NEED FOR 6G:A SURVEY

ABSTRACT:
Every ten years, there has been a generational shift in wireless communication. Today, all wired systems are
replaced by wireless. As applications of smart appliances(AI), Augmented reality, and Virtual
reality is increasing, there is a requirement to move beyond 5G. 6G opens the way for a more
intelligent society, autonomous systems, smart health, smart agriculture, automation, and
manufacturing. The 6G vision includes artificial intelligence, advanced IoT, and mobile ultra-
broad band. When compared to 5G, 6G offers 10-100 times the benefits, including reduced
access latency and broad and deep communication coverage. Due to rising population and needs,
our available band is not enough, so next generation (beyond 5G) is required. The present and
forthcoming generations (all G's) of wireless communications are described in this study.
KEYWORDS: 6G, millimeter wave, 5G, Need for 6G, wireless communication. holographic
communication, automatic self-driving
INTRODUCTION:
Next generation heading towards a civilization where everything is entirely automation and
managed remotely. Because of increase in IoT (Internet of Things) devices, next generation
wireless communication systems have to achieve great spectral and energy efficiency, low
latency, and massive connection. In linked drones and robots, these IoT devices will enable
sophisticated services like smart traffic, environment monitoring and control, virtual reality (VR)
or virtual navigation, telemedicine, digital sensing, high definition (HD), and full HD video
transmission. The number of IoT devices is expected to exceed "25 billion" by 2025 [1], making
it difficult for present multiple access strategies to cope with such a large number of devices.
Even the world's current fifth-generation (5G) communication systems are incapable of supporting such a large
number of IoT devices. Simultaneously, algorithms for next-generation communication systems, which will
outperform current 5G networks in terms of performance, are being created [3]. Per cell, a typical 5G
communication infrastructure may accommodate up to 50,000 IoTs and/or narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices
[2]. A more durable network must be created to accomplish huge access in beyond 5G /6G communication
systems,. The extensive literature that has been published on various aspects of 6G networks is discussed
below.

LITERATURE SURVEY
Increasing the internet speed through generations, there is a increase in technology speed also,
which leads to next generations of internet. For example, "1G offers 2.4 kbps, 2G offers 64 Kbps
and is based on GSM, 3G offers 144 kbps-2 mbps whereas 4G offers 100 Mbps - Gbps and is
based on LTE technology". Evolution of G’s is shown in figure 1. Various generations are as
follows;
First generation : (1G-Analog technology)
It was first introduced in 1979 and continued until the arrival of the second generation in the early mid 1980s.
During this time, 1G was in use (1980-1990). It's a term for wireless phone technology (Mobile
telecommunication). The audio on the 1G system was encoded as analogue radio signals (although call setup
and other network communications were digital), but the 2G network is completely digital. It uses a circuit
switch and has a data rate of 1kbps to 2.8kbps. Analog technology is its output (Analog phone service). Sound
waves alone will support frequency division multiplexing since their bandwidth is 40 MHZ and their frequency
is 800-900 MHZ. Here, energy consumption was high, and calls were of poor quality. [1] Application: Analog
telephones.

Second generation: (2G-Digital technology)

It is contingent upon the worldwide mobile communication system (GSM). Finland was the first country to
introduce it in 1991. The first digital cellular network was 2G. It denotes a higher level of quality and safety.
The first update for cell phones was when they went from 1G to 2G. The fundamental difference between the
two mobile telephone communication systems is that 1G networks use analogue radio signals, whilst 2G
networks use digital radio signals. Analog signals are replaced by digital signals in 2G technology, such as
MMS, text messaging, and photo messaging[1]. 2.5G and 2.75G is the standard that bridges the gap between
2G and 3G wireless networks. Application: digitalised mobile phones

Third generation: (3G-smart phone technology)

For high-speed data ranges, the third generational mobile transmission system operates at 144 kbps and above.
"High-speed transmission, high multimedia access, and worldwide roaming" are the end consequences. "Web
surfing, email, video downloading, image sharing, and other Smartphone technology were debuted" in the third
generation. The goal of third-generation mobile communication, which went on sale in 2001, was to provide
more speech clarity and data capacity, as well as to support a wide range of applications and to improve data
transfer at a lower cost. UMTS is the primary 3G network architecture (Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System). This network combines 2G network features with 3G's new technology and protocols to give higher
data speeds that are competitive with today's increasing data traffics.

Application: smart phones

Fourth generation: (4G-IP BASED)
4G, an IP (internet Protocol) based mobile communication infrastructure, was introduced in the late 2000s. The
primary goal of 4G development is to provide high quality data services and security administrations with little
effort and high capability. It has a 100Mbps and 1Gbps bandwidth[1]. LTE stands for "long-term evolution,"
and Wi-MAX is for "wireless interoperability for microwave access," which are both 4G technologies. The
first successful fourth generation field test was done in Japan in 2005. It integrates current and future wireless
technologies such as "OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA, and Network-LMDS" to provide seamless roaming
between technologies. [1]

Application: high definition mobile tv

Fifth generation: (5G-WWWW)

5G is a new technology that will be available soon. "World Wide wireless Web (WWWWW), dynamic ad-hoc
wireless networks (DAWN), and actual wireless communication" are all subjects of continuing research. 5G
provides AI capabilities for mobile devices. "5G is predicted to have a maximum speed of 35.46 Gbps", which
is 35 times faster than 4G. According to computer simulations, 5G uses multi-antenna technologies such
massive MIMO and beamforming to compensate for increasing route loss caused by high frequency usage in
various locations [5]. It has a data download speed of 10 to 20 gbps.

Applications: high speed mobile network, connecting everything

Table 1: Difference between various G’s.

Comparison of 5G and 6G: The main parameters of 5G and 6G are compared in the table 1. 6G will connect
everything, combine various technologies and applications, and support holographic, haptic, space, and
underwater communications, as well as the Internet of Everything (IOE), Internet of Nano-Things, and Internet
of Bodies[7]. While 5G can accomplish 20 gb/s data transmission using millimetre wave (mm wave)
communications and large-scale antenna arrays (massive MIMO). Data speeds of (1-10) tb/s can be achieved
with 6G[7].

Table 2: comparison between 5G and 6G[6]

6G Vision:

The 6G network is expected to outperform 5G in terms of performance while also meeting the needs of future
wireless communication. 6G transmits data at a rate of several terabytes per second. By 2030, the intelligent
information society is predicted to be fully digitalized, intelligence inspired, and globally data driven, thanks to
near-instant and unrestricted complete wireless access. It will go from being human-machine interface to
communicate and interact with smart terminals, including fingers, voice, eyes, and brainwaves (or neurological
signals)[7].

6G wireless network will,

 Provide extreme lower latency (approx 10 micron seconds) for industries.
 supports super high definition (SHD) and extremely high definition (EHD) videos, with
super-high throughput demands.
 support the Internet of Nano-Things and Internet of Bodies through smart wearable devices
 Enhance massive fully Internet  of  Things (IoT) and unmanned autonomous vehicles.
 Support space and underwater communication such as space travel and deep sea sight seeing.
 Provide hyper high speed railway.

Key requirements of 6G
6G connects humans with digitalworld.Spectrum, energy efficiency, peak data rate, area traffics,
space traffics, connectivity density, latency, and mobility are all performance indicators for 6G.
6G will be fueled by a variety of technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI), block chain, 3-D
networking, integration of sensing and communication, big data analysis, and holographic beam
forming are some of the projected 6G technologies[10]..
Applications of 6G

In 2030, 6G will produce a newer environment. Everything will be automated, with robots acting as humans. It
will be possible to design a smart environment. The following are some of the 6G applications:

1.holographic communications: Holographic displays are 3D hologram pictures sent to one or more
destinations from one or two sources. Holograms generate several 3D images, and the existence of parallax
allows viewers to interact with the image as they change directions.

2. Tactile internet application: This category includes a variety of applications such as:

• Robots industrial automation: It's the ability of a huge connected system to communicate without the need for
human involvement. Industry refers to the machines that make up a cyber-physical system. Tactile sensors,
which could also help human operators monitor the remote machines via VR or holographic-type
communications.

• Autonomous self-driving: Autonomous driving reduces traffic and road accidents significantly. Latency on
the order of a few milliseconds will be required for remote driving and collusion avoidance. Since fully
autonomous driving does not yet exist, research is underway.

• Healthcare: Some of the uses in healthcare include "tele-diagnosis, remote surgery, and telerehabilitation."
During the pandemic of Covid-19, numerous doctor consultations were conducted via video chats. Patients and
doctors can now communicate from anywhere in the globe thanks to the evolution of tele-diagnostic
instruments. A treatment in which a surgeon receives real-time audio-visual feeds of the patient being operated
on is referred to as "remote and robotic surgery." The surgery was performed in a remote location[9].

3. Convergence of network and computing: Mobile edge computers will be used in both 5G and 6G networks.
When a user wants a service with lower latency, the network will direct them to the closest edge computing
node. Edge cloud coordination is a good fit for augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) rendering,
autonomous driving, and holographic communications[9].

4. Information showers with extremely high data rates: Access points at malls, train stations, and other public
places give high data rates of up to 1Tbps. Fiber connectivity rates are provided by these access points. These
also serve as millimetre wave backhaul requirements[9].

5. Everything is connected: Real-time monitoring of buildings, cities, the environment, autos and
transportation, roads, critical infrastructure, and water, among other things can be achieved. As a result of
implanted sensors, the need for connectivity will go far beyond mMTC. Here are some use case examples: Due
to the vast amount of data, there are high aggregated data rates, a big volume of sensory data, a high level of
secrecy and privacy for transferring medical data, and possibly short lag when immediate intervention is
required (e.g., a heart attack). There are no procedures or models in place to analyse these data requirements at
the moment[9].

6. Communication between chips:For on-chip, inter-chip, and inter-board communications, wired connections
are employed.

Conclusion
This paper gives a detailed knowledge of 6G. High definition holographic communications,
globally networked civilization, immersive reality, tactile internet, and space-integrated
communications can be developed only by using 6G. 5G system launched will not fulfil
telecommunication needs in 2030. To brain a smart human interface 5G bandwidth is not
enough so going beyond 5G(6G) is needed. Therefore It is concluded that 6G will be the future
unmanned services that Reduces man power.
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