 16. No tengo dinero

29.-Christian Daniel: I don´t have any blouse -No tengo ninguna blusa

27-Daniel C: We don´t have any good neighbors-Nosotros no tenemos buenos

vecinos

13. He frequently comes here.18 Martin alvarado… Viene aquí con frecuencia

30.- Christian Daniel: I have frequently come to walk -He llegado con frecuencia a
pasear

30: Lourdes G : the visit us frequently. nos visitava frecuetnmente

28-Daniel C: I play the guitar pretty frequently- yo toco la guitarra muy

frecuentemente

14. Unfortunately, he was arrested.

9 Cassandra: desafortunadamente, el fue arrestado.

31.-Christian Daniel: Unfortunately I lost my cell phone -Desafortunadamente se me

perdió el celular

29- Daniel C: Unfortunately we lost the soccer final- desafortunadamente perdimos la

final de futbol

31: Lourdes Guzan Unfortunately he is not may boyfireiend, desafortunadamens el

no es mi novio
15. It is nothing else but hatred.19jose luis morales.no es mas que odio

32.-Cristhian Daniel:

30- Daniel C: Would you like anything else to drink?- Le gustaria algo mas para
beber?

16. I could not find him anywhere.

10 Cassandra no lo pude encontrar por ningún lado

33.-Christian Daniel: My dog can be anywhere -Mi perro puede estar en cualquier
sitio

33: Lourdes Guzman Ruiz : you can put it anywhere ,, puedes ponerlo en cualquier
lugar

17. I am very happy to see you.20 jose luis morales.estoy muy contento hoy

34.-Christian Daniel: I am very excited for my birthday -Estoy muy emocionado por mi
cumpleaños

35: Lourdes Guzan ; he was very excited for his new car, esta muy emosionado por
su neuvo carro

18. I am too tired to walk.21 jose luis morales, estoy demasiado cansado.

35.-Christian Daniel: You are too beautiful -Eres demasiado hermosa

19. He is much changed now.16.- Jhovany El ha cambiado mucho

36.-Christian Daniel: He’s too much for her -Él es mucho para ella

36: Lourdes Guzan : no thanks , is too much for me

20. He has always spoken the truth.

22.- Patty - Él siempre ha dicho la verdad.

37.-Christian Daniel: He always loves his dog -El siempre ama a su perro

37: Loures Guzman They always likes to eat tacos , a ellos siemtpre les gusta
comer tacos

21. He seldom attend the classes

23.- Patty - Él rara vez asiste a las clases.

38.-Christian Daniel: He rarely eats vegetables -Él rara vez come verduras

38: Lourdes Guzma ; she rarely drinks water ella rara vez toma agua

22. I was much surprised to see this. 22 joseluis morales, estaba muy s38.-
orprendido de ver esto

39.-Christian Daniel:

39: Loures Guzma the boy was much surprised to see the toys , el niño esta my
sorprendido al ver los jugetes

23. Well, anyhow I am going to finish it.

11 Cassandra.- bueno, como sea lo voy a terminar.

40: Lourdes Guzma Ruiz , anyhow I going to get there , como sea llegare alla
40.-Christian Daniel:

24. This task is much too difficult.

15.- Samuel: Esta tarea es demasiado dificil

41.-Christian Daniel:

41: Lourdes Guzman : this language is much to difficult. este idioma es mus dificil

25. I placed bowl of food upon the floor and the dog ate greedily.

24.- Patty - Dejé un plato de comida en el suelo y el perro comió con avidez.

42.-Christian Daniel:

42: Iourdes guzman; was waiting for the chances greedily, estaba esperando esa
oportunidad con avidez

26. I was too sad to laugh.

12 Cassandra: yo estaba muy triste para reir

43.-Christian Daniel:

43: Lourdes Guzman is too late, es muy tarde

27. Luckily, he succeeded.

13.- Samuel: Afortunadamente lo consiguió

44: Lourdes Guzan Luckily you were there , afortunadamente estabas ahi
28. I went direct to the college.

14.-Samuel: Fui directo a ala escuela

29. The slowlTT

walks slslowT

30. The plumber diligently repaired the water tank.

25.- Patty - El plomero diligentemente reparó el tanque de agua.

31. He explained his case clearly.

12.-Samuel: Explicó su caso con claridad

19.- Mariana Romero: I explain the task clearly - Explico la tarea con claridad

32. He delicately placed the eggs in the basket.

13. Daniel - Puso delicadamente los huevos en la canasta.

20.- Mariana Romero: She delicately painted every wall - Ella pinto delicadamente
cada pared.

33. The children went to the zoo eagerly.

14 Daniel - Los niños fueron al zoologico con entusisasmo.

21.- Mariana Romero : People listened to the classes eagerly - Las personas
escucharon las clases muy ansiosos

34. The prize money was equally distributed among the players of the winner team.
26.- Patty - El dinero del premio fue igualmente distribuido entre los jugadores del
equipo ganador.

22.- Mariana Romero: Participants were equally confused - Los participantes

quedaron igualmente confundidos

35. He was kind enough to lend me his camera.

13 Cassandra: el fue lo suficientemente gentil para prestarme su cámara

23.- Mariana Romero: Food was not enough - La comida no fue suficiente

36. Finally, he completed his graduation this year.

11.- Samuel: Finalmente, el completo su graduación este año

37. The morning air blew gently in the garden.

15 - Daniel - El aire de la mañana soplaba suavemente en el jardin.

24.- Mariana Romero: I hit her very gently - La golpeo muy suavemente

38. It rained heavily yesterday.

14 Cassandra ayer llovió muy fuerte

25.- Mariana Romero : He hit the ball hard - Golpeo fuertemente el balon

39. It is too hot to play football.

9.- Samuel: Hace mucho calor para jugar futbol

40. Any wrong decision of the government will inevitably lead to instability in society.
27.- Patty - Cualquier mala decisión del gobierno conducirá inevitablemente a la
inestabilidad en la sociedad.

26.- Mariana Romero:

41. Initially, Tom was unwilling to take admission in the university.

28.- Patty - Inicialmente, Tom no quiso aceptar la admisión en la universidad.

42. Honey is very sweet.

15 Cassandra es la miel es muy dulce

27.- Mariana Romero: Pride is very great - Es muy grande el orgullo

43. You should instantly suppress negative thoughts.

30 Mauricio Gaytan: he dead instantly for love- Murio instantanaemente por amor

12.-Gabriel: Deberías suprimir instantáneamente los pensamientos negativos

28.- Mariana Romero: She saw him and instantly hugged him - Ella lo vio e
instantáneamente lo abrazo

44. He was often seen among the rogues.23. jose luis morales, fue visto a menudo
entre los picaros.

31-Mauricio Gaytan : We often play footbal- A menudo Jugamos Futbol

45. I shouted joyfully at the beach.

32-Mauricio Gaytan : She joyfully answer yes acept- Ella con alegria contesta si
acepto

29.- Patty - Grité de alegría en la playa.

29.- Mariana Romero: She joyfully accepted my proposal. - Ella acepto alegremente
mi propuesta

46. He was very delighted at this.

10.-Samuel: Él estaba muy contento con eso

30: Mariana Romero: She was very cheerful - Ella era muy alegre

47. Lastly, I would like to ask you about your future plans.

30.- Patty - Por último me gustaría preguntarte acerca de tus planes futuros.

33-Mauricio Gaytan :Lastly eat the pineaple- Por ultimo come la piña

48. I normally spend the summer holidays in Canada.

13.- Gabriel: Normalmente paso las vacaciones de verano en Canadá

34-Mauricio Gaytan: Mauricio normally asisten to class- Mauricio normalmente

asiste a clases

49. His pay is high enough for him.

14.-Gabriel: Su pago es lo suficientemente alto para el

50. It is very hot today.

15.- Gabriel: Hace mucho calor hoy

9 . Devani: I accidentally broke the window

35 Mauricio Gaytan: the dog is very nice- el perro es muy agradable

4.1 Direct and indirect objects.

4.2 To and for before indirect

objects.

Direct object
A direct object answers the question "what?" or "who?"

Examples:

■ David repaired his car → his car is the direct object of the verb repaired. (
What did David repair?)
■ He invited Mary to the party → Mary is the direct object of the verb invited.
(Who did he invite?)

Indirect Object
An indirect object answers the question "to whom?", "for whom?"

An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected

participant in the event. There must be a direct object for an indirect object to
be placed in a sentence. In other words an indirect object cannot exist without
a direct object.

Examples:
 ■ They sent him a postcard - him is the indirect object of the verb sent. (To
whom did they send a postcard?)
■ He bought his son a bike - his son is the indirect object of the verb
bought. (For whom did he buy a bike?)

5.1 Subjunctive.

5.2 I´d like you + infinitive

Modal que no tiene traducción terminaciòn ia al siguiente verbo infinitivo to + verbo ar er ir

rogelio 16 I would like you to play football with me A mi me gustaría que tu jugaras futbol
con migo

16.- Gabriel: I would like to eat fish today. Me gustaría comer pescado hoy

16 - Daniel : I would like you to go with me to the movies - Me gustaria que fueras al cine
conmigo.

16.-Mariano: I would like to be famous.Me gustaría ser famoso

28.-Carlos Perez: I would like to swim with me Me gustaria que tu nadaras conmigo.

19.- Martin Alvarado..I would like you to eat with me. me gustaría que tu comieras conmigo

16.- Eduardo: I would like to go the movies on the weekend.

16.-CassandraI would like you to be honest. Me gustaría que tu fueras honesto.

16.- Jhovany I would like you meet. Me gustaría reunirme contigo

24.- jose luis morales. I would like to go on a trip with my family. a mi me gustaria ir de
vacaciones con

31.- Patty - I would like to have a date with you.

31: Mariana Romero: I would like to play football - Me gustaria jugar futbol

18-mireya: I would like to have correr with My boyfriend.

89-Cristal Perez:I would like you to play in a band

89.luis villarreal:I would like to see you fulfill your dreams

5.3 I want you + infinitive

17.- rogelio I want you to be my friend yo quiero que tu seas mi amigo

17.-Mariano I want you to be my classmate. Quiero que seas mi compañero de clases.

17.- Gabriel:I want to sleep more. Quiero dormir más..

17 .- Eduardo: I want you to make dinner- yo quiero que hagas la cena

17 - Daniel : I want you to be my girlfriend - Yo quiero que seas mi novia.

20.- Martin Alvarado. I want you to play more. Yo quiero que juegues más.

17.- Cassandra: I want you to be by my side. Yo quiero que estés a mi lado.

17.- Jhovany. I want you to want me. Quiero que me quiras

16. Lizbeth: I would like you to go shoppin. Me gustaría que fueras de compras conmigo.

32.- Patty - I want you to make me a chocolate cake.

29.- Carlos Perez: I want to play soccer.

36- Mauricio Gaytan: do you want to be my sugar mom _ quieres ser mi mama de azucar

32: Mariana Rom: I want to eat Italian food - Yo quiero comer comida italiana

19- Mireya: I want to eat a lod today.

90-Cristal Perez:I want to driver today 90-

luis villarreal:I want to skate tonigth

6.1 Gerunds after verbs.

6.2 Infinitives after verbs.

Verbs Followed by the Gerund

Verb Definition Example Sentence

abhor to hate John abhors working outdoors.
30.- Carlos Perez: Jhon aborrece
trabajar al aire libre.

acknowledge to recognize what She acknowledges his working hard

someone has done on the project.
1.- Cristal Perez: Ella reconoce su
trabajo duro en el proyecto

admit to say that you Peter admits wasting time

have done
2.- Cristal Perez: Peter admite perder
el tiempo

18.- Eduardo : Peter admite perder el

tiempo y dinero.

advise to give advice I advise saving a little money every

month.
18.- Gabriel: yo aconsejo ahorrar
dinero cada mes

allow to permit She allows using smartphones in class.

19.- Euardo: ella permite usar
teléfonos inteligentes en clase
anticipate to expect I anticipate visiting New York next
month.
19.-Gabriel: Anticipó que visitará
Nueva york el próximo mes.

appreciate to be grateful for Jack appreciates your helping him out

with the project.
18- Daniel - Jack agradece tu ayuda
con el proyecto.

avoid to try not to do She avoids dating men over 30.

20.-Gabriel: Evita salir con hombres
mayores de 30

be worth to be a good idea It’s worth spending some time on the

to spend the time grammar.
on
20.- Eduardo: vale la pena dedicar
algo de tiempo a la gramatica.

can’t help to be able to not Tom can’t help complaining about the
do heat.
21.- Gabriel: Tom no puede evitar
quejarse del calor
celebrate to party about We’ll celebrate working together for
over 50 years.
22.-Gabriel: Celebramos trabajar
juntos por más de 50 años

confess to admit that you Alice confessed stealing the money

did from her sister.
19.- Cassandra: Alice confesó haber
robado dinero a su hermana.

consider to think about We’re considering buying a new

house.
18.- Cassandra: Nosotros estamos
considerando comprar una casa
nueva.

defend to give reasons They defend purchasing the new car

why you did because they have two jobs.
21.- Martin alvarado. Ellos defienden
la compra del carro por que tienen dos
trabajos

delay to postpone, put We’re going to delay meeting until

off next week.
21.- Eduardo: vamos a retrasar la
reunion hasta la semana que viene

detest to hate, despise Jack detests learning new vocabulary.

20.- Cassandra:Jack detesta aprender
vocabulario nuevo.
discontinue to stop doing, The store discontinued providing
providing customer service on demand.
19- Daniel La tienda dejò de ofrecer
servicio al cliente a pedido.

discuss to talk about We like to discuss learning

techniques.
18- Mariano: Nos gusta hablar sobre
técnicas de aprendizaje.

dislike to not like Bob dislikes having to work so hard.

23.- Gabriel:A Bob no le gusta tener
que trabajar tan duro.

dispute to say you didn’t They dispute stealing the

do merchandise.
22.- Eduardo: se disputan el robo de la
mercancia.

dread to fear doing or I dread taking tests.

experiencing
24.-Gabriel: Me da miedo tomar
pruebas

endure to go through We endured listening to him for three

hours.
19-Mariano:La sopórtanos
escuchándolo durante tres horas.

enjoy to have a good Sarah enjoys cooking fine dinners.

time doing
20- Daniel - Sarah disfruta cocinando
buenas cenas.
escape to get away from The students escaped taking the test
because the fire alarm rang.
20-Mariano:Los estudiantes escaparo
de tomar la prueba porque sonó la
alarma incendio.

evade to avoid He evades doing yard work on

Saturdays.
25.- Gabriel: El evade hacer trabajo de
jardín los sábados.

explain to give details He’ll explain purchasing online next

about week.
23. martin alvarado. el explicara las
compras en línea de la siguiente
semana

fancy to like very much They fancy eating donuts.

23.- Eduardo: les apetece comer
rosquillas

fear to be afraid of I fear flying in airplanes.

21 - Daniel - Tengo miedo de volar en
aviones.

feign to pretend to do Mary feigns not knowing anything.

24.- Eduardo: Maria finge no saber
nada

finish to stop doing We finished shopping and went home.

 37-Mauricio gaytan: terminamos de
comprar y fuimos a casa
20. Mariana Romero: Nosotras
terminamos de comprar y nos fuimos
a casa.
3-.Cristal Perez:Nosotras terminamos
de comprar y nos fuimos a casa.
22 - Daniel - Terminamos de enviar y
nos fuimos a casa.

forgive to not be angry at They forgave stealing the candy as the

someone anymore children didn’t know it was wrong.
31.- Carlos Perez: Ellos perdonaron el
robo de dulces ya que los niños no
sabian que estaban mal.

keep to continue doing We keep studying the same grammar

every week.
21.-Cassandra: Nosotros seguimos
estudiando la misma gramática cada
semana.

mention to say in passing They mentioned buying a new car last

week.
26.- Gabriel:Ellos mencionaron la
compra de un auto nuevo la semana
pasada

mind to object to I don’t mind smoking.

27.- Gabriel:No pienso fumar
miss to want I miss having more free time.
something you
22.- Cassandra: Yo extraño tener más
don’t have
tiempo libre.

necessitate to require to do The job necessitates lifting heavy

objects.
4.-Cristal Perez: El trabajo requiere
levantar objetos pesados.
28.- Gabriel: El trabajo requiere
cargar objetos pesados.

omit to leave out, delete 24. Martin Alvarado. Nosotros

omitimos esa discusión

permit to allow We’ll permit fishing on Saturdays.

25.- Eduardo: permitenos pescar el
sabado

picture to imagine Doug pictures retiring to Brazil.

26.- Eduardo: Doug pictures se retira
a Brazil

postpone to put off, delay We postponed traveling to Chicago for

a week.
29.-Gabriel:Pospusimos viajar a
Chicago por una semana.

practice to do over and Practice playing scales for 30 minutes

over again every day.
27.- Eduardo: practica tocar escalas
durante todos los dias.
recall to remember Yes, I recall buying that book.
23 - Daniel - Si, recuerdo haber
comprado un libro.

recollect to remember Tom recollects playing baseball as a

child.
24- Daniel - Tomo recuerda jugar
beisbol cuando era niño.

recommend to tell someone They recommend purchasing

they should do insurance with this product.
something
25. martin alvarado. ellos
recomiendan comprar un seguro para
este producto

report to tell about Tim reported spending twelve hours

on the job.
30.- Gabriel:Tim reportó pasar doce
horas en el trabajo.

resent to not like that Susan resents having to work so hard.

something that
28.- Eduardo: Susan resiente tener
someone does
que trabajar tan duro

resist to try to avoid Many students resist studying more

doing than two hours a day.
26. martin alvarado. Muchos
estudiantes se resisten a estudiar mas
de dos horas al dia
resume to start doing We resumed speaking about the
again problem at the meeting.
1. luis villarreal. reanudamos hablan
do sobre el problema en la reunion
31.- Carlos Perez: reanudamos
hablando sobre el problema en la
reunion.

risk to take a chance Jack risks making everyone angry

on with his stupid statements.
17. Lizbeth:Jack corre el riesgo de
hacer que todos se enojen con sus
estúpidas declaraciones

shirk to not do Dan shirked paying for the children’s

something you meal.
should do
29.- Eduardo: Dan evito pagar la
comida de los niños.

shun to avoid contact Don’t shun spending time with those

with you don’t know very well.
27. Martin Alvarado. evita pasar el
tiempo con personas que no saben
muy bien

suggest to say someone I suggest buying a new camera.

should do
25 - Daniel - Sugiero comprar una
something
camara nueva.
support to help someone They supported our going to the
with words, doctor for help.
thoughts or
30: Eduardo: apoyaron que fuéramos
money
al médico en busca de ayuda.

understand to comprehend He understands investing in the stock

market
21Mariano.-:Entiende invertir en
bolsa.

urge to suggest I urge spending some time learning

strongly the program.
28. Martin Alvarado. Me urge pasar
un tiempo aprendiendo este programa

warrant to provide the The situation warrants investigating

reasons for doing Mr. Todd.
5.-Cristal Perez: La situación justifica
investigar al señor todd
37-Mauricio gaytan: la situacion
amerita investigar a mr todd

Verbs Followed by the Infinitive

Verb Definition Example Sentence

agree to say you will do Tom agreed to help me with the

work. 23.- Cassandra: Tom accedió
a ayudarme con el trabajo.
appear to seem to be She appeared to wait for a
moment.
29. Martin Alvarado. Ella parece
esperar un momento

arrange to put in some order I arranged to meet David next

week.
26 - Daniel - Quede con David la
semana que viene.

ask to inquire They asked to join us for dinner.

6-.Cristal Perez: Pidieron unirse a
nosotros para cenar.

attempt to try Doug attempted to say something.

30. Martin Alvarado. Doug intenta
decirme algo

beg to urgently ask for The man begged to receive some

help. 24.- Cassandra: El hombre
suplico para recibir ayuda.

can/can’t to permit I can’t afford to spend time doing

afford this.
27 - No puedo permitirme perder
tiempo haciendo eso.
38 mauricio gaytan: No puedo
permitirme pasar tiempo haciendo
esto

can/can’t to allow time for Susan can’t wait to see Tom next
wait week.
 25.-cassandra: Susan no puede
esperar ver a Tom la próxima
semana.

care to have feelings for She cares to comment about the

situation.
28 - Daniel - Le importa comentar
sobre la situacion.

chance to try I chanced to give it a taste and it

was good.
29 - Daniel - Tuve la oportunidad
de darle una probada y fue bueno.

choose to make a choice Chris chose to not visit his friends

last weekend.
7.-Cristal Perez: Chris eligió no
visitar a sus amigas el fin de
semana pasado.

claim to say is true Dick claims to see UFOs!

30 - Daniel - Dick dice ver ovnis.
32.- Carlos Perez: Javier claims to
see ghosts in the old house. javier
dice ver fantasmas en la vieja casa.

come to arrive at They came to purchase a new car.

22-Mariano:Ellas vinieron a
comprar un auto nuevo
39-Mauricio Gaytan : Vinieron a
comprar un carro nuevo
consent to agree to Martha consented to instruct the
children.
18. Lizbeth. Martha consintió en
instruir a los niños.

dare to risk doing We dared to take some time off

work.
31. Martin Alvarado. Nos
atrevimos a tomarnos un tiempo
libre

decide to make a decision He decided to go to university in

San Francisco.
26.- Casssandra: Él decidió ir a la
universidad en San Francisco

demand to insist I demand to receive help now!

8.- Cristal Perez: Exijo recibir
ayuda ahora.
40-Mauricio Gaytan: demando
resivir ayuda ahora

deserve to merit Peter deserves to have his time off

this week.
9.-Cristal Perez:Peter merece tener
su tiempo libre esta semana.

determine to come to the We determined to finish the

conclusion project by the end of next year.
10.-Cristal Perez:Decidimos
terminar el proyecto el próximo
año.
elect to choose Alice elected to not come with us to
the presentation.
2. luis villarreal. alice eligio no
venir con nostros a la
presentacion.

endeavor to try The company endeavors to provide

the best possible service.
23-Mariano:La empresa se
esfuerza por brindar el mejor
servicio posible

expect to feel something She expects to arrive in 30

should happen minutes.
31 - Daniel - Ella espera llegar en
30 min.

fail to not succeed Unfortunately, they failed to get

enough votes for the measure.
24-Mariano: Desafortunadamente,
no obtuvieron suficientes votos
para la medida.

get to receive We got to see our friends last week.

31.- Gabriel:Vimos a nuestros
amigos la semana pasada

guarantee to say will happen They guarantee to finish the work

before 5 o’clock.
3.luis villarreal: ellas garantizan
terminar antes de las 5 en punto
hesitate to not be sure about She hesitated to say yes, but in the
end, did.
11.-Cristal Perez: Dudó en decir
que sí, pero al final.

hope to want to happen I hope to see you soon.

27.- Cassandra: Espero verte
pronto.
41- Mauricio Gaytan : espero verte
pronto

hurry to go to quickly Mack is hurrying to finish the

report by 3 this afternoon.
12.-Cristal Perez: Mack se apresura
a terminar el informe alas 3 de esta
tarde.

incline to tend towards He is inclined to not come to

parties.
19.lizbeth: se inclina a no venir a
fiestas.

learn to study and The children learned to do many

memorize things at camp this summer.
25-Mariano:Los niños aprendieron
a hacer muchas cosas en el
campamento este verano.

manage to do with difficulty Don managed to finish the job on

time.
4.luis villarreal: don logro terminar
el trabajo a tiempo
mean to intend Dan means to speak with you this
evening.
13.-Cristal Perez: Dan quiere
hablar contigo esta noche.

need to have to have/do We need to think about this some

morneglec. 42 Mauricio Gaytan-
tenemos que pensar en esto

18.- Jhovany. Tenemos que pensar

en esto un poco más

neglect to not do something The man neglected to give me all

you should do the information.
19.- Jhovany, El hombre se olvidó
de darme toda la información.

offer to say you will do, We offered to help them with their
give, provide homework.
20. Lizbeth. Nos ofrecimos a
ayudarlos con su tarea.

pay to spend money on We paid to become informed about

the matter.
26-Mariano: Pagamos para
informarnos sobre el asunto

plan to think about the I plan to visit Chicago someday.

future 5.luis villarreal:planeo visitar
chicago algun dia
prepare to get ready for They are preparing to leave on
vacation.
6.luis villarreal:ellas se preparan
para irse de vacaciones

pretend to act as if The boy pretended to be a ghost.

28.- Cassandra: el niño pretendió
ser un fantasma

profess to believe Lori professes to believe in UFOs.

7. luis villarreal:lori profesa creen
en ovnis

promise to say you will do I promise to come over tonight for

dinner.
21. Lizbeth: Prometo ir a cenar esta
noche.

refuse to say you will not do Jane refused to do what he asked.

14.-Cristal Perez:Jane se negó a
hacer lo que le pidió.

remain to stay I remained to finish the work until

8 o’clock.
19.- Jhovany. Me quede para
terminar el trabajo hasta las 8 en
punto.
request to ask for The man requested to speak to a
lawyer.
29.-Cassandra: El hombre pidió
hablar con un abogado.

resolve to decide to do We resolved to clean up the house

this summer.
15.-Cristal Perez:Decidimos
limpiar la casa este verano.

say to tell someone He said to tell you hi!

20.- Jhovany. Dijo que te dijera
hola.

seek to look for They are seeking to receive

$1,000,000 in damages.
16.-Cristal Perez:Buscan recibir
$1,000,000 en daños.

seem to appear It seems to be very easy.

22.lizbeth: parece ser muy Facil.
43Mauricio Gaytan -Parece ser
muy facil

shudder to physically react to I shudder to think about all the

something you do not problems in the world.
like
17.-Cristal Perez:Me estremezco al
pensar en todos los problemas del
mundo
strive to try hard to do Frank strove to meet all the
demands of his boss.
21.- Jhovany. Frank se esforzó por
satisfacer todas las demandas de
su jefe.

struggle to work hard to do The students struggle to

understand all the grammar.
22.- Jhovany. Los estudiantes
luchan por comprender toda la
gramática.

swear to promise to do I swear to be a good boy in the

future.
18.-Cristal Perez:Juro ser buen
chico en el futuro.
43:mauricio Gaytan: Juro ser un
buen chico en el futuro

tend to usually do Dianne tends to waste time on the

telephone.
8.luis villarreal:dianne tiende a
perder el tiempo en el telefono

threaten to say you will do a The boss threatened to fire

bad thing to someone everyone.
19.-Cristal Perez:La jefa amenazó
con despedir a todas.

volunteer to say you will help They volunteered to help with the
cooking.
 23.- Jhovany. Ellas se ofrecieron
voluntarias para ayudar con la
cocina.

wait to let time pass We waited to see the doctor for

three hours.
30.- Cassandra: Nosotros
esperamos ver al doctor por 30
horas

want to desire I want to help you.

23. Lizbeth: quiero Ayudarte .

wish to want to do She wishes to visit her parents in

Ireland.
9.luis villarreal:ella desea visitar a
sus padres en irlanda

would like to want I’d like to have a steak, please.

24.- Jhovany.- Me gustaría comer
un bistec por favor.

yearn to desire very strongly I yearn to finish work today!

20.-Cristal Perez:Anhelo terminar
el trabajo hoy.
44 Mauricio Gaytan-Anhelo
terminar en el trabajo hoy
7.1 Adjective order.

In English grammar, adjective order is the customary order in

which two or more adjectives appear in front of a noun phrase.
Although adjective order in English isn't random, "ordering
relations . . . are tendencies rather than rigid rules".

7.2 Too and enough.

English grammar – Too &

enough
Form

too + adjective/adverb

too much/many + noun

too much/many + of + pronoun/determiner

adjective/adverb + enough

enough + noun
enough + of + pronoun/determiner

Meaning

1. Too is used to mean more than sufficient or more/less than

necessary.

○ It’s too late to stop him. 32.- Gabriel: Es demasiado tarde para

detenerlo
○ it's too late to go for a run. 27.- Mariano:es demasiado tarde

para ir a correr

○ Jerry was too young to watch the movie. 32. Martin Alvarado.
Jerry es demasiado joven para ver esa pelicula

○ There are too many people on this train, there’s nowhere to sit.
45-Mauricio Gaytan : Hay demasiada gente en este tren , no
hay donde sentarse

○ You have too much money, give some to me.25.- Jhovany.

Tienes demasiado dinero dame algo.
○ you have worked too much this week.28.-Mariano. has
trabajado demasiado esta semana.
○ You’ve eaten too many of those cakes. 26.- Jhovany. Has

comido demasiado de esos pasteles.

○ 20-mireya: it's too cute not to see.

2. Enough is used to mean sufficient

○ have you done enough homework today. 29.-Mariano:has

hecho suficiente tarea el dia de hoy
○ Your clothes are big enough to fit me. 33.- Gabriel: Tu ropa es
lo suficientemente grande como para que me quede bien.
○ You’ve done enough work. You can stop now. 33. Martin
Alvarado. Has hecho suficiente trabajo puedes parar ahora
 ○ Have you got enough money to buy me a drink?
○ 21.-Cristal Perez: ¿Tienes suficiente dinero para comprarme
una bebida?

○ 21-mireya: You have enough to love well.

3. Enough is used in negative sentences to mean less than sufficient

or less than necessary.

○ You’re not working fast enough, you won’t finish on time. 34.-
Gabriel: No estás trabajando lo suficientemente rápido, no
terminarás a tiempo.

○ Sorry, I haven’t got enough food for everyone. 24. Lizbeth:

Losiento, no tengo suficiente comida Para todas.
○ Not enough of my friends are coming to the party. 34 Martin
Alvarado. No vienen suficientes amigos a la fiesta

○ 22-mireya: You don't have enough pretty

Additional points

1. Enough can be used without a noun if the meaning is clear.

○ There’s a lot of food but not enough for everyone.

○ 22.-Cristal Perez:Hay mucha comida pero no suficiente para
todos.

○ 34.- Cassandra:Hay mucha comida pero no suficiente para

todos
○ 23-mireya: there are Many people but not enough chairs.
2. Enough can be replaced with the before a noun.

○ I don’t have the money to go on holiday. 35.- Gabriel: No tengo

dinero para ir de vacaciones.

○ His company doesn’t have the resources to do the job. 35.

Martin Alvarado. Su compañía no tiene los recursos para este

trabajo
○ 24-i don't have a Lot of clothes yo wear.no tengo mucha ropa
para ponerme
○ 46- Mauricio Gaytan - No tengo mucha ropa para usar

3. Time or room can be used alone to mean enough time or enough

room.

○ Is there room in your car for one more person?

○ 35.-Cassandra Hay lugar en tu carro para una persona más?
○ Do we have time for a coffee?
○ 36.- Cassandra: Tenemos tiempo para tomarnos un café?

○ 25-mireya: do You have time to talk to me. tienes tiempo para

hablar conmigo.

○ we have time to go to dinner. 30.- Mariano:tenemos tiempo

para ir a cenar.
8.1 Gerunds as subjects.

The gerund as subject

gerund

A gerund clause can be the subject of a sentence:

Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding activity. 36.-Gabriel: El

senderismo puede ser una actividad relajante y gratificante

The man who is talking to Anne is my math teacher.31.-Mariano:El

hombre que está hablando con Anne es mi profesor de matemáticas.

Swimming in the winter can boost your immune system. 25. Lizbeth:
Nadar en invierno puede estimular su sistema inmunológic.

Learning a foreign language is easier at a young age. 36. Martin

Alvarado . Aprender un idioma extrajero es más fácil a una edad
temprana

26-mireya: a glass of milk can help you sleep ay night.

The use of the gerund as subject is more common than that of the to-infinitive.

Gerund used as a subject

Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses.
 1. (cook) 31.- Cassandra: cooking is one of her hobbies./ Cocinar es uno de sus
pasatiempos
2. (cycle) _________ is fun. 27.- Jhovany. Cycling is fun.
3. (Get) _____________ a good job is easy. 26.Lizbeth: getting a good job is
Easy. conseguir un buen trabajo es fácil.
4. (Find) 33.-Cassandra:Finding__ a parking space is quite difficult in this area./
Encontrar un espacio de estacionamiento es algo difícil en esta área.
5. (drive) _____________ becomes more and more expensive. 27. Lizbeth:
Driving becomes more and more expensive. conducir se vuelve cada vez más
caro.
6. No (smoke)32.-Cassandra: smoking__ in this area./No fumar en esta área.
7. (work) _____________ overtime is quite common in this company.37. Martin
Alvarado. Trabajar horas extra son algo común en esta empresa
8. (eat)______Eating__ fruits and vegetables is good for your health. 37.-Gabriel:
Comer frutas y verduras es bueno para su salud.
9. (make)_____________ fun of other people is not nice. 28. lizbeth: making fun
of other people is not nice. Burlarse de otra persona no es agradable.
10. (learn)_____________ about other cultures makes people more tolerant. 29.
Lizbeth: Learning about cultures makes people more tolerant. Aprender sobre
culturas hace que las personas sean más toleran.

8.2 Superlative + present perfect.

Sujeto aux have-has verbo participio pasado complemento
they have gone to USA twice this year, Ellos han ido a estados unido 2 veces este año
32 - Daniel - they have been 4 times to Europe this year. Ellos han ido 4 veces a Europa
este año.
She has studied for English class Ella ha estudiado para la clase de ingles
30. Lizbeth: they have passed the exam the First time. Ellos pasaron el examen a la
primera.
31. Lizbeth: she has played very well. Ella ha jugado muy bien.
32.Mariano:El hombre que está hablando con Anne es mi profesor de matemáticas.He
wanted to be an actor when he grew up.
33.Mariano:they wanted to go to the movies.ellos querian ir al cine.
34.Mariano:she always wanted to go to the sea.ella siempre quiso ir al mar.

28.-Jhovany. I have worked yesterday. He trabajado ayer.

29.- Jhovany. He has helped you before. Él te ha ayudado antes.
30.- Jhovany. It has rained a lot this week. Ha llovido mucho esta semana.
31.- Jhovany. Have you finished your homework?. ¿Has terminado la tarea?
27-mireya: have You cleaned tour toom? Has limpiado tu habitación?
34.- Patty - You have checked your earrings.

9.1 Past and present participial adjectives.

Participle Adjectives
●

Some participles (like 'bored' or 'boring') can be used as adjectives. These are used in a
slightly different way from normal adjectives. We usually use the past participle (ending in -
ed) to talk about how someone feels:

● I was really bored during the flight (NOT: I was really boring during the flight).
● She's interested in history (NOT: She's really interesting in history).
● John's frightened of spiders (NOT: John's frightening of spiders).

We usually use the present participle (ending in -ing) to talk about the person, thing, or
situation which has caused the feeling:

● It was such a long, boring flight (so I was bored).

● I read a really interesting book about history (so I was interested).
● Many people find spiders frightening (so they're frightened when they see spiders).

Be careful! 'I'm boring' is very different from 'I'm bored'! 'I'm boring' means I cause other
people to be bored. This is not good! Here are some examples of when one person causes a
feeling in another person:

● I was talking to such a boring guy at the party. He talked about himself for an hour!
 ● Estaba hablando con un tipo tan
31.- EDUARDO .-

aburrido en la fiesta. ¡Habló de sí mismo

durante una hora!
● She's a really interesting woman. She's lived all over the world and speaks five

Ella es una mujer realmente

languages. 32.- EDUARDO.-

interesante. Ella ha vivido en todo el mundo

y habla cinco idiomas
● My maths teacher at school was really frightening! He was always shouting at the
students. 33.- EDUARDO.-

● ¡Mi profesor de matemáticas en la escuela

era realmente aterrador! Siempre les gritaba
a los estudiantes
These participle adjectives make their comparative by using 'more' (not -er) and their
superlative by using 'most' (not -est):

● I was more frightened of dogs than spiders when I was a child. 34 .- EDUARDO.-

Cuando era niño, tenía más miedo a los

perros que a las arañas.
● That book is more boring than this one.35.- EDUARDO.- Ese libro es

más aburrido que este.

● I think Dr Smith's lesson was more interesting than Dr Brown's.36.-Creo

que la lección del Dr. Smith fue más

interesante que la del Dr. Brown.
● For 24 hours on the flight to Australia, I was the most bored I've ever been.34-
Daniel - Durante 24 horas en el vuelo a Australia estuve más aburrido que nunca
● I think this is the most interesting talk we've heard today.33-Daniel- Creo que esta
es la charla más interesante que hemos escuchado hoy.

● Fue la
It was the most frightening film that he'd ever seen.37.- EDUARDO.-

película más aterradora que jamás había

visto.
List of common -ed and -ing adjectives
presente perfecto
I have drunk a lot of soda
presente simple
I am drunk
alarming
What an alarming noise!
32.- Jhovany. Que ruido de alarma
amusing
That TV programme is really
amusing.25. jose luis ese programa de
tv es realmente divertido.
boring
I've never seen such a boring film!26
josé luis, nunca había visto una película
tan aburrida.
confusing
I find these instructions very confusing!
Could you come and help me? 27 josé
luis, me parece que estas instrucciones
son muy confusas! podría usted venga
y me ayude
depressing
This weather is depressing! Is it ever
going to stop raining? 28 jose luis, este
clima es deprimente va a dejar de llover
alguna vez.
embarrassing
That is the most embarrassing photo! I
look terrible!29 jose luis esa es la foto
mas vergonzosa! me veo terrible
alarmed
I was alarmed by the loud bang.
38.- Gabriel:Me alarmó el fuerte golpe
amused
He was amused to hear his little son singing in
the bath.
35.-Mariano:Le divirtió escuchar a su pequeño
hijo cantar en el baño.
bored
The students looked bored as the teacher talked
and talked.
39.- Gabriel: Los estudiantes parecían aburridos
mientras el maestro hablaba y hablaba
confused
I was confused, because I asked two people
and they told me two different things.
37.-Cassandra: Yo estaba confundido porque
hablé con dos personas y ellos me dijeron dos
cosas diferentes.
depressed
I was feeling depressed, so I stayed at home
with hot chocolate and a good book.
38.-Cassandra: Me estaba sintiendo deprimido
así que me quedé en casa con chocolate
caliente un buen libro.
embarrassed
John was really embarrassed when he fell over
in front of his new girlfriend.
39.-Cassandra: John se sintió muy
avergonzado cuando se cayó frente a su nueva

exciting
It's a really exciting book. I couldn't wait
to find out what happened at the end.
34.- Jhovany. Es un libro realmente
emocionante. No podía esperar a saber
que pasó al final.
exhausting
I hate doing housework! It's exhausting!
33.- Jhovany.- Odio hacer el trabajo de
la casa es agotador.
fascinating
The brain is fascinating, isn't it? It's
amazing how much it can do. 30 jose
luis. el cerebro es fascinante ¿verdad?
es asombroso lo mucho que puede
hacer
frightening
What a frightening film! I don't want to
walk home on my own now!
35.- Jhovany. ¡Que película más
aterradora! ¡ No quiero caminar a casa
solo ahora!
frustrating
It's frustrating when you want to say
something in another language, but you
don't know the word.44.-Cassandra:Es
frustrante cuando quieres decir algo en
otro idioma pero no sabes la palabra.
interesting
That was a very interesting book.41.
martin alvarado. Ese fue un libro muy
interesante
novia.
excited
I'm so excited! I'm going on holiday tomorrow!
40. Gabriel: Estoy muy emocionado me voy de
vacaciones mañana
exhausted
Julie was so exhausted after her exams, she
spent the next three days sleeping.37. Martin
Alvarado. julie estaba tan agotada después de
sus exámenes que pasó los siguientes tres días
durmiendo
fascinated
Joan was fascinated by her grandmother's
stories of life in the 1920s.38.- martin alvarado.
Joan quedó fascinado con las historias de vida
de su abuela de los años 1920.
frightened
I was really frightened of bees when I was little,
but I don't mind them now.39.-Martin Alvarado.
Tenía mucho miedo a las abejas cuando era
pequeña, pero ahora no me importan.
frustrated
I tried all morning to send an email, but it
wouldn't work. I was so frustrated!40.- Martin
Alvarado. Intenté toda la mañana enviar un
correo electrónico pero no funcionó. quede tan
frustrado
interested
She's interested in animals, so she's thinking of
studying to be a vet.
41.-Gabriel: A ella le interesan los animales por
eso está pensando en estudiar veterinaria
overwhelming
I find London a bit overwhelming. It's so
busy and noisy.
36.-Mariano:Encuentro Londres un
poco abrumador. Está tan ocupado y
ruidoso.
relaxing
A nice hot bath is so relaxing after a
long day.
43.- Cassandra: un buen baño caliente
es tan relajante después de un largo
día
satisfying
John loves his new job as a teacher. He
says it's very satisfying when he makes
a student understand.
37.-Mariano:John ama su nuevo trabajo
como maestro. Dice que es muy
satisfactorio cuando hace entender a
un estudiante.
shocking
What a shocking crime! It's terrible.42.-
martin alvarado. ¡Que crimen tan
espantoso! es terrible
surprising
It's surprising how many people don't
want to travel to another country.
42.- Cassandra: Es sorprendente
cuánta gente no quiere viajar a otro
país.
terrifying
What a terrifying dog! It's huge!.44
martin alvarado.¡Que perro mas
terrorifico! es enorme.
overwhelmed
Julie felt overwhelmed. She'd moved house, got
a new job and was learning to drive, all at the
same time.-
35.- Patty - Julie se sintió abrumada. Se mudó
de casa, consiguió un nuevo trabajo y estaba
aprendiendo a conducir, todo al mismo tiempo.
relaxed
She was so relaxed, sitting in front of the fire,
that she didn't want to move. 40.-
Cassandra:Ella estaba tan relajada sentada
frente a l fogata que no se quería mover.
satisfied
I'm very satisfied that I managed to order the
meal in French.
42.-Gabriel:Estoy muy satisfecho de haber
pedido la comida en francés.
shocked
I was shocked when my co-worked admitted
stealing some money.
36.- Jhovany.- Conmocionado
Me sorprendío cuando mi compañero de trabajo
admitió haber robado algo de dinero.
surprised
She was surprised when she arrived at her
class and found the other students doing an
exam. She'd thought it was a normal lesson.43.-
martin alvarado. Ella se sorprendió cuando llegó
a su clase y encontró a los estudiantes
haciendo un examen. Ella pensó que era una
lección normal.
terrified
My little son is terrified of the dark. We always
leave a light on in his room at night.41.-
Cassandra: Mi hijo pequeño está aterrorizado
de la oscuridad. Siempre dejamos una luz
prendida en su cuarto en la noche
thrilling
What thrilling music! It's some of the
most beautiful music I've ever heard.31
jose luis. ¡Qué música tan
emocionante! es una de las música
más hermosas que escuchado
thrilled
I was thrilled to win first prize in the competition.
43.-Gabriel: Estaba encantado de ganar el
primer premio en la competencia

tiring
My job is really tiring. I don't get home
until 10pm sometimes.45 Martin
Alvarado. mi trabajo es realmente
agotador. A veces no llego a casa y
algunas veces a las 10pm.
tired
David's too tired to come to the cinema tonight.
He's going to go to bed early.
44.-Gabriel: David está demasiado cansado
para ir al cine esta noche. Se va acostar
temprano

9.2 Get + adjective; Get + past participle.

9.3 The…. The… comparatives.

Formation of Comparative Adjectives

There are two ways to make or to "form" a comparative adjective:

● short adjectives: add "-er"

● long adjectives: use "more"

Short adjectives: add -er examples

1-syllable adjectives old, fast

I am older than you comparativo 1 silaba

he is the oldest in the room superlativo 1 silaba

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y

happy, easy

RULE: add "-er" old → older

Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just add -r late → later

Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double big → bigger
the last consonant

Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i happy →

happier

Long adjectives: use more examples

2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y modern, pleasant

expensive, intellectual

Y syllables

RULE: use "more" modern → more modern

expensive → more expensive

this car is more expensive than mine

that truck is the most expensive

With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-er" OR "more":

quiet → quieter/more quiet

clever → cleverer/more clever

narrow → narrower/more narrow

simple → simpler/more simple
Exception: The following adjectives have irregular forms:

good → better
well (healthy) → better

bad → worse
far → farther/further

Use of Comparative Adjectives

We use comparative adjectives when talking about 2 things (not 3 or 10 or 1,000,000 things,
only 2 things).

Often, the comparative adjective is followed by "than".

Look at these examples:

● John is 1m80. He is tall. But Chris is 1m85. He is taller than John. 45.-Cassandra: Él
es más alto que John
● America is big. But Russia is bigger. 45.-Gabriel: Estados Unidos es grande. Pero
Rusia es más grande.
● 38.-Mariano:the sentra car is much better than the others:el carro sentra es mucho
mejor que los demas.
● I want to have a more powerful computer. 33.- Carlos perez: Quiero tener una
● computadora mas poderosa.
● 39.-Mariano:I want a much newer cell phone:quiero un celular mucho mas nuevo.
● Is French more difficult than English? 34.- Carlos Perez: ¿es el frances mas dificil
que ingles.?
● 46.- ¿Es el francés es más difícil que el inglés?
● 36.- Patty - The river is bigger than the stream.
● 28-mireya:I want a lunch more detailed boyfriend.
● 47 Mauricio Gaytan: El frances es mas dificil que el ingles

If we talk about the two planets Earth and Mars, we can compare them as shown in the table
below:

Earth Mar
s

Diameter (km) 12,76 6,79 Mars is smaller than Earth.

0 0 46.- Gabriel: Marte es más pequeño que
la Tierra.

Distance from Sun (million km) 150 228 Mars is more distant from the Sun.46.-
Martin Alvarado. Marte está más distante
del sol.

Length of day (hours) 24 25 A day on Mars is slightly longer than a

day on Earth.
37.- Jhovany.- Un día en Marte es
 ligeramente más largo que un día en la
tierra.

Moons 1 2 Mars has more moons than Earth. 47.-

Cassandra: Marte tiene más lunas que el
planeta tierra

Surface temperature (degrees 22 -23 Mars is colder than Earth.

Celsius) 47.- Gabriel: Marte es más frío que la
tierra
Although we use comparative adjectives when talking about two things (not three or more
things), in fact one or both of the things may be a group of things.

● Mt Everest is higher than all other mountains. 48.-Cassandra: la montaña Everest es

más alta que las demás montañas

Here, we are talking about hundreds of mountains, but we are still comparing one thing (Mt
Everest) to one other thing (all other mountains).
48- Mauricio Gaytan- A qui estamos hablando de cientos de montañas pero seguimos
comparando el monte everest con otras montañas

The comparative and the superlative

Comparative adjectives

Comparative adjectives are used to compare differences between the two objects they
modify (larger, smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are
compared, in this pattern:

Noun (subject) + verb + comparative adjective + than + noun (object).

The second item of comparison can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example
below).

Examples

● This! parking lot is much bigger40.-Mariano:este

estacionamiento es mucho mas grande
● My house is larger than hers. 48.- Gabriel: Mi casa es mas
grande que la de ella
● This box is smaller than the one I lost.49.- Cassandra:Está
caja es más pequeña que la que perdí
● Your dog runs faster than Jim's dog. 50.- Tu perro corre más
rápido que el perro de Jim
● This refrigerator is much more spacious.41.-Mariano:Este refrigerador es mucho mas
amplio.
 ● The rock flew higher than the roof. 49.-Gabriel: La roca voló
más alto que el techo
● Jim and Jack are both my friends, but I like Jack better. ("than
Jim" is understood)47.- martin alvarado. Jim y Jack son mis amigos, pero me gusta
mas jack.( esta entendiendo Jim)
● 37.- Patty - Alan grew up a lot, he’s taller than Cris.
● 29- My Best use wider than his.

Superlative adjectives

Superlative adjectives are used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a
quality (the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in sentences where
a subject is compared to a group of objects.

Noun (subject) + verb + the + superlative adjective + noun (object).

The group that is being compared with can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final
example below).

Examples

● My house is the largest one in our neighborhood.

● 50.- Gabriel: Mi casa es la más grande de nuestro barrio.
● This is the smallest box I've ever seen.51.- Esta caja es la
más pequeña que he visto
● Your dog ran the fastest of any dog in the race

38.- Jhovany.- Tu perro corrió más rápido que cualquier otro en la carrera.

● We all threw our rocks at the same time. My rock flew the
highest. ("of all the rocks" is understood)52.- Cassandra:Todos lanzamos piedras al
mismo tiempo. Mi piedra fue la que voló lo más alto.
● 38.- Patty - My dog is the biggest because he eats a lot of croquettes.
● 30-we all ate at the dame time but Jesús took Longer.

Forming regular comparatives and superlatives

Forming comparatives and superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number of
syllables in the original adjective.

One syllable adjectives

Add -er for the comparative and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant +
single vowel + consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the
ending.
 A Comp Sup
djective arative erlative

tall taller talle

st

fat fatter fatte

st

bi bigger bigg
g est

sa sadde sadd
d r est

Two syllables

Adjectives with two syllables can form the comparative either by adding -er or by preceeding
the adjective with more. These adjectives form the superlative either by adding -est or by
preceeding the adjective with most. In many cases, both forms are used, although one
usage will be more common than the other. If you are not sure whether a two-syllable
adjective can take a comparative or superlative ending, play it safe and use more and most
instead. For adjectives ending in y, change the y to an i before adding the ending.

A Comp Supe
djective arative rlative

ha happi happi
ppy er est
 si simple simpl
mple r est

bu busier busie
sy st

tilt more most

ed tilted tilted

ta more most
ngled tangled tangled

Three or more syllables

Adjectives with three or more syllables form the comparative by putting more in front of the
adjective, and the superlative by putting most in front.

Compa Superl
A rative ative
djective

more most
im important important
portant

more most
ex expensive expensive
pensive

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

These very common adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative
forms.

Compa Superlati
A rative ve
djective

better best
go
od

worse worst
ba
d

less least
littl
e

more most
m
uch

further / furthest /
far farther farthest

Examples

● Today is the worst day I've had in a long time. 51.-Gabriel:

Hoy es el peor dia que he tenido en mucho tiempo.
● You play tennis better than I do.

39.- Jhovany.- Tu juegas al tenis mejor que yo.

● This is the least expensive sweater in the store.

40.- Jhovany.- Este es el suéter menos caro en la tienda.

 ● This sweater is less expensive than that one.53.- Cassandra:
este suéter es menos caro que aquel
● I ran pretty far yesterday, but I ran even farther today.

41.- Jhovany.- Ayer corrí bastante lejos, pero hoy corrí aún más lejos.

31-mireya: this pants is less cheap than that blouse.

10.1 Phrasal verbs.

Phrasal verbs
Ahora que ya comprendemos sus componentes, entendamos cómo funcionan los
verbos compuestos. Comencemos con un ejemplo sencillo, el verbo look, to look
significa mirar. Sin embargo, al agregar la preposición up al final del verbo, look up
adquiere un significado diferente, significa buscar o admirar. Si agregamos la
preposición out al final del verbo, look out, significa prestar atención o tener cuidado.

Los verbos en inglés son muy comunes y muy útiles. Ahora que ya los conoces
seguramente te darás cuenta de que los escuchas con frecuencia en todo tipo de
conversaciones. La mejor forma de aprenderlos es practicarlos y prestar atención al
escuchar, si escuchas un verbo que frecuentemente se acompaña de otra palabra,
entonces es un verbo compuesto.

El significado de algunos verbos compuestos es muy obvio, por ejemplo el verbo

calm down (calmarse), cuyo significado puede ser inferido simplemente al conocer
el verbo. Sin embargo, otros verbos compuestos como come on (anda / ven), tienen
múltiples significados y traducciones no literales. La mejor forma de aprender estos
verbos es practicar y practicar. Un método muy útil puede ser agruparlos en
categorías de acuerdo a su uso y significado.

Phrasal verbs vs Collocations

No debemos confundir los verbos compuestos con las colocaciones o collocations
en inglés. Las colocaciones son dos palabras que suelen decirse juntas como make
a mistake (cometer un error), mientras que los verbos compuestos son una sola
palabra compuesta de términos.
También es importante recordar que los verbos compuestos en inglés son como
cualquier otro verbo y se conjugan de la misma forma. Por ejemplo, el verbo turn off:
apagar, se conjuga de la siguiente forma: turned off: apagado, turning off: apagando.

Lista de phrasal verbs

Bien, ahora que ya tienes claro qué son los phrasal verbs y cómo funcionan, te
tenemos una Phrasal verbs list, para que puedas estudiar y memorizarlos todos y
mejorar tu inglés. Recuerda aprovechar todos los recursos disponibles para
aprender inglés en línea y mejorar tu conocimiento del idioma de forma rápida y
divertida

Phrasal
Significado en
Verb en Ejemplos de su uso en inglés y en español
español
inglés

Susy’s little dog died last week, please don’t bring it

up, she is still very sad about it.
Mencionar
Bring up
algo
El perrito de susy murió la semana pasada, por favor
no lo menciona, todavía está muy triste por eso.

Excessive consumption of fat can bring on serious

health issues.

El consumo excesivo de grasa puede causar serios

problemas de salud.
Causar /
Bring on
Vamos
Do you want to challenge me? Bring it on! I am sure I
can beat you.

¿Me quieres retar? ¡Vamos! Estoy seguro de que te

puedo ganar.

Visitar / The volunteers will call on the orphanage tomorrow

Call on
Llamado afternoon.
 Los voluntarios visitarán el orfanáto mañana en la
tarde.

The rehearsal was called off because of the rain.

Call of Cancelar
El ensayo se canceló por la lluvia.

I was feeling down but my friend’s visited cheered me

up.
Cheer up Animar

Me sentía triste pero la visita de mi amiga me animó.

I came up with a great idea for our physics class’ final

Come up Project.
(with Tener una idea
something) Se me ocurrió una excelente idea para nuestro
proyecto final de la clase de física.

Please come in, the door is open.

Come in Entrar
Por favor entre, la puerta está abierta.

I was walking downtown when I can across with

Lauren, what are the odds?
Come
Encontrarse
across
Estaba caminando en el centro cuando me encontré
con Lauren, ¿cuáles son las posibilidades?

The police is expecting for more witnesses to come

forward, so they can gather enough information to
make a case.
Come Comparecer /
forward Acudir
La policía espera que más testigos comparezcan,
para poder reunir información suficiente para tener
un caso.
 I’ll have to find a part time job, my father cut me off
without any money, because I didn’t get good grades
this semester.
Interrumpir /
Cut off
Cortar
Tendré que encontrar un trabajo de medio tiempo, mi
padre dejó de darme dinero, porque no obtuve
buenas calificaciones este semestre.

Hey, cut it out, if you don’t stop fighting I am gonna

call our mom.
Cut (it) out Detener
Ey, detente, si no dejas de pelear voy a llamar a
nuestra mamá.

I just found out my boyfriend is sick, so I will drop by

to bring him some soup.
Drop by Visitar / Pasar
Me acabo de enterar que mi novio está enfermo, así
que voy a pasar a visitarlo para llevarle sopa.

If you pass downtown on your way, Could you please

drop me off at the office?
Dejar /
Drop off
Entregar
Si pasas por el centro, ¿podrías dejarme en la
oficina?

We left the sculpture in the garden and after a heavy

rain it fell apart.
Romper en
Fall apart
pedazos
Dejamos la escultura en el jardín y después de una
fuerte lluvia se rompió en pedazos.

I felt down hiking and broke my leg, so I have to stay in

bed for a couple of days.
Fall down Caerse
Me caí escalando y me rompí una pierna, así que me
tengo que quedar en cama por unos días.
 I filled up on sweets all afternoon and now I can’t eat
the actual dinner.
Fill up Llenar
Me llené de dulces toda la tarde y ahora no puedo
comer la cena.

Family meetings are not a burden for me because I

really get along with my parents-in-law.
Get along Llevarse bien
with con
Las reuniones familiares no son una carga para mí
porque me llevo muy bien con mis suegros.

I get up early every day to work out.

Get up Levantarse
Me levanto temprano todos los días para hacer
ejercicio.

After the baby was born, I had to give up my

entrepreneurial project because I needed a steady
income.
Rendirse
Give up
/Abandonar
Después de que nació el bebé, tuve que abandonar
mi proyecto emprendedor porque necesitaba un
ingreso fijo.

I’ve been going out with Peter for a month now and I
feel like I am already in love with him.
Go out Salir / con
/(With) alguien
He estado saliendo con Peter por un mes y siento
que ya estoy enamorada de él.

I am not talking to you until you grow up and stop

acting like a child.
Grow up Crecer
No voy a hablar contigo hasta que crezcas y dejes de
actuar como un niño.
 I just need to take off my sweaty gym clothes before
we go out.
Take off Quitarse
Solo necesito quitarme mis ropa del gimnasio
sudada, antes de que salgamos.

10.2 Separable and nonseparable phrasal verbs.

Phrasal Verbs List

200 common phrasal verbs, with meanings and example sentences

phrasal verb meaning example sentence

ask somebody out invite on a Brian asked Judy out to

date dinner and a movie.
52.-Gabriel: Brian invito a
Judy a cenar y al cine

ask around ask many I asked around but nobody

people the has seen my wallet. 35.-
same Carlos Perez: Pregunte pero
question nadie ha visto mi billetera.

add up to something equal Your purchases add up to

$205.32. 36.-Carlos Perez:
Tus compras suman
$205.32

back something up reverse You'll have to back up your

car so that I can get out.
37.- Carlos Perez: Tendras
que retroceder en tu auto
para que pueda salir.
back somebody up support My wife backed me up over
my decision to quit my
job.55.-Cassandra:Mi
esposa me respaldó sobre
mi decisión de renunciar a
mi trabajo

blow up explode The racing car blew up after

it crashed into the fence.38
Carlos Perez: el auto de
carreras exploto despues de
estrellarse en la cerca.

blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons

up for the party. 53.-Gabriel:
Tenemos que inflar 50
globos para la fiesta

break down stop Our car broke down at the

functioning side of the highway in the
(vehicle, snowstorm. 34 jose luis.
machine) nuestro coche se averió a un
lado de la carretera en la
tormenta.

break down get upset The woman broke down

when the police told her that
her son had died. 35 jose
luis. La mujer se derrumbó
cuando la policía le dijo que
su hijo había muerto.

break something down divide into Our teacher broke the final
smaller parts project down into three
separate parts.
42.- Jhovany.- Nuestro
maestro dividió el proyecto
final en tres partes
separadas.
break in force entry to Somebody broke in last
a building night and stole our
stereo.48. martin
alvarado.Alguien entró
anoche y tomó nuestro
estereo.

break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break

into the room to rescue the
children. 56.-Cassandra:el
bombero tuvo que entrar al
cuarto para rescatar a los
niños

break something in wear I need to break these shoes

something a in before we run next week.
few times so 54.- Gabriel: Necesito
that it romper estos zapatos antes
doesn't de que corramos la semana
look/feel new que viene

break in interrupt The TV station broke in to

report the news of the
president's death.39 Carlos
Perez: La estacion de TV
irrumpio para informar la
noticia de la muerte del
presidente.

break up end a My boyfriend and I broke up

relationship before I moved to
America.57.-Cassandra: mi
novio y yo terminamos antes
de que yo me mudara a
America

break up start The kids just broke up as

laughing soon as the clown started
(informal) talking. 36 josé luis.las niñas
 se separaron tan pronto
como el payaso comenzó
hablar

break out escape The prisoners broke out of

jail when the guards weren't
looking.49. martin alvarado.
Los prisioneros salieron de
la cárcel cuando los
guardias no estaban
mirando.

break out in something develop a I broke out in a rash after

skin our camping trip. 55.-
condition Gabriel: estalle en un
sarpullido después de
nuestro viaje de
campamento

bring somebody down make This sad music is bringing

unhappy me down.50.- Martin
alvarado. Esta triste música
me está deprimiendo.

bring somebody up raise a child My grandparents brought

me up after my parents died.
37 jose luis. Mis abuelos me
criaron después de la
muerte de mis padres.

bring something up start talking My mother walks out of the

about a room when my father brings
subject up sports.
43.- Jhovany.- Mi madre sale
de la habitación cuando mi
padre habla de deportes.
bring something up vomit He drank so much that he
brought his dinner up in the
toilet.
44.- Jhovany.- El bebio tanto
que trajo su cena al baño.

call around phone many We called around but we

different weren't able to find the car
places/peopl part we needed.51. Martin
e alvarado.- Nosotros
llamamos pero no pudimos
encontrar la pieza del carro
que necesitamos.

call somebody back return a I called the company back

phone call but the offices were closed
for the weekend.
45.- Jhovany.- Llamé a la
compañía después pero las
oficinas fueron cerradas
para el fin de semana.

call something off cancel Jason called the wedding

off because he wasn't in
love with his fiancé.58.-
Cassandra:Jason canceló su
boda porque no estaba
enamorado de su prometida

call on somebody ask for an The professor called on me

answer or for question 1. 38. jose luis.
opinion el profesor me llamo para
preguntar

call on somebody visit We called on you last night

somebody but you weren't home.
Mariano-.42:This refrigerator
is much more spacious.
call somebody up phone Give me your phone number
and I will call you up when
we are in town. 40.- Carlos
Perez: Dame tu numero de
telefono y te llamare cuando
estemos en la ciudad.

calm down relax after You are still mad. You need
being angry to calm down before you
drive the car.59.- cassandra:
todavía estás enojado.
Necesitas calmarte antes
de que manejes el carro.

not care for somebody/ not like I don't care for his
something (formal) behaviour.
56.-Gabriel: NO me importa
su comportamiento

catch up get to the You'll have to run faster than

same point that if you want to catch up
as somebody with Marty.38.-EDUARDO.-
else Tendrás que
correr más rápido
que eso si quieres
alcanzar a Marty
43.-Mariano:Tendrás que
correr más rápido que eso si
quieres alcanzar a Marty.

check in arrive and We will get the hotel keys

register at a when we check in. 60.-
hotel or Cassandra: nosotros
airport tendremos las llaves del
 hotel cuando nos
registremos

check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the

hotel before 11:00 AM.
10 Luis villarreal:tienes que
salir del hotel antes de las
11:00 am

check somebody/ look at The company checks out all

something out carefully, new employees. 39. jose
investigate luis.la empresa comprueba
a todas las nuevas
empleadas.

check out somebody/ look at Check out the crazy hair on

something (informal) that guy!
46.- Jhovany,. ¡Echa un
vistazo al pelo loco en ese
tipo!

cheer up become She cheered up when she

happier heard the good news.40 jose
luis. ella se animó cuando
escuchó las buenas
noticias.

cheer somebody up make happier I brought you some flowers

to cheer you up.41 jose luis.
te traje unas flores para
animarte.
47.- Jhovany.- Te traje
algunas flores para
animarte.

chip in help If everyone chips in we can

get the kitchen painted by
 noon.
11.luis villarreal:si todos
colaboran, podemos pintar
la cocina antes del mediodía

clean something up tidy, clean Please clean up your

bedroom before you go
outside. 61.-Cassandra:por
favor limpia tu cuarto antes
de que salgas a la calle

come across something find I came across these old

unexpectedly photos when I was tidying
the closet.
48.- Jhovany.- Me encontré
con estas viejas fotos
cuando estaba ordenando el
armario.

come apart separate The top and bottom come

apart if you pull hard
enough.44.-Mariano:La parte
superior e inferior se
separan si tira lo
suficientemente fuerte.

come down with something become sick
My nephew came down with
chicken pox this weekend.
39.-Patty - Mi sobrino contrajo
varicela este fin de semana.
49.- Jhovany.- Mi sobrino
contrajo varicela este fin de
semana.

come forward volunteer for The woman came forward

a task or to with her husband's finger
give evidence prints.
 12. luis villarreal:la mujer se
adelantó con el dedo de su
marido

come from some place originate in The art of origami comes

from Asia.57.-Gabriel: El arte
del origami viene de Asia

count on somebody/ rely on I am counting on you to

something make dinner while I am out.
42 jose luis. cuento contigo
para cenar, escribe que
estoy fuera.

cross something out draw a line Please cross out your old
through address and write your new
one.45.-Mariano:Por favor
tache su antigua dirección y
escriba la nueva.

cut back on something consume My doctor wants me to cut

less back on sweets and fatty
foods. 50.- Jhovany.- Mi
médico quiere que reduzca
el consumo de dulces y
alimentos grasosos.

cut something down make We had to cut the old tree in

something our yard down after the
fall to the storm.
ground 13. luis villarreal:tuvimos
que cortar el viejo árbol de
nuestro jardin despues de la
tormenta

cut in interrupt Your father cut in while I

was dancing with your
 uncle.43 jose luis.tu padre
me interrumpió mientras
bailaba con tu tío.

cut in pull in too The bus driver got angry

closely in when that car cut in.
front of 46.-Mariano:El conductor del
another autobús se enojó cuando
vehicle ese automóvil entró.

cut in start The air conditioner cuts in

operating (of when the temperature gets
an engine or to 22°C.
electrical 14.luis villarreal:el aire
device) acondicionado se activa
cuando la temperatura llega
a 22 C

cut something off remove with The doctors cut off his leg
something because it was severely
sharp injured.44. jose luis. los
medicos le cortaron la
pierna porque estaba
gravemente herida.

cut something off stop The phone company cut off

providing our phone because we didn't
pay the bill.
47.-Mariano:La compañía
telefónica nos cortó el
teléfono porque no
pagamos la factura.

cut somebody off take out of a My grandparents cut my

will father off when he
remarried.
15.luis villarreal:mis abuelos
 cortaron a mi padre cuando
se volvió a casar

cut something out remove part I cut this ad out of the

of something newspaper.
(usually with 58.- Gabriel: Corté este
scissors and anuncio del perdiodico
paper)

do somebody/ something beat up, He's lucky to be alive. His

over ransack (BrE, shop was done over by a
informal) street gang.
48.-Mariano:Tiene suerte de
estar vivo. Su tienda fue
renovada por una pandilla
callejera.

do something over do again My teacher wants me to do

(AmE) my essay over because she
doesn't like my topic.
16.luis villarreal:mi maestra
quiere que vuelva a redactar
mi ensayo porque no le
gusto mi tema

do away with something discard It's time to do away with all

of these old tax records. 45
jose luis. es hora de acabar
con todos estos registros
fiscales antiguos.

do something up fasten, close Do your coat up before you

go outside. It 's snowing!
40. Patty - Abróchate el abrigo
antes de salir. ¡Está nevando!
46 jose luis. abrochate el
abrigo antes de salir.! está
nevando!
dress up wear nice It's a fancy restaurant so we
clothing have to dress up.
49.-Mariano:Es un
restaurante elegante, así que
tenemos que disfrazarnos.

drop back move back in Andrea dropped back to

a third place when she fell off
position/grou her bike.
p 17.luis villarreal:andrea
volvió al tercer lugar cuando
se cayó de la bicicleta

drop in/ by/ over come I might drop in/by/over for

without an tea sometime this week.
appointment 18.luis villarreal:podría pasar
a tomar el té en algún
momento de esta semana

drop somebody/ something take I have to drop my sister off

off somebody/ at work before I come
something over.47 jose luis.tengo que
somewhere dejar ami hermana en el
and leave trabajo antes de venir.
them/it there

drop out quit a class, I dropped out of Science

school etc because it was too
difficult.48 jose luis. deje la
ciencia porque era
demasiado difícil.

eat out eat at a I don't feel like cooking

restaurant tonight. Let's eat out.49.
jose luis. no tengo ganas de
cocinar esta noche. vamos a
comer fuera.
 50.-Mariano:No tengo ganas
de cocinar esta noche.
Vamos a comer fuera

end up eventually We ended up renting a

reach/do/de movie instead of going to
cide the theatre.
19.luis villarreal:terminamos
alquilando una película en
lugar de ir al cine

fall apart break into My new dress fell apart in

pieces the washing machine. 50
josé luis morales. mi nuevo
vestido se vino abajo en la
lavadora.

fall down fall to the The picture that you hung up

ground last night fell down this
morning.51.-Mariano:La foto
que colgaste anoche se
cayó esta mañana

fall out separate The money must have fallen

from an out of my pocket.
interior 59.-Gabriel:El dinero debe
haberse caído de mi bolsillo

fall out (of hair, His hair started to fall out

teeth) when he was only 35.
become 20.luis villarreal:su cabello
loose and comienza a caerse cuando
unattached solo tenía 35 años

figure something out understand, I need to figure out how to

find the fit the piano and the
answer bookshelf in this room.
 21.luis villarreal:necesito
averiguar cómo colocar el
piano y la estantería en esta
habitación

fill something in to write Please fill in the form with

information your name, address, and
in blanks, as phone number.
on a form 22.luis villarreal:por favor
(BrE) complete el formulario con
su nombre, dirección y
número de teléfono

fill something out to write The form must be filled out

information in capital letters.
in blanks, as 60.-Gabriel: El formulario
on a form debe completarse en
(AmE) mayúsculas

fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up
when it is empty.
23.luis villarreal:siempre
lleno la jarra de agua cuando
está vacía

find out discover We don't know where he

lives. How can we find out?
24.luis villarreal:no sabemos
donde vive. ¿ Cómo
podemos averiguarlo?

find something out discover We tried to keep the time of

the party a secret, but
Samantha found it out.
25.luis villarreal:intentamos
 mantener en secreto la hora
de la fiesta, pero samantha
lo descubrió

get something across/ over communicat I tried to get my point

e, make across/over to the judge but
understanda she wouldn't listen.
ble 26.luis villarreal:trate de
transmitir mi punto al juez
pero ella no quiso escuchar

get along/on like each I was surprised how well my

other new girlfriend and my sister
got along/on.
27.luis villarreal:me
sorprendió lo bien que se
lleva mi nueva novia y mi
hermana

get around have mobility My grandfather can get

around fine in his new
wheelchair.
28.luis villarreal:mi abuelo
puede moverse bien en su
nueva silla de ruedas

get away go on a We worked so hard this year

vacation that we had to get away for
a week.
41.- Patty - Trabajamos tan duro
este año que tuvimos que
alejarnos durante una semana.
get away with something do without Jason always gets away
being noticed with cheating in his maths
or punished tests.
42.- Patty - Jason siempre
se sale con la suya haciendo
trampa en su examen de
matemáticas.

get back return We got back from our

vacation last week.
29.luis villarreal:regresamos
de nuestras vacaciones la
seman
a pasada

get something back receive Liz finally got her Science

something notes back from my
you had roommate.
before 30.luis villarreal:liz
finalmente recuperó sus
notas de ciencia de mi
compañero de cuarto

get back at somebody retaliate, take My sister got back at me for

revenge stealing her shoes. She stole
my favourite hat.
43.- Patty - Mi hermana se
vengaba de mí por robarle
sus zapatos. Ella robó mi
sombrero favorito.

get back into something become I finally got back into my

interested in novel and finished it.
something 31.luis villarreal:finalmente
again volví a mi novela y la termine
get on something step onto a We're going to freeze out
vehicle here if you don't let us get on
the bus.
32.luis villarreal:vamos a
congelarnos aquí si no nos
dejan subir al autobús

get over something recover from I just got over the flu and
an illness, now my sister has it.
loss, 44.- Patty - Acabo de superar
difficulty la gripe y ahora mi hermana
la tiene.

get over something overcome a The company will have to

problem close if it can't get over the
new regulations.
33.luis villarreal:la empresa
tendrá que cerrar si no
puede superar las nuevas
regulaciones.

get round to something finally find I don't know when I am

time to do going to get round to writing
(AmE: get the thank you cards.
around to 45.- Patty - No sé cuándo
something) voy a empezar a escribir las
tarjetas de agradecimiento.

get together meet (usually Let 's get together for a BBQ
for social this weekend.
reasons) 34.luis villarreal:reunámonos
 para una barbacoa este fin
de semana

get up get out of I got up early today to study

bed for my exam.
46.- Patty - Llegué temprano
hoy para estudiar para mi
examen.

get up stand You should get up and give

the elderly man your seat.
35.luis villarreal:deberías
levantarte y darle tu asiento
al anciano

give somebody away reveal hidden His wife gave him away to
information the police.
about 36.luis villarreal:su esposa lo
somebody delató a la policía

give somebody away take the My father gave me away at

bride to the my wedding.
altar 47. Patty - Mi padre me
delató en mi boda.

give something away ruin a secret My little sister gave the

surprise party away by
accident.
37.luis villareal:mi hermanita
regalo la fiesta sorpresa por
accidente

give something away give The library was giving away

something to old books on Friday.
somebody 48.- Patty - La librería estaba
for free regalando un libro viejo
sobre Frida.
give something back return a I have to give these skates
borrowed back to Franz before his
item hockey game.
38.luis villarreal:tengo que
devolver estos patines a
franz antes de su partido de
hockey

give in reluctantly My boyfriend didn't want to

stop fighting go to the ballet, but he finally
or arguing gave in.
49.- Patty - Mi novio no
quería ir al ballet, pero
finalmente cedió.

give something out give to many They were giving out free
people perfume samples at the
(usually at no department store.
cost) 39.luis villarreal:estaban
dando muestras de perfume
gratis en la tienda
departamental

give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as

of January 1st.
40.luis villarreal:voy a dejar
de fumar el 1 de enero

give up stop trying My maths homework was

too difficult so I gave up.
50.- Patty - Mi tarea de
matemáticas era demasiado
difícil, así que me di por
vencida.
go after somebody follow My brother tried to go after
somebody the thief in his car.51.- Patty
- Mi hermano trató de
perseguir al ladrón en su
auto.

go after something try to achieve I went after my dream and

something now I am a published writer.
41.luis villarreal:fui tras mi
sueño y ahora soy un
escritor publicado

go against somebody compete, We are going against the

oppose best soccer team in the city
tonight.
42.luis villarreal:esta noche
vamos contra el mejor
equipo de fútbol de la
ciudad

go ahead start, Please go ahead and eat

proceed before the food gets cold.
52.- Patty - Por favor, coma
antes de que la comida se
enfríe.

go back return to a I have to go back home and

place get my lunch.
43.luis villarreal:tengo que
volver a casa y buscar mi
almuerzo

go out leave home We're going out for dinner

to go on a tonight.
social event 53.- Patty - Saldremos a
cenar esta noche.
go out with somebody date Jesse has been going out
with Luke since they met
last winter.
44.luis villarreal:jesse ha
estado saliendo con luke
desde que se conocieron el
invierno pasado

go over something review Please go over your answers

before you submit your test.
45.luis villarreal:por favor
repase sus respuestas antes
de enviar su prueba

go over visit I haven't seen Tina for a long

somebody time. I think I'll go over for
nearby an hour or two.
54.- Patty - No he visto a
Tina en mucho tiempo, creo
que iré durante una o dos
horas.

go without something suffer lack or When I was young, we went

deprivation without winter boots.
55.- Patty - Cuando éramos
jóvenes íbamos sin botas de
invierno.

grow apart stop being My best friend and I grew

friends over apart after she changed
time schools.
46.luis villarreal:mi mejor
amiga y yo nos separamos
después de que ella cambió
de escuela

grow back regrow My roses grew back this

summer.
47.luis villarreal:mis rosas
 volvieron a crecer este
verano

grow into something grow big This bike is too big for him
enough to fit now, but he should grow into
it by next year.
56.- Patty - Esta bicicleta es
grande para él ahora, pero
debería crecer en el próximo
año.

grow out of something get too big Elizabeth needs a new pair
for of shoes because she has
grown out of her old ones.
48.luis villarreal:elizabeth
necesita un nuevo par de
zapatos porque se le han
quedado los viejos

grow up become an When Jack grows up he

adult wants to be a fireman.
49.luis villarreal:cuando jack
se levanta quiere ser un
bombero

hand something down give I handed my old comic

something books down to my little
used to cousin.
somebody 57.- Patty - Entregué mis
else viejos cómics a mi primo
pequeño.

hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay

by Friday.
50.luis villarreal:tengo que
entregar mi ensayo el
viernes
hand something out to distribute We will hand out the
to a group of invitations at the door.
people 58.- Patty - Repartiremos las
invitaciones en la puerta.

hand something over give (usually The police asked the man to
unwillingly) hand over his wallet and his
weapons. 59.- Patty - La
policía le pidió al hombre
que le entregara su billetera
y sus armas.

hang in stay positive Hang in there. I'm sure you'll

(informal) find a job very soon.
60.- Patty - Cuelga ahí.
Estoy seguro de que pronto
encontrarás trabajo.

hang on wait a short Hang on while I grab my

time coat and shoes!
(informal) 61.- Patty - ¡Espera mientras
tomo mi abrigo y mis
zapatos!

hang out spend time Instead of going to the party

relaxing we are just going to hang
(informal) out at my place.
51.luis villarreal:en lugar de
ir a la fiesta solo vamos a
pasar el rato en mi casa

hang up end a phone He didn't say goodbye

call before he hung up.
52.luis villarreal:no se
despidió antes de colgar
hold somebody/ something prevent from I had to hold my dog back
back doing/going because there was a cat in
the park.
53.luis villarreal:tuve que
retener a mi perro porque
había un gato en el parque.

hold something back hide an Jamie held back his tears at

emotion his grandfather 's funeral.
54.luis villarreal:jaime
contuvo las lágrimas en el
funeral de su abuelo

hold on wait a short Please hold on while I

time transfer you to the Sales
Department.
55.luis villarreal:por favor
espere mientras lo transfiero
al departamento de ventas

hold onto somebody/ hold firmly Hold onto your hat because
something using your it 's very windy outside.
hands or 56.luis villarreal:sujetate el
arms sombrero porque hace
mucho viento

hold somebody/ something rob A man in a black mask held

up the bank up this morning.
57.luis villarreal:un hombre
con una máscara negra
detuvo el banco esta maña

keep on doing something continue Keep on stirring until the

doing liquid comes to a boil.
58.luis villarreal:sigue
revolviendo hasta que el
líquido empiece a hervir
keep something from not tell We kept our relationship
somebody from your parents for two
years.
59.luis villarreal:mantuvimos
nuestra relación con tus
padres durante dos años

keep somebody/ something stop from Try to keep the wet dog out
out entering of the living room.
60.luis villarreal:trata de
mantener al perro mojado
fuera de la sala de estar

keep something up continue at If you keep those results up

the same you will get into a great
rate college. 23.-
Cristal Perez:si mantienes
esos resultados, entraras en
una gran universidad

let somebody down fail to I need you to be on time.

support or Don't let me down this time.
help, 24.-Cristal Perez:necesito
disappoint que llegues a tiempo.No me
decepciones esta vez

let somebody in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before
you go to school?
25.-Cristal Perez:¿ puedes
dejar entrar al gato antes de
ir a la escuela?

log in (or on) sign in (to a I can't log in to Facebook

website, because I've forgotten my
database password.
etc) 26.-Cristal Perez:no puedo
 iniciar sesion en facebook
porque olvide mi contraseña

log out (or off) sign out (of a If you don't log off
website, somebody could get into
database your account.
etc) 27.-Cristal Perez:si no cierra
la sesion, alguien podría
acceder a su cuenta

look after somebody/ take care of I have to look after my sick

something grandmother.
28.-Cristal Perez:tengo que
cuidar de mi abuela enferma

look down on somebody think less of, Ever since we stole that
consider chocolate bar your dad has
inferior looked down on me. 29.-
Cristal Perez:desde que
robamos esa barra de
chocolate tu papa me ha
despreciado

look for somebody/ try to find I'm looking for a red dress
something for the wedding.
30.-Cristal Perez:estoy
buscando un vestido rojo
para la boda

look forward to something be excited I'm looking forward to the

about the Christmas break.
future 31.-Cristal Perez:estoy
deseando que lleguen las
vacaciones de navidad

look into something investigate We are going to look into the

price of snowboards today.
32.-Cristal Perez:vamos a
 ver el precio de las tablas de
de nieve hoy

look out be careful, Look out! That car's going to

vigilant, and hit you!
take notice 33.-Cristal Perez:¡estar
atento!¡ ese auto te va
golpear!

look out for somebody/ be especially Don't forget to look out for
something vigilant for snakes on the hiking trail.
34.-Cristal Perez:no te
olvides de buscar serpientes
en la ruta de senderismo

look something over check, Can you look over my essay

examine for spelling mistakes? 35.-
Cristal Perez:¿puedes
revisar mi ensayo en busca
de errores ortográficos?

look something up search and We can look her phone

find number up on the Internet.
information 36.-Cristal Perez:podemos
in a buscar su teléfono en
reference internet
book or
database

look up to somebody have a lot of My little sister has always

respect for looked up to me.
37.-Cristal Perez:mi
hermana pequeña siempre
me ha admirado

make something up invent, lie Josie made up a story about

about why we were late. 38.-
something Cristal Perez:josie invento
 una historia sobre por qué
llegamos tarde

make up forgive each We were angry last night, but

other we made up at breakfast.
39.-Cristal Perez:estábamos
enojados anoche, pero nos
reconciliamos en el
desayuno

make somebody up apply My sisters made me up for

cosmetics to my graduation party. 40.-
Cristal Perez:mis hermanas
me inventaron para mi fiesta
de graduación

mix something up confuse two I mixed up the twins' names

or more again! 41.-
things Cristal Perez:¡mezclamos el
nombre de las gemelas de
nuevo!

pass away die His uncle passed away last

night after a long illness. 42.-
Cristal Perez:su tío falleció
anoche después de una
larga enfermedad

pass out faint It was so hot in the church

that an elderly lady passed
out.
43.-Cristal Perez:hacía tanto
calor en la iglesia que una
anciana se desmayó

pass something out give the The professor passed the

same thing textbooks out before class.
44.-Cristal Perez: el profesor
 to many repartio los libros de texto
people antes de la clase

pass something up decline I passed up the job because

(usually I am afraid of change. 45.-
something Cristal Perez:deje el trabajo
good) porque tengo miedo al
cambio

pay somebody back return owed Thanks for buying my ticket.

money I'll pay you back on Friday.
46.-Cristal Perez:gracias por
comprar mi boleto te lo
devolveré el viernes

pay for something be punished That bully will pay for being
for doing mean to my little brother.
something 47.-Cristal Perez:ese matón
bad pagará por ser malo con mi
hermano pequeño

pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters

for you to try on. 48.-
Cristal Perez:elegí tres
suéteres para que te los
pruebes

point somebody/ indicate with I'll point my boyfriend out

something out your finger when he runs by. 49.-
Cristal Perez :señalare a mi
novio cuando pase
corriendo

put something down put what you You can put the groceries
are holding down on the kitchen
on a surface counter. 50.-Cristal
or floor Perez:puedes dejar las
 compras en la encimera de
la cocina

put somebody down insult, make The students put the

somebody substitute teacher down
feel stupid because his pants were too
short.
51.-Cristal Perez:los
estudiantes bajaron al
maestro suplente porque
sus pantalones eran
demasiado cortos

put something off postpone We are putting off our trip

until January because of the
hurricane.
52.-Cristal Perez:estamos
posponiendo nuestro viaje
hasta enero debido al
huracán

put something out extinguish The neighbours put the fire

out before the firemen
arrived.
53.-Cristal Perez:los vecinos
apagaron el fuego antes que
llegaran los bomberos

put something together assemble I have to put the crib

together before the baby
arrives.
54.-Cristal Perez:tengo que
armar la cuna antes de que
llegue el bebe
put up with somebody/ tolerate I don't think I can put up with
something three small children in the
car.
55.-Cristal Perez:no creo que
pueda aguantar a tres niños
pequeños en el auto

put something on put clothing/ Don't forget to put on your

accessories new earrings for the party.
on your body 56.-Cristal Perez:no olvides
ponerte tus pendientes
nuevos para la fiesta

run into somebody/ meet I ran into an old school-

something unexpectedly friend at the mall. 57.-Cristal
Perez:me encontré con un
viejo amigo de la escuela en
el centro comercial

run over somebody/ drive a I accidentally ran over your

something vehicle over bicycle in the driveway. 58.-
a person or Cristal
thing Perez:accidentalmente
atropelle tu bicicleta en la
entrada

run over/ through rehearse, Let's run over/through these

something review lines one more time before
the show.
59.-Cristal Perez:repasamos
estas líneas una vez más
antes del espectáculo

run away leave The child ran away from

unexpectedly home and has been missing
, escape for three days.
60.-Cristal Perez:el niño
 huyó de su casa y ha estado
desaparecido durante tres
días

run out have none We ran out of shampoo so I

left had to wash my hair with
soap.
61.luis villarreal:se nos
acabó el champú, así que
tuve que lavarme el pelo con
jabon

send something back return My letter got sent back to

(usually by me because I used the
mail) wrong stamp.
62.luis villarreal:me enviaron
mi carta porque use el sello
incorrecto

set something up arrange, Our boss set a meeting up

organize with the president of the
company.
63.luis villarreal:nuestro jefe
concertó una reunión con el
presidente de la empresa

set somebody up trick, trap The police set up the car

thief by using a hidden
camera.
64.luis villarreal:la policía
tendió una trampa al ladrón
de autos usando una
cámara oculta

shop around compare I want to shop around a little

prices before I decide on these
boots.
 65.luis villarreal:quiero
darme una vuelta antes de
decirme por estas botas

show off act extra He always shows off on his

special for skateboard
people 66.luis villarreal:siempre
watching luce en su patineta
(usually
boastfully)

sleep over stay You should sleep over

somewhere tonight if the weather is too
for the night bad to drive home.
(informal) 67.luis villarreal:deberías
quedarte a dormir esta
noche si el clima es
demasiado malo, conduce a
casa

sort something out organize, We need to sort the bills out

resolve a before the first of the month.
problem 68.luis villarreal:tenemos
que arreglar las facturas
antes del primer mes

stick to something continue You will lose weight if you

doing stick to the diet.
something, 69.luis villarreal:perderás
limit yourself peso si sigues la dietas
to one
particular
thing

switch something off stop the The light's too bright. Could
energy flow, you switch it off?
turn off 70.luis villarreal:las luces
 demasiado brillantes
¿podrías apagarlo?

switch something on start the We heard the news as soon

energy flow, as we switched on the car
turn on radio. 61.-
Cristal Perez:escuchamos
las noticias tan pronto como
encendimos la radio del
coche

take after somebody resemble a I take after my mother. We

family are both impatient. 62.-
member Cristal Perez:me parezco a
mi madre. Los dos estamos
impaciente

take something apart purposely He took the car brakes apart

break into and found the problem. 63.-
pieces Cristal Perez:o el auto y
encontró el problema

take something back return an I have to take our new TV

item back because it doesn't
work. 64.-
Cristal Perez:tengo que
retirar nuestra nueva
televisión porque no
funciona

take off start to fly My plane takes off in five

minutes. 65.-
Cristal Perez:mi avión
despega en cinco minutos

take something off remove Take off your socks and

something shoes and come in the lake!
(usually 66.-Cristal Perez:!quítate los
clothing)
 calcetines y los zapatos y
ven al lago¡

take something out remove from Can you take the garbage
a place or out to the street for me? 67.-
thing Cristal Perez:¿puedes sacar
la basura a la calle por mi?

take somebody out pay for My grandparents took us out

somebody to for dinner and a movie. 68.-
go Cristal Perez:mis abuelos
somewhere nos llevaron a cenar y al cine
with you

tear something up rip into I tore up my ex-boyfriend's

pieces letters and gave them back
to him. 69.-
Cristal Perez:rompí las
cartas de mi ex novio y se
las devolví

think back remember When I think back on my

(often + to, youth, I wish I had studied
sometimes + harder. 70.-
on) Cristal Perez:cuando pienso
en mi juventud, desearía
haber estudiado más

think something over consider I'll have to think this job

offer over before I make my
final decision. 71.-
Cristal Perez:tendré que
pensar en esta oferta de
trabajo antes de tomar mi
decisión final
throw something away dispose of We threw our old furniture
away when we won the
lottery. 72.-
Cristal Perez:tiramos
nuestros muebles viejos
cuando ganemos la lotería

turn something down decrease the Please turn the TV down

volume or while the guests are here.
strength 72.-Cristal Perez:por favor
(heat, light apague la televisión
etc) mientras los invitados están
aquí

turn something down refuse I turned the job down

because I don't want to
move. 73.-
Cristal Perez:rechace el
trabajo porque no quiero
mudarme

turn something off stop the Your mother wants you to

energy flow, turn the TV off and come for
switch off dinner. 74.-
Cristal Perez:tu madre
quiere que apagues el
televisor y vengas a cenar

turn something on start the It's too dark in here. Let's

energy, turn some lights on. 75.-
switch on Cristal Perez:estamos
demasiado oscuro aquí.
Vamos a encender algunas
luces

turn something up increase the Can you turn the music up?
volume or This is my favourite song.
strength 76.-Cristal Perez:¿puedes
 (heat, light subir la música? Esta es mi
etc) canción favorita

turn up appear Our cat turned up after we

suddenly put posters up all over the
neighbourhood. 77.-
Cristal Perez:nuestro gato
aparecio despues de que
pusimos carteles por todo el
barrio

try something on sample I'm going to try these jeans

clothing on, but I don't think they will
fit. 78.-
Cristal Perez:me voy a
probar estos jeans, pero no
creo que me queden

try something out test I am going to try this new

brand of detergent out. 79.-
Cristal Perez:voy a probar
esta nueva marca de
detergente

use something up finish the The kids used all of the

supply toothpaste up so we need to
buy some more.
80.-Cristal Perez:los niños
usaron toda la pasta de
dientes, así que tenemos
que comprar más

wake up stop sleeping We have to wake up early for

work on Monday.
71.luis villarreal:nosotras
tenemos que despertar
 temprano para trabajar el
lunes

warm somebody/ increase the You can warm your feet up

something up temperature in front of the fireplace.
72.luis villarreal:puedes
calentar tus pies frente a la
chimenea

warm up prepare body I always warm up by doing

for exercise sit-ups before I go for a run.
73.luis villarreal:siempre
caliento haciendo
abdominales antes de salir a
correr

wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore

off before I got to the party.
74.luis villarreal:la mayor
parte de mi maquillaje
desapareció antes de llegar
a la fiesta

work out exercise I work out at the gym three

times a week.
75.luis villarreal:hago
ejercicio en el gimnasio tres
veces a la semana

work out be Our plan worked out fine.

successful 76.luis villarreal:nuestro plan
funcionó bien

work something out make a We have to work out the

calculation total cost before we buy the
house.
77.luis villarreal:tenemos
que calcular el costo total
antes de comprar la casa
10.3 Three-word phrasal verbs.

Three-word phrasal verbs

B2 First: three-word phrasal verbs

It's hard to predict what phrasal verbs you might see in the B2 First exam, but here are some you
should try to learn, to help your speaking, writing and use of English.

Look at the phrasal verbs and their definitions for a few minutes and try to remember as many as
possible. Then click to hide the information and try to answer the questions.
Note: sb means somebody and sth means something.

Phrasal Verb Meaning

I really look up to him admire sb

78.luis villarreal:realmente lo miro

He looks down on everybody. think you are better than sb

79.luis villarreal:mira hacia abajo a
todas

We have to put up with the cold tolerate (you can't do anything about
weather. it)
80.luis villarreal:tenemos que
aguantar el frío

She came up with a really good think of an idea

plan

33-mireya: se le ocurrió un plan

realmente bueno.

He comes across as a bit rude. appear to be

34-mireya:se muestra un poco

grosero.

The thief got away with the robbery. not get caught
35-mireya:la ladrona de escapó con
el robo.

I always look forward to seeing him. be excited about a future event

36-, Mireya:siempre miro hacia abajo

al verlo.

I come down with a cold every get sick (usually colds or flu)
winter.

37-mireya: me resfrío cada invierno

I'll never grow out of liking sweets. stop liking

38-mireya: beberé cuando me

gusten los de dulces.

You need to cut down on chocolate. do sth less

39-mireya:, necesitas reducir el

chocolate.

Slow down. I can't keep up with you. do sth fast enough

40-mireya:más despacio, no puedo

seguir tu ritmo.

He won't own up to his mistakes. admit sth

41-mireya: no reconocerá sus

errores

I don't get on with him. have a good relationship with sb

42-mireya: no me llevo bien con el.

I often fall out with my sister. argue and stop being friends

43-mireya: a menudo me peleó con

mi hermana.
 You should make up with your ex- start being friends again after an
boyfriend. argument

44-mireya: deberías reconciliarte con

tu ex novio.

I think he's going to break up with end a romantic relationship

me.

45-mireya: creo que va a romper

conmigo.

You should stand up for yourself. defend yourself (verbally)

46-mireya: deberías defenderte por ti

mismo.

Oh dear. We've run out of bread. used all of something

47-mireya: oh querida nos hemos

quedado sin pan.

11.1 Passive modals

ista de modal verbs más comunes
1. Can
Su significado dependerá de lo que quieras decir. Puedes usarlo para
expresar alguna posibilidad o petición, o para decir que estás habilitado o
capacitado para algo.
2. Could
Este modal verb viene a ser la forma en pasado de “can”. Su significado es el
 mismo, pero el tiempo verbal expresa algo que ya sucedió, o también es
utilizado para brindar alternativas.
3. May
Es una variación del verbo “can”, pero es un verbo modal más formal. Si
quieres pedir permiso, esta es una buena forma. Con él puedes contar o
establecer una posibilidad.
4. Might
Para sugerencias o posibilidades, este verbo lo expresa claramente. Su uso
depende del contexto, siendo mucho más flexible que “may”.
5. Will
Este es un verbo que habla sobre el futuro. Predicción, pregunta o inquietud,
establece que es posible o ya es factible que algo suceda después.
6. Would
Habla de hábitos que realizabas antes. También puede utilizarse en tiempo
futuro si tu intención es mostrar que estás dispuesto a hacer algo o
establecer condiciones.
7. Must
Expresa necesidad o una sugerencia contundente. Además, implica que
puedes llegar a suponer referente a algo.
8. Shall
I, we Este es un verbo no muy común por ser formal. Su significado es
como el del verbo “will”, expresa algo en relación a lo que puede llegar a
suceder.
9. Should
Se utiliza más a la hora de dar consejos, hacer o pedir sugerencias, opiniones
y acciones, o para generar cierto nivel de expectativa ante algo futuro.
10. Ought to
No es muy frecuente que te encuentres con este verbo. Sin embargo, su
significado es parecido al de “should”.

I should play football

I ought to play football

Ahora que conoces estos verbos modales, veamos su traducción y cómo puedes
utilizarlos:

1. Can
Este verbo puede tener diversas traducciones, dependiendo de su contexto, pero las
más comunes son puedes, pueden, puedo, sé, sabe, sabes. Un ejemplo de esto lo
vemos en las siguientes frases:

● Forgive me, can you tell me what time is?

Disculpa, ¿puedes decirme qué hora es?
● I can drive that car 51,-Mariano:Yo puedo manejar ese carro
● I can cook pizza.
Yo sé cocinar pizza.
● He can’t speak of my nervousness
No puedo hablar de mi nerviosismo.
● 51. Jhovany.- Can you help me?.- Me puedes ayudar
● 51. Martin alvarado . I can play golf. yo se jugar golf
● 48 Mauricio Gaytan : Forgive me , can you give me a kiss- Disculpa podrias
darme un beso
● 62.- Patty - Alan, can you give me money for my homework?
● 41.- Carlos Perez: I can go to cinema. Puedo ir al cine?
 ● 91-Cristal-we can ask permission before doing it (nosotros podemos pedir
permiso antes de hacerlo.
● Magdaleno You can tak a taxi puedes tomar un taxi
● 92-Cristal- I can play guitar(puedo tocar la guitarra).
● 93-Cristal-You can cook very well(sabes cocinar muy bien)
● 94-Cristal-The baby can walk(el bebe puede caminar)
●
● 51- jose luis morales. I can go to de park
91.Luis Villarreal-you can see her tomorrow(tu la puedes llamar mañana)
92.Luis Villarreal-I can rest more(yo puedo descansar mas)
93. Luis Villarreal-We can send plans tomorrow(nosotros podemos enviar los
planes mañana)

2. Could
Este verbo (pasado de “can”) puede traducirse como podía o podías. Igualmente,
establece posibilidad como podríamos. Algunos ejemplos:

● could you see this recipe soldc 52.-Mariano: Podrias a ver vendido esta
receta
● We could meet up today.
Podríamos encontrarnos hoy. 61.- Gabriel: Could they play with us?
● Could you call your mom, please?
¿Podrías llamar a tu mamá, por favor?
● 52. martin Alvarado. Could we meet today. podriamos vernos hoy
● 49 mauricio Gaytan: Culd you give me a rub on the head- Podrias darme una
sobada en la cabeza
● 52.- Jhovany.- I could go to the dentist again next week. podria ir al dentista la
proxima semana otra vez.
● 52.- Jose Luis Morales Robles. could you lend me your phone.
● 63.- Patty - My cousin could ice skate.
● Magdaleno we could hit today podríamos pistear hoy
● 42.- Carlos Perez: we could meet for play fotball.

3. May
Sus traducciones son puede, puede que, puedes o puedo. Se utiliza de la siguiente
forma:

● May that soda taste good 53.-Mariano:Puede saber bien ese refresco.
 ●
● May I speak now?
¿Puedo hablar ahora?
● We may go to the college tomorrow.
Puede que vayamos mañana a la universidad.
● 53. Martin Alvarado. you may know the answer. puede que sepa la respuesta
● 50 Mauricio Gaytan: I may run 10 kilometers- Puede que corra 10 kilometros
● 53.- Jhovany.- You may call her tomorrow.- Tu la puedes llamar mañana.
● 53.-jose luis morales. it may rain in the afternoon. puede que llueva en la tarde.
● 64.- Patty - On saturday I may go out to dinner with my friends.
● Magdaleno I may not comedown tomorrow puede que mañana no trabaje
● 43.- Carlos Perez: She may dancin with me.

4. Might
También es una variación o sinónimo del verbo “may”, y su uso va a variar en el
contexto. Esencialmente, sus traducciones son puede que, podría o podrías.

● He might come tonight.

Puede que él venga esta noche.
● You might as well try to open and get in the car
Podrías intentar abrirlo y subir al coche.
● 54. martin alvarado. might you try playing. podrias intentar jugar
● 51 Mauricio Gaytan: migth you try watch tv- podrias intentar ver la televicion
● 54.- Jhovany.- I might d try to see the most championwork tonight. Yo podría
trabajar esta noche.
● 65.- Patty - She migth come toning.
● 54.-jose luis morales. we might go to the beach tomorrow-nosotros podriamos
ir a la playa mañana.
● Magdaleno I could try see the most champion again lion Yo podría intentar ver
al más campeón de Nuevo León
● 44.- Carlos Perez: tomorrow sunday I migth to watch the super bowl game.

5. Will
Se utiliza para expresar algo que deberíamos hacer, esperar, etc. en un tiempo
futuro. Su traducción dependerá mucho del contexto y del verbo. Pero, por ejemplo,
puede traducirse como:

● You will find it.

Lo encontrarás. 62.- Gabriel:We will eat more in winter
 ● We will listen to the next time.
Vamos a escuchar la siguiente vez.
● Will you marry me?
¿Te casarías conmigo?
● 55. martin alvarado I will like to go with you. me gustaria esperarte
● 52 Mauricio Gaytan: we will sing the next nigth- Podriamos cantar la siguente
noche
● 55.- Jhovany.- I will think about
● Magdaleno I wold like to have a barbecue lunch me gustaría almorzar barbacoa
● 66.- Patty - will you study english.
● 45.- Carlos Perez: They will be more understandable whit their children. ellos
deverian ser mas enrtendibles con sus hijos.

6. Would
Se traduce de múltiples formas para disponer o comentar sobre una conducta
recurrente en el pasado, y pedir que alguien realice una acción. Se emplea del
siguiente modo:

● Would you please close our windows?

¿Podrías por favor cerrar nuestras ventanas?
● When I was in Spain, I would speak Spanish.
Cuando estaba en España, hablaba español.
● I would like you to know the truth. 63.-Gabriel: i would travel to beach
Me gustaría que supieras la verdad.
● 53 Mauricio Gaytan: i would like to dance with you- Me gustaria bailar con tigo
● 56. martin alvarado. I wold like to go. me gustaria ir
● 56.- Jhovany.- They would love to travel to paris. A ellos les encantaría viajar a
parís.
● Magdaleno Tiers would like to be champions in Qatar a tigres les gustaría ser
campiones en Qatar
● 67- Patty - would you remember when you fell to the ground.
● 46.- Carlos Perez.- would you please wash the car after using it. podrias por
favor lavar el auto despues de usarlo.

7. Must
Su traducción literal sería necesito o tengo qué. Sin embargo, dependerá mucho del
verbo que acompañe ya que puede implicar suposiciones, como puedes ver aquí:

● You must be joking.

Debes estar bromeando. 64.-Gabriel: i must be dreaming
 ● Maybe, she must have done something.
Quizás, ella debió hacer algo.
● 54 Mauricio Gaytan: he must to shoot- El debio disparar
● 57 martin alvarado he most of... el debio de
● 57.- Jhovany.- She must return later.- Ella debe regresar más tarde.
● 68.- Patty - He must wait long enough.
● Magdaleno He must have kissed her Él debía besarla
● 47.- Carlos Perez: They must be more committed to javier. deben ser mas
comprometidos con javier.

8. Shall
No es un verbo modal muy común por su formalismo. Su traducción es idéntica a la
del verbo Will. Veamos cómo se aplica:

● We shall dance together soon, my lady.

Pronto bailaremos juntos, señorita.
● 55 Mauricio Gaytan: we shall sleep together- Pronto dormiremos juntos
● 58 martin alvarado. Shall go. debes ir
● 58.- Jhovany.- She shall do much more.- Ella hará mucho más.
● 69.- Patty - We shall celebrate my birtday.
● Magdaleno soon we will meet again pronto nos reuniremos nuevamente
● 48.- Carlos Perez: soon we shall celebrate my birthdays. pronto celebraremos
mi cumpleaños.
9. Should
La traducción más común para este verbo modal es debería o deberías. Algunos
ejemplos de cómo se utiliza:

● You should listen to me. 65.-Gabriel:you should see him again

Deberías escucharme.
● Should she doesn’t back?
¿Ella no debería volver?
● 56 Mauricio Gaytan :
● 59 martin alvarado. should go? deberia ir?
● 70.- Patty - You should get ahead of him to do your homerwork.
● Magdaleno she shouldn't marry ella no deberia casarse
● 49.- Carlos Perez: I should be more careful with my car. deberia ser mas
cuidadoso con mi automobil

10. Ought to
Este es un sinónimo del verbo modal Should, y su traducción es la misma. A
continuación, un ejemplo:

● I ought to practice more piano.

Debería practicar más el piano.
 ● 60 martin alvarado. I ought to more. deberia practicar mas.
● Magdaleno Ishould practice more boxing deberia practicar mas box
● 50.- Carlos Perez: I ought to go practice more soccer.

Veamos un último ejemplo de cómo utilizar varios verbos modales en una

conversación:

● Mario: You should practice more today, Antonio.

Mario: Deberías practicar más hoy, Antonio.
● Antonio: Yes. First, I must finish this homework. But, don’t worry. I can speak
Italian.
Antonio: Sí. Primero necesito terminar esta tarea. Pero no te preocupes. Sé
hablar italiano.
● Mario: Then, we will have an excellent score tomorrow.
Mario: Entonces, tendremos una excelente nota mañana.
● Magdaleno with the teacher Roger we will have an excellent grade
● Magdaleno con el profe Roger tendremos una buena calificación
● 51.- Carlos Perez: We will have an excellent game next sunday.

11.2 The passive with reporting verbs.

12.1 Present hypothetical conditionals versus past hypothetical conditionals.

12.2 Implied conditionals.

12.3 As if / As though for unreal situations.

Conditionals
If I see her, I will tell her.

There are several structures in English that we call conditionals or if

conditionals. The word "condition" means "situation or circumstance". If a
particular condition is true, then a particular result happens:

● if y = 3 then 2y = 6

There are three basic English conditionals plus the so-called zero
conditional. There are some more conditionals that we do not use so often.

conditional usage if-clause main-clause

type

1 possible condition + present will + base verb

probable result simple
2 hypothetical condition + past would + base
possible result simple verb

3 expired past condition + past would have +

possible past result perfect past participle

0 real condition + present present simple

inevitable result simple

Structure of Conditional Sentences

Zero Conditional
for certainty

If you heat ice, it melts.

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is
always true, like a scientific fact.

Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens?
The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.

if condition result

Present Simple Present Simple

If you heat ice, it melts.

Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this
condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not
thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking
about a simple fact. We use the Present Simple tense to talk about the
condition. We also use the Present Simple tense to talk about the result.
The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always
has the same result.

Look at these example sentences:

if condition result

Present Simple Present Simple

If I miss the 8 o'clock bus, I am late for work.

If I am late for work, my boss gets

angry.

If people don't eat, they get hungry.

If you heat ice, does it melt?

result if condition

Present Simple Present Simple

I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock

bus.

My boss gets angry if I am late for work.

People get hungry if they don't eat.

Does ice melt if you heat it?

First Conditional
for real possibility

If I win the lottery, I will buy a car.

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular

condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is
a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning.
You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some
clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?
if condition result

Present Simple will + base verb

If it rains, I will stay at home.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But
the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the Present
Simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use will + base
verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the
first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will
happen.

Here are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures:
[if condition result] and [result if condition]?):

if condition result

Present Simple will + base verb

If I see Mary, I will tell her.

If Tara is free tomorrow, he will invite her.

If they do not pass their exam, their teacher will be sad.

If it rains tomorrow, will you stay at home?

If it rains tomorrow, what will you do?

result if condition

will + base verb Present Simple

I will tell Mary if I see her.

He will invite Tara if she is free tomorrow.

Their teacher will be sad if they do not pass their exam.

Will you stay at home if it rains tomorrow?

What will you do if it rains tomorrow?

Second Conditional
for unreal possibility

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking
about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future,
and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this
condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it
possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a
lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like
a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

if condition result

Past Simple would + base verb

If I won the I would buy a car.

lottery,

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the Past
Simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use would + base verb
to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second
conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will
happen.

Look at these example sentences:

if condition result
 Past Simple would + base verb

If I married Mary, I would be happy.

If Ram became rich, she would marry him.

If it snowed next would you be surprised?

July,

If it snowed next what would you do?

July,

result if condition

would + base verb Past Simple

I would be happy if I married Mary.

She would marry Ram if he became rich.

Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?

What would you do if it snowed next July?

Third Conditional
for no possibility

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the
third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the
past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this
condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility
of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

if condition result

Past Perfect would have + past participle

If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not
win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition
can never be true because it is finished. We use the Past Perfect tense to
talk about the impossible past condition. We use would have + past
participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing
about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are
impossible now.
Look at these example senteces:

if condition result

Past Perfect would have + past participle

If I had seen Mary,44 - Daniel - I would have told her.39 - Daniel -

me había parecido Mary lo hubiera dicho.

If Tara had been free I would have invited her.40- Daniel

yesterday,45- Daniel- Tara - lo hubiera invitado.
había estado libre ayer

If they had not passed their their teacher would have been
exam,46- Daniel - no habían sad.41- Daniel -su maestro
pasado su examen hubiera estado triste.

If it had rained yesterday,47- would you have stayed at

Daniel- ayer había llovido home?42 Daniel- te hubieras
quedado en casa.

If it had rained yesterday,48- what would you have done?43 -

Daniel - ayer había llovido Daniel - ¿Que habrías hecho?
result if condition

would have + past participle Past Perfect

I would have told Mary 49- Daniel if I had seen her.34- Daniel - la
+ le hubiera dicho a Mary había visto

I would have invited Tara 50- if she had been free

Daniel - habría invitado a tara yesterday.35- Daniel ella había
sido liberada ayer

Their teacher would have been if they had not passed their
sad 51- Daniel - su maestro exam.36- Daniel - No habían
hubiera estado triste pasado su examen.

Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?37-

Daniel - ayer había llovido

What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?38-

Daniel- ayer había llovido