a Quadratic Equations :,futr:,

CHAPTER I and Functions t

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--1.A quadratic equation in one variable can be solved by

a completing the square,
a using formula,
a graphical method.

I Completing the square Using formula Graphical method

To solve a quadratic equation in the The formula for solving To solve a quadratic equation in the
form xt + pr + q = 0 by completing a quadratic equation in form ax' + bx + c= 0 by graphical
the square: theformaxt+bx+c-0 method:
. Rervrite the equation such that the b*rlb'-4ac . Draw the graph of.v= ax= + bx + r'.
constant term is on the RHS of the ls -\- = 2, . The solution(s) of the equation
equation. i.e. xr + px - -q. Note that when -4ac <0,
b2 are given by the r-coordinate(s)
r rl the equation has no real of the point(s) of intersection
. Add l4l to both sides of the
\21 solutions. of the graph with the x-axis.
(. . +)' =(+)' - n
equation to rorm

. Take the square roots on both

sides of the equation to solve for x.

I 2. Equations that have one or more algebraic fractions are known as fractional equations.
To solve a fractional equation:
. Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCM of the denominators.
. Reduce it to a quadratic equation.
. Solve the equation either by factorisation or by using the quadratic formula.

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3. Graphs of quaclratic functions of the formy= (I -h)(x -k) or ! =-(x -ftXr-/r)
,\'
A:
t,
| :+- line of syrnmetry
l:t
:
1'-intercept
-l
-nhr
l,
I

|"
| :<-
f-' mlnlmum potnt
. J=&-hl(x-k)
\:

t S- maximum point
I

_
ofr_i_________+r
'ltl k
/ \ ---t
v-interceot "
:<-
| line of symmetry
I
t*=-(x-h')(x-k\
The line of symmetry passes through the midpoint of the.r-intercepts.

4. Graphs of quadratic functions of the form !=(x-p)'+ qor y=-(x- p)'+ q

y-lntercept

(P, q) is the
i maximum point

x = p is the line
of symmetry

x-Dt+q

ffi/tt^t;t;;R t
 PRAG1ICE
uisnolts

Wffiffi\W
rvhere necessary.
l. Solve each of the follorving equations, glvlng your answers correct to 2 decimal places

(a) (x+3)2=4 (b) (2x+D'=L

25
| \2
(c) (3x - 4)' = 5 (d) li-'-rl
\t
'
l
=tJ

2. Solve each of the following equations by completing the square.

(a) xr+5.r-1=0 (b) xt-Jx+3=0
il (c) xr+8x+2.5-0 (d)tt-llx-J

3. Solve each of the follorving equations by using the quadratic formula.

(a) 2x2+3r+l=0 (b) 3-tt=5x+1
(c) '7x=2x?+4 (d) 3-4r)-7x

4. The variables -r and t'are connected by the equatioo 1'= Zxt - 8-r + 7'
(i) Copy and complete the table for,t' = Zxt - 8x + 7 '
A
5
x -l 0 I 2 3

(ii) Drarvthegraphof \'=2xt-8x+7 for-1 (x{5'

(iii) Hence, solve the equation 2xr - 8x + J -0'

ls. The variablesx andy are connected by the equationy

(i) Copy and complete the table for y - 5 + 4x - f '
- 5 + 4x - r'..

2 J +A 5 6
x -2 -1 0 1

(ii) Drarv the graph of -y = 5 + 4x -x'for -2 < x < 6'

(iii) Hence, solve the equation 5 + 4r - 'r2 = 0'

6. Given the quadratic function -r' = (r - 2)' - J ,

(i) find thc coordirlates of the -t- and r'-intercepts.

(ii) rvrite dorvn the coordin-ates of the minimum point of the graph,
(iii) sketch the graPli,
(iv) state the equation of the line of symmetry of the graph.

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7 . Givcn the quadratic ltrnctioll -)' = -(2'i + I ;r + 5.
(i) fincl the coordinates of the -r- and r-intercepts,
(ii; rvrite dorvn the coordinates of the maximum point of the graph.
(iii) sketch tire graPh.
(iv) state the equatiort of the line of symmetry of the graph.

8. Tlie graph r, = (.r + I X.r - 3) cuts the r-axis at A ancl B and the r,-axis at C.
(i) Find thc coordinatcs of A, B and C.
(ii) Sketch the -eraph of r' - (,t + lX.t'- 3).
(iii) Find the equation of the line of symmetry.

INTERMEDIATE
9. Solve each of the following equations. I
(a) .5t'r - ?r = 0 (b) (,r-l)(.t+l)=15
(c) ,rr + 4r = 17 (d) x(2x + 7) - 3(-r + 2) = g
(e) 3.r(,r + 4) - Zx(x - 4) (0 (3r- l)t= 12-r+ l8

10. Form a possible quadratic equation in the form rttt + b.r + c' = 0, rvhere o,b and c are integels, -qiven eaclr cf
the folloiving solutions.

(a).{=4,.r=-1 (b)x=-0.5.x=2

11. Solve each of the follorving equations.

(a) ,,*-ii=i
4t+2 5 (b) )+3r
2r-T=1 2

6 I
lc) :+__:;=l (d) 2.r_l 8,r-7
r x-6 ;t+l
,\ -r
(e) 2 5 1 )
(f);t--3-r=o 0
,-,-2_3r-i
12. (a) Factorise 6xt -x - 15 completely.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation 6(1, - 3)'- Cy - 3) - l5 = 0.
13. Express 5 - 2x - x' in the forrn p - 6 * rl)t,'uvherep and q areconstants.
(i) Find the maximum value of the expression.
(ii) Solve the equation 5 - 2.r- xr = 0.
(iii) Hence. sketch the graph of _r'- 5 - 2,r -.r'r. indicating the coordinates of the maximum point and the points
of intgrsection of the sraph lvith the coordinate axes.

W,
 14. The graph of ,r' - (.r - /r)r + rt has a minimunr point at (-2,5).
(i) State the value of ft and of k.
(ii) Hence, sketch the -uraph of -r' - (.r - h )r + A.. inclicating the coordinates of the point of intersection of the
graph rvith the -v-axis.

15. Sketch the graph of -r' - (3 - 2"t)(2"r + 7).

16. The diagram sholvs a curve rvith equation r'= -r'+ a.r + b. rvhere a and b are constatits.

+ax+b

I
(i) Find the value of a and of b.
(ii) Given that the graph cuts the,),-axis at the point M,wrrte down the coordinates of M.

17. The variables -r and ): &re connected by the equation ) = 24 + 3x - 2x'.

Some corresponding values of r and ,'r, are given in the following table.

x -3 -2 -l 0 I 2 3 +A 5

) a
_J 10 p z+ 25 22 l5 4 -l I

(i) Find the value of p.

(ii) Using a scale of I cm to represent I unit, draw a horizontal axis for -3 {r{5.
t Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 units, draw a vertical axis for -15
Draw the graph of y- 24 +3x-2xt for-3 { x { 5. '
<y<30.

(iii) Use your graph to find the values of ;r for which 24 + 3x - 2x2 - 0.

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 18. In an experinre nt. the ends of a string of le ngth S m itre attached to tr,vo points A and B. A rveight is fixed to

point C on the strin-s. Thc tivo parts of the strins. AC and BC.are both straight. The length of BC is,r m.

(i) Write dorvn, in terms of -r, the length of AC.

(ii) Given also that AB - 7 m and LACB = 90o, form an equatibn in .r and shorv that it reduces ro
2xt-l6x+15=0.
(iii) Solve the equation 2-rr - l6r+ 15 = 0, giving youranswers correctto2decimal places.
(iv) Given that AC is longer than BC, write down the value of -r.

19. Mr Tan bought some boxes of cookies for $600. Each box of cookies cost $,r.
(i) Write dorvn an expression, in terms of -r, for the number of boxes of cookies bought.
It rvas found that 2 boxes of cookies were spoilt and had to be thrown away. Mr Tan then sold each of
the
remaining boxes of cookies for $2 more than what he had paid for.
(ii) Write dorvn an expression, in terms of x, for the total sum received from the sale of the cookies.
(iii) Given that Mr Tan made a profit of $72 from the sale of the boxes of cookies, form an equation in x and
shorv that it reduces to;rr + 38,r - 600 = 0.
(iv) Solve the equarion _rt + 38x - 600 = 0.
(v) Find the selling price of each box of cookies.

20. A fan club bought a number of tickets for a pop concert for g2820. Each ticket rvas priced at
$x.
(i) Write down an expression. in terms of x, for the number of tickets bought.
Nearer to the date of the concert, the price of each ticket was reduced by
$201
(ii) Write dorvn an expression, in terms of -r, for the number of tickets that could be boueht with the same
amount of money.
If the fan club bought the tickets nearer to the date of the concert, they could have bou-qht 3 more tickets.
(iii) Form an equation in x and shorv that it recluces to x2 - 20x lg g00 = 0.
-
(iv) Solve the equation -r' - 20l - l8 800 = 0, givin-s your answers correct to I decimal place.
(v) Hence, find the maximum number of tickets that could be bought rvith $3000 nearer to the date of
the concert.

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 21. A car runs r kilometres on each litre of petrol when travelling up a slope.
(i) Find an e xpression, in terms of .r, for the number of litres of petrol used r,vhen the car travels 100 km up

the slope.
The car runs (r + 4) kilometres on each litre of petrol when travelling dorvn the slope.
(ii) Find an expression. in terms of -r, for the number of litres of petrol used when the car travels 100 km dorvn
the slope.
The car uses 5 litres less petrol to travel 100 km dorvn the slope than up the slope.
(iii) Form an equation in .r an<J show that it reduces to rr + 4.r - 80 = 0.
(iv) Solve the equation rt + 4-r -'80 = 0.
(v) Hence, find the number of litres of petrol used when the car travels 100 km up the slope.

22. Before a trip to Tokyo. Weiming changed 5$4000 to Japanese yen (Y).
(i) If the exchange rate betrveen Japanese yen and Singapore dollar was Yl = S$,r, find an expression, in
terms of -r, for the amount of Japanese yen received by Weiming.
I On the first day of his trip, Weiming changed another 5$2500 to Japanese yen. He found that he paid 5$0.05
less for every Yl received.
(ii) Find an expression, in terms of x, for the amount of Japanese yen received by Weiming.
(iii) Given that Weiming had a total of Y92 000, form an equation in x and shorv that it reduces to
920l: - lllx +2-0.
(iv) Solve the equation 920xr - ll l.r + 2 = 0.
(v) Find the exchange rate on the first day of his trip.

23. Tap A and Tap B can filI a srvimming pool in 6 hours if they are turned on at the same time. Tap A r.vill need
x hours to fill the pool alone while Tap B alone will fill the pool 4 hours faster as compared to Tap A.
(a) Write down, in terms of x,
(i) the fraction of the pool filled by Tap A alone in one hour,
(ii) the fraction of the pool filled by Tap ^B alone in one hour.
(b) Form an equation in x and show that it reduces to -r'r - 16r + 24 = 0.
(c) (i) Solve the equation -r' - l6x + 24 - 0. .
|
(ii) Briefly explain why one of the answers cannot be accepted.
(d) Find the time taken by Tap B to fill the pool alone, giving your answer in hours and minutes correct to
the nearest minute.

24. Acargo ship usually departs Port P at 0900 and heads torvards Port Q, which is 300 km away.
(a) Given that the average speed of the ship is -r km/h, find, in terms of ,r, the usual time taken by the ship
to travel from Port P to Port Q.
On a Sunday, the cargo ship increased its average speed by 4 km/h.
(b) (i) Find, in terms of -r, the time taken for this journey.
(ii) Given that the cargo ship took 50 minutes less on that particular Sunday, torm an equation in r and
shorv that it reducds to.rr + 4.r - I 440 - 0.
(iii) Solve the equation rt + 4x - 1440 = 0. Explain rvhy you rvould reject one of the ansrvers.
(iv) Hence. find the time at rvhich the ship reached Port Q on that particr-rlar Sunday.
r'il.\i'r U.tffi
)\ A piece of wire 80 m long is cut into trvo pieces. One piece is 12.r m long and is bent to forrn a rectr*.9t6
- a *-
-
of
length 4x m. The other piece is bent to form a square'
(a) Find. in terms of x.
(i) the area of the rectangle, .
\*-
e";-
:|.4
(ii) the length of a side of the square'
(iii) the area of the square.
t
dl
..}
(b) Show that the total area. -v mt, of the rectangle and the square is gi*n bY Y = l7 x? - r20x + 400.
. lrt-

(c) Colespotrding values of -r and ) are given in the table belorv.

r
'e:r\l
-.-

t---
x 0 I 2
a
J 4 ) 6 t
v 400 291 228 193 | 192 225 a

Find the value of a.

(d) Using a scale of 2 cm to represent I unit on the horizontal axis and 2 cm to represent 50 units on the
vertical axis, draw the graph of 1'= IJr: - 120.r + 400 for 0 < x < 6.
(e) Use your graph to find
(i) the value of y when x = I .5,
(ii) the value(s) of x when )'= 200,
(iii) the value of ,r for which the total area of the rectangle and the square is the smallest.

26. A ball is thrown into the air. Its height, h m, from the ground can be modelled by the equation
h=2 + 30r - l\f ,where r is the time in seconds after the ball is throrvn. Corresponding values of t and lt
are siven in the table below.

a
t 0 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 J

h 2 14.5 22 24.5 22 14.5 2

(a) Using a scale of 4 cm to represent I unit on the horizontal r-axis and 2 cm to represent 5 units on the
vertical h-axis,draw the graph of h - 2 + 30t- l0rr for 0 < I < 3.
(b) Use your graph to find
(i) the maximum height reached by the ball, .
(ii) the times when the ball reaches a height of 18 m.
(c) Suggest how you can use your graph to obtain an estimate of the time when the ball hits the ground.

27 . A stone is thrown from the top of cliff towards the ground. Its vertical height, H m, from the ground at time
a

/secondsduring its flightis givenbytheequation H --2i + 5t+ 25fort>0 andH > 0. Corresponding
values of r and H arc given in the table belorv.

A
t 0 I 2 -1 T 5

H 25 28 21 p t3 0

(a) Find the value of p.

(b) Usin-e ? cm to represent I second along the horizontal r-axis and 2 cm to represent *5 m along the vertical
H-axis. draw the graph of H--2t2+5r+25fcr0< 1< 5.

t i1+l'iLi{ i
 (c) Use your graph to {ind
(i) the height of the cliff,
(ii) the maximum height of the stone above the ground,
(iii) the value of I ivhen the stone is again at the same vertical level as the top of the cliff.

ADUANGED
28. Awater tank holds 2 mr of water when it is full. A hot water tap supplies water at a rate of x mt per minute and
a cold water tap supplies water at a rate of -y m3 per minute. The water tank can be filled ln :{ minutes using
both taps. Filling the tank using only the hot rvater tap rvill take 4 minutes longer than fillin! ,n" tank urlng
only the cold water tap.
(i) Form an equation in x and shorv that it reduces to l0-rr - t 6" + 3 = 0.
(ii) Solve the equation l0-rr - l6.l + 3 = 0, giving your answers correctto2 decimal places.
I (iii) Explain rvhy one of the answers has to be rejected and hence find, to the nearest minute, the time taken
by the hot rvater tap alone to fill the tank completely with water.

FIEW TftEfrI,W
29. (i) Express rr - 5-r + 2 in the form (x + a)2 + b.
(ii) r - 5x + 2 = 0. giving your answers correct ro 2 decimal places.
Hence. solve the equation
(iii) Hence, or otherwise, sketch the graph of y = x' - 5x + 2, indicating the coordinates of the minimum
point and the points of intersection of the graph with the coordinate axes.

30. James travelled 120 km.

(a) He took x minutes to drive the first 50 km at a constant speed.
Write, in terms of r, an expression for his speed in km/h for the first 50 km.

| (b) He then took (x + 25) minutes to ddve the rest of the distance at a different constant speed
Write, in terms of .r, an expression for his speed in km/h for this part of the journey.
(c) James' speed for the first part of his journey was 10 km./h faster than the second part. Write down an
equation in r to represent this information, and show thal it reduces ro I + 145x - 7500 = 0
(d) Solve the equation x'z+ 145x - 7500 = 0, giving your solutions corect to 3 decimal places.
(e) Calculate James'average speed for the entire journey, in km,/h.
31. (a) Express,rt - l0,r + I6 in the tbrrn (.r - /r)r - fr.

(b) Hcnce. ,,vritc clorvn the minimum vaiue of .rr l0-r'+ I6. -
(c) Write cloivn the cquation of the line ol'symmetry of thc graph of .r'=..t - l0.r + 16.
I

32. The diagram shorvs a cuboid with a length of x cm.

The width of the cuboid is trvo-thirds of its length.
The height of the cLrboid is 4 cm more than its length.
. l3x'
(a) Shor.v that AC- = g .

(b) The length of the diagonal , AG,of the cuboid is 20 cm.

Form an equation in x and show that it reduces to I I xr + 36x - ll28 - 0.
(c) Solve the equation I 1x2 + 36x - 1728 = 0, giving your solutions
correct to 4 decimal places.
(d) Find the volume of the cuboid.

33. A kin_e-size waterbed mattress can hold 900 litres of water rvhen filled completely.
(a) A small tap can fill the mattress at a rate of x litres per minute.
Write down an expression, in terms of x, for the number of minutes the tap would take to fill the mattress
completely.
(b) A large tap can fill the mattress at a rate of (x + 12) litres per minute.
Write down an expression, in terms of r, for the number of minutes the large tap would take to fill the
mattress completely.
(c) It takes 18 minutes longer to fill the mattress using the small tap than the large tap.
Write down an equation in r to represent this information, and show that it reduces to xr + l2.r - 600 = 0.
(d) Solve the equati on x'+ 12x - 600 = 0, giving your solutions correct to 1 decimal place.
(e) Find the time taken to fill the mattress completely usin-q the large tap.
Give your answer in minutes and seconds, correct to the nearest second.

3a. (a) Sketch the graph of y - -(x + 2)(x - 5).

(b) Write down the equation of the line of symmetry of the graph.
(c) Find the coordinates of the turning point.

35. A rectangular pedestal has a height of -r m.

Its length is half its height and the width is 10 cm less than its length.
(a) Write dorvu an expression, in terms of x, for the total surface area of the pedestal, in mr.
(b) The total surface area of the pedestal is 6 mt.
Write down an equation to represent this information ancl shorv that it simplifies to 25.rr - 3.r - 60 = 0.
(c) Solve the equation 25.t2 - 3r - 60 = 0, giving your solutions correct to 2 decimal places.
(d) Find the rvidth of the pedestal.