Kong Airport," Proceedings, Institute of Civil Engineering, Vol. 7, 1957, pp.

305-307.
9. Skempton, A. W., and Sowa, V. A., "The Behaviour of Saturated Clays Dur-
ing Sampling and Testing," Ge'otechnique, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1963, pp. 269-290.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by National Institute of Technology Raipur on 10/03/20. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.

10. Wroth, C. P., 'Tn-Situ Measurement of Initial Stresses and Deformation

Characteristics," State of the Art paper, 1975, presented at Session IV, ASCE
Geotechnical Speciality Conference on In-Situ Measurement of Soil Proper-
ties, held at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
11. Wroth, C. P., and Wood, D. W., "The Correlation of Index Properties with
some Basic Engineering Properties of Soils," Canadian Geotechnical journal, Vol.
15, No. 2, 1978, pp. 137-145.

APPENDIX II.™NOTATION

The following symbols are used in this paper:

cu = undrained shear strength;

c„ = coefficient of consolidation;
cvs = coefficient of consolidation in swelling;
K0 = coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest;
mvs = coefficient of compression in swelling;
p' = m e a n normal effective stress ((o"i + <J'2 + o-3)/3); a n d
q = deviator stress (CT{ - 0-3).

DESIGN FOOTING AREA WITH BIAXIAL BENDING

By Ramon Jarquio, 1 M. ASCE and Victor Jarquio 2

INTRODUCTION

A simple and direct method of dimensioning a rectangular footing area

subjected to bending in both the X a n d Y axes is presented as a n alter-
native to the trial a n d error method of solution (2).
This proposed method is based on the applicability of the combined
direct stress a n d flexure formula, i.e., the whole footing area m u s t b e
in full compression for the application of the formula to be valid. This
'Civ. Engr., Planning Div., New York City Transit Authority, 370 Jay St.,
Brooklyn, New York, N.Y. 11201.
2
Struct. Engr., Wilson and Company, 631 E. Crawford St., Salina, Kans. 67401.
Note.—Discussion open until March 1, 1984. To extend the closing date one
month, a written request must be filed with the ASCE Manager of Technical and
Professional Publications. The manuscript for this paper was submitted for re-
view and possible publication on February 9, 1983. This paper is part of the Jour-
nal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 10, October, 1983. ©ASCE, ISSN
0733-9410/83/0010-1337/$01.00. Paper No. 18267.

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J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(10): 1337-1341

 condition is made possible by setting one corner of the rectangular foot-
ing with zero pressure and the diagonally opposite corner with the max-
imum allowable soil bearing pressure.
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By algebraic manipulations, the footing dimensions a and b are derived

as functions of the vertical load, P, the maximum allowable bearing pres-
sure, /„, and the moments, Mx and My . From these derived expressions,
the value of the vertical load, P (which includes column load, overbur-
den, footing weight, etc.) can be calculated from the given values of the
moments, Mx and My, and the maximum allowable soil pressure, /„.
Then, the dimensions a and b are calculated as 12 times the eccentricities
of the given moments, Mx and My with this value of P.
The footing thickness can then be adjusted to meet this required value
of P and that required from the structural analysis of the footing. These
calculations are not shown in the sample problems since the reader can
easily proceed from hereon.
Derivation.—In Fig. 1, vertical central load P is shifted to positions tn
and n from centroidal axes X and Y to satisfy static conditions
My = Pm (1)
Mx = Pn (2)
in which P = the vertical load (including the column load, overburden,
footing weight, etc.); m and n = eccentricities of the vertical load, P from
the X and Y axes; and Mx and My = the moments about the X and Y
axes at the bottom of the footing.
The stresses at the corners due to the loading condition are designated
as f\,fz,f3, and / 4 . The minimum and maximum stresses are designated
as fa and f2, respectively. Applying the ordinary flexure formula
P I 6M 6tn\
n = -h i H (3)
ab \ a bJ
Equate Eq. 3 to zero and simplify to

FIG. 1 .—Footing Area Subjected to Biaxial Bending and Zero Pressure at a Corner
1338

J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(10): 1337-1341

 6am
b= - (4)
a - 6M
Apply the flexure formula one more time and write
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6n 6m
/* = 1 + —+ — (5)
ab a b
Substitute Eq. 4 in Eq. 5 and simplify terms to
P a - 6n
(6)

Maximize f2 by taking the first derivative of Eq. 6 with respect to a and

equate this derivative to zero, i.e.,
p V ( l ) - (a - 6n)(2a)
«4
r
h
3m J
fl2-(2a: -12n«) = 0
= 12n (7)
Substitute Eq. 7 in Eq. 4 to obtain
b = l2m (8)
Substitute Eq. 7 and Eq. 8 in Eq. 6 to solve for the maximum value of
fi. Then, equate this value to the maximum allowable soil bearing pres-
sure, /„, i.e.,

/2=/.= (9)
limn
Substitute Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 in Eq. 9 and solve for P,

P = </72MxMyfa (10)
The minimum area required for a given allowable soil bearing pressure
is determined by substituting Eq. 7 and Eq. 8 in Eq. 5.
IP
b (11)
" 'J
Put Eq. 10 in Eq. 11 to obtain
2 i/72MxMyfa
ab = (12)
U
The relation between the dimensions a and b can be derived from Eqs.
1, 2, 7 and 8

b = —la (13)
Mx
Also, fi = — r - (14)
ba
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J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(10): 1337-1341

 A - ^ OS)

and / 1 = / 3 (16)
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Moreover, from the nature of the imposed conditions shown in Fig. 1,

L-lf-f-f-™*
- = - i i = A = /3 = — r (17)
a h - 2 h - h - h - ha2

or, a = U-j- (18)

which is Eq. 17 when

n =^ ....(19)
P
is substituted in that equation.
Numerical Examples.—Problem No. 1. Design the dimensions of the
minimum footing area and calculate the required vertical load for this
area for a hammerhead bridge pier, given the data
My = 725 ft-kips (983 kN • m); Mx = 580 ft-kips (787 kN • m);
/„ = 6 KSF (30 metric tons per sq m)
Solution: From Eq. 12,

2 ^ 7 2 x 580 x 725 x 6
ab = = 188.78 ft2
6
and from Eq. 13,
725
b = — a = 1.25 a; 1.25 a2 = 188.78;
580
a = 12.29 ft (3.75 m); b = 15.36 ft (4.68 m)
Using Eq. 10

P = ^72 x 580 x 725 x 6 = 567 kips (2,518 kN)

Problem No. 2: In Problem No. 1, calculate the new footing base (to
satisfy full compression on the area without exceeding the allowable
bearing pressure) when the requirements from structural analysis re-
sulted in the following values of P.
(a) P = 600 kips (2,668 kN)
(b) P = 500 kips (2,223 kN)
Solution: (a) From Eq. 11,
, 2 x 600
flfc = = 200 ft2; 1.25 «2 = 200; a2 = 160;
6
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J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(10): 1337-1341

 a = 12.65 ft (3.86 m); b = 15.81 ft (4.82 m)
Solve for / 4 :
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600 6 X 580 6 X 725

' " 12.65 x 15.81 ~ 15.81 x 12.65 ~ 12.65 x 15.812
4 2

= 3.00-1.38 - 1.38 = 0.24 > 0

Area is in full compression.
Solve for f2:
f2 = 3.00 + 1.38 + 1.38 = 5.76 < 6 o.k.
(b) From Eq. 7 and Eq. 8,
580 725
a = 12 — = 13.92 ftV (4.24 m ) ; b = 12 — = 17.40 ft
v (5.30; m);
500 ' 500
ab = 242.20 ft2
500 6 x 580 6 X 725
^ ~ 242.20 ~ 17.40 X 13.922 ~ 13.92 x 17.402
= 2.07 - 1.03 - 1.03 = 0.01 > 0
Area is in full compression.
f2 = 2.07+ 1.03 + 1.03 = 4.13 < 6 o.k.
Note: It is therefore preferable to adopt the solution in Problem No. 1
whenever this is achievable.

CONCLUSION

The characteristic of this method is that maximum and minimum

stresses are developed at the critical corners while the stresses at the
other pair of diagonally opposite corners are equalized. This method can
also be named as the 12 times eccentricity method of solution.
This method is applicable when there are no space limitations on the
dimensions a and b. When dimensions a and b are fixed by physical
constraints and tension on part of the footing is unavoidable, the reader
is referred to published solutions to this type of problem elsewhere (1,2).

APPENDIX.—REFERENCES

1. Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E., and Thornbum, T. H., Foundation Engineering,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1953, pp. 330-331.
2. Teng, W. C, Foundation Design, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1962, pp. 130-134.

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J. Geotech. Engrg., 1983, 109(10): 1337-1341