Alco Pocket Guide

Alco Chemical,
909 Mueller Drive,

Chattanooga, TN 37406
Tel: (423) 629-1405
Alco’s Answers Table of Contents
A practical guide to everyday Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
engineering and scientific problems Properties of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
We’re proud to present this handy pocket guide of
Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
tables, formulas, and scientific data to help you per-
form your job a little quicker– a little better. How often Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-56
do you find yourself searching for the answer to such Boiling Point of Water/Properties of Ice . . . . . . . . . 57
simple questions as: “What’s the conversion factor Properties of Common Industrial Gases . . . . . . . . . 58
for meters to feet?” or “What’s the molecular weight
for zinc?” or “What’s the surface temperature of water Properties of Saturated Steam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59-61
at an elevated temperature?” Properties of Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Well, the answer to these problems and more can be Properties of Superheated Steam. . . . . . . . . . . . 63-64
found in Alco’s Answers – a compendium of all sorts Properties of Common Engineering Metals . . . . 65-66
of useful information, including:
Current Carrying Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
• Periodic table
Resistor Color Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
• Conversion factors
• Properties of industrial gases, metals, steam, water,
Electric Motor Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
air, and more Electrical Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
• Algebraic and trigonometric relations Beam Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
• Standard gauges and sizes of sheet metal, wire, tube, Column Buckling and Moments of Inertia . . . . . . . . 72
pipe, and lumber Fluid Mechanics Formulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
• And many more valuable tables, charts and data
Viscosity Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Look to Alco Algebraic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
This practical guide is brought to you by the people
of Alco Chemical, a leader in water treatment solutions Trigonometric Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
for a broad range of industries. Derivatives and Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Properties Of American Standard Lumber . . . . . . . . 78
For information about any of our products,
visit our website: www.alcochemical.com,
Commercial Pipe Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-87
or call 1-615-629-1405. Pressure in Common Tube Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Sheetmetal and Wire Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
TM
Standard Screen/Sieve Sizes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
MOH’s Hardness/Temperature Color Scale . . . . . . . 67
Fundamental Physical Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Every reasonable effort has been made to provide reliable information, but the authors
and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
consequences of their use. All rights reserved. This book, or any parts thereof, may not
be reproduced in any form without written consent from the publisher. Greek Alphabet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
IA VIIA VIII
1 Periodic Table of the Elements 1 2
H H He
1.00797 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA 1.0079 4.0026
3 4 79 ← Atomic Number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Au ← Atomic Symbol B C N O F Ne
6.939 9.012 196.97 ← Atomic Mass 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.9994 18.998 20.183
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
For further information see pp. 50-66
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.990 24.312 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII VIII VIII IB IIB 26.98 28.088 30.97 32.064 35.453 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 56.71 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.91 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 99 101.07 102.91 106.4 107.87 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.30
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.90 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 196.1 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.19 208.98 210 210 222
87 88 89 104 105 106 107
Fr Ra Ac** Ku Ha —
223 226 227.03 261 262 263
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanide
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Series
140.12 140.91 144.24 147 150.35 151.98 157.25 158.92 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
**Actinide
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
Series
232.04 231 238.03 237 239 243 245 247 251 254 253 256 255 257
1 2
Properties of the Elements
Melting Boiling Density @20°C
Atom Atomic Point Point (g/cm3)(s&l)
Element Symb No Weight Valence °C °C (g/liter)(g)
Actinium Ac 89 227 3 1050 3200 10.07(s)
Aluminum Al 13 28.982 3 660.4 2467 2.699(s)
Americium Am 95 243 6,5,4,3 994 2607 13.67(s)
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 3,5 630.7 1750 6.691(s)
Argon Ar 18 39.948 0 -189.2 -185.7 1.7837(g)
Arsenic As 33 74.922 ± 3,5 817 @ 28 atm 613 (subl) 1.97 (yellow)
3
5.73(metallic)
Astatine At 85 210 1,3,5,7 302 337
Barium Ba 56 137.33 2 725 1640 3.5
Berkelium Bk 97 247 3,4
Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 2 1278 2970 1.848(s)
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 3,5 271.3 1560 9.747
Boron B 5 10.81 3 2079 2550 (subl) 2.34(xtal)
2.37(amorph)
Bromine Br 35 79.904 ±1,5 -7.2 58.78 7.59(g) 3.12(l)
Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 2 320.9 765 8.65(s)

Calcium Ca 20 40.08 2 839 1484 1.55(s)
Californium Cf 98 251 3
Carbon C 6 12.011 4,2 3550 4827 1.9-2.3(graph)
3.15-3.53(dl)
3.513(gerh)
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 3,4 799 3426 6.65(s)
Cesium Cs 55 132.91 1 28.4 678.4 1.873(s)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.453 ±1,3,5,7 -101 -34.6 3.214(g)
Chromium Cr 24 51.996 6,3,2 1857 2672 7.19(s)
4
Cobalt Co 27 58.933 2,3 1495 2870 8.9(s)

Copper Cu 29 63.546 2,1 1083.4 2587 8.96(s)
Curium Cm 96 247 3,4 1340 13.51(s)
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 3 1412 2462 8.55(s)
Einsteinium Es 99 254
Element 106 - 106 263
Erbium Er 68 167.26 3 159 2863 9.06(s)
Europium Eu 63 151.96 3,2 822 1597 5.24(s)
Fermium Fm 100 257
Atom Atomic Point Point ( g/cm3)(s&l)
Fluorine F 9 18.998 -1 -219.6 -188.1 1.696(g)
1.108(l)@b.p.
Francium FR 87 223 1 27 677
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 3 1313 3266 7.90(s)
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 3 29.8 2403 6.095(s)
5
Germanium Ge 32 72.59 4 937.4 2830 5.32(s)

Gold Au 79 196.97 3,1 1064 2807 19.32(s)
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 4 2227 4602 13.31(s)
Hahnium Ha 105 262
Helium He 2 4.0026 0 -272.2 -268.9 0.1785(g)
0.122(l)@b.p.
Holmium Ho 67 164.93 3 1474 2695 8.795(s)
Hydrogen H 1 1.0079 1 -259.1 -252.9 0.08988(g)
0.0708(l)@b.p.
Indium In 49 114.82 3 156.6 2080 7.31(s)
Iodine In 53 126.9 ±1,5,7 113.5 184.35 11.27(g) 4.93(s)

Iridium Ir 77 192.22 2,3,4,6 2410 4130 22.42(s)
Iron Fe 26 55.847 2,3,4,6 1535 2750 7.874(s)
Krypton Kr 36 83.8 0 -156.6 -152.3 3.733(g)
Kurchatovium Ku 104 261 Also known as rutherfordium)
Lanthanum La 57 138.91 3 921 3457 6.145(s)
Lawrencium Lr 103 257 3
Lead Pb 82 207.2 4,2 327.5 1740 11.35(s)
Lithium Li 3 6.941 1 180.5 1347 0.534(s)
Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 3 1663 3395 9.84(S)
6
Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 2 648.8 1090 1.738(s)

Manganese Mn 25 54.938 1244 1962 7.21-7.44(s)
Mendelevium Md 101 256 2,3
Mercury Hg 80 200.59 2,1 -38.87 356.58 13.546(l)
Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 6,5,4,3,2 2617 4612 10.22(s)
Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 3 1021 3068 6.80 & 7.01
Neon Ne 10 20.179 0 -248.7 -248 0.8999(g)
Neptunium Np 93 237.05 6,5,4,3 640 3902 20.25(s)
Nickel Ni 28 58.71 0,1,2,3 1453 2732 8.902(s)
Niobium Nb 41 92.906 2,3,5 2468 4742 8.57(s)
Atom Atomic Point Point ( g/cm3)(s&l)
Nitrogen N 7 14.007 3,5 -209.9 -195.8 1.2506(g)
0.808(l)@b.p.
Nobelium No 102 255 2,3
Osmium Os 76 190.2 3,4,5,6 3045 5027 22.57(s)
Oxygen O 8 16 -2 -218.4 -183 1.429(g)
7
1.14(l)@b.p.
Palladium Pd 46 106.4 2,3,4 1552 3140 12.02(s)
Phosphorus P 15 30.974 ±3,5,4 44.1 280 1.82(white)
2.20 (red)
Platinum Pt 78 195.09 2,3,4 1772 3827 21.45(s)
Plutonium Pu 94 239.13 6,5,4,3 641 3232 19.84(s)
Polonium Po 84 210 4,2 254 962 9.32(s)
Potassium K 19 39.098 1 63.65 774 0.862(s)
Praseodymium Pr 59 140.92 3,4 931 3512 6.77(s)
Promethium Pm 61 145 3 1168 2460 7.22(s)
Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 5,4 15.37(s)

Radium Ra 88 226.03 2 700 1140 5.0(s)
Radon Rn 86 222 0 -71 -61.8 9.73(g) 4.4(l)@b.p.
Rhenium Re 75 186.2 7,6,4,2,-1 3180 5627 21.02(s)
Rhodium Rh 45 102.91 2,3,4,5,6 1966 3727 12.41(s)
Rubidium Rb 37 85.468 1 38,89 688 1.532(s)
1.475(l)@m.p.
Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 2,3,4,6,8 2310 3900 12.41(s)
Rutherfordium Rf 104 261 (Also known as kurchatovium)
Samarium Sm 62 150.4 3,2 1077 1791 7.52(s)
8
Scandium Sc 21 44.958 3 1541 2831 2.989 (s)

Selenium Se 34 78.96 -2,4,6 217 685 (gray) 4.79(gray) 4.28(vitr)
Silicon Si 14 28.086 4 1410 2355 2.33(s)
Silver Ag 47 107.87 1 960.5 2210 10.49(s)
Sodium Na 11 22.9898 1 97.81 882.9 0.971(s)
Strontium Sr 38 87.62 2 769 1384 2.54(s)
Sulfur S 16 32.06 ±2,4,6 112.8 444.7 2.07(s)
Tantalum Ta 73 180.95 3,5 2996 5425 16.65(s)
Technetium Tc 43 98.906 7 2172 4877 11.5(s)
Tellurium Te 52 127.6 -2,4,6 449.5 989.8 6.24(s)
Properties of Water
Sat. Specific Surface
5.887(g) 3.52(l)
Density @20°C
( g/cm3)(s&l)
Temp Vap. Pr. Wt. Viscosity Tens.
(g/liter)(g)
7.31(white)
°F Psla Lb/ft3 Centistokes Dyne/cm.
5.75(gray)
11.72(s)
11.85(s)
18.95(s)
8.23(s)
9.32(s)
4.54(s)
19.3(s)
6.97(s)
4.46(s)
7.13(s)
6.51(s)
6.0(s)
32 0.08859 62.414 1.79 75.6
40 0.12163 62.425 1.54 75
50 0.17796 62.41 1.31 74.2
60 0.25811 62.37 1.12 73.4
70 0.36292 62.31 0.98 72.6
Boiling
-107.1
Point
3123
1457
4790
1947
2270
3287
5660
3818
3400
1194
3338
4377
907
°C
80 0.50683 62.22 0.85 71.7

90 0.69813 62.12 0.76 70.8
100 0.94924 62 0.69 69.9
110 1.275 61.98 0.61 69

Melting
231.97
-111.9
303.5
419.6
Point
1356
1750
1545
1660
3410
1132
1735
1522
1852
819
°C
120 1.6927 61.71 0.57 68.1

130 2.223 61.56 0.51 67.1
140 2.8892 61.38 0.47 66.2
150 3.7184 61.19 0.44 65.2
6,5,4,3,2
6,5,4,3,2
Valence
160 4.7414 60.99 0.41 64.2

5,4,3,2
4,3,2
4,3,2
3,4
3,1
3,2
4,2
3,2
4
3
2
170 5.9926 60.79 0.38 63.2

180 7.511 60.57 0.36 62.2
190 9.34 60.34 0.33 61.2
200 11.528 60.11 0.31 60.1
Atomic
Weight
158.93
204.37
232.04
168.93
231.97
183.85
238.03
173.04
88.906
50.94
131.3
65.38
91.22
210 14.123 59.86 0.29 59.1

47.9
212 14.696 59.81 ---- 58.9

220 17.186 59.61 ---- ----
Atom
250 29.825 58.8 0.24 ----

No
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
300 67.005 57.31 0.2 ----

350 134.604 55.59 0.17 ----
Tm
400 247.259 53.65 0.15 ----

Symb
Sn
Xe
Yb
Tb
Th
Zn
W
Zr
Tl
Ti
U
V
500 680.86 48.95 0.13 ----

600 1543.2 42.3 0.12 ----
700 3094.3 27.31 ---- ----
Vanadium
Zirconium
705.5 3208.2 19.69 ---- ----

Ytterbium
Tungsten
Element
Titanium
Uranium
Thorium
Thalium
Thulium
Terbium
Yttrium
Xenon
Zinc
Tin
9 10
A A-B
Abamperes X 10 = Amperes Ares X 1076.391 = Sq. ft.
X 1.0364 x 10-4 = Faraday/sec. X 100 = Sq. meters
X 2.997925 x 1010 = Statamperes Assay ton X 29.166667 = grams
Abamperes/sq. cm X 5.067075 x 10-5 = Amp./circ. mil Astronomical unit X 1.495978 x 108 = Kilometers
Abampere-turns X 10 = Ampere-turns X 1.495978 x 1011 = Meters
Abcoulombs X 10 = Coulombs X 1.58128 x 10-5 = Light Years
Abfarads X 1.0 x 109 = Farads X 4.85118 x 10-6 = Parsecs
Abhenries X 1.0 x 10-9 = Henries Atmosphere X 1.01325 = Bars
Abmhos X 1.0 x 109 = Mhos X 1033.26 = Cm. of H2O (4°C)
Abohms X 1.0 x 10-9 = Ohms X 1.01325 x 106 = Dyne/sq. cm.
Abvolts X 1.0 x 10-8 = Volts X 33.8995 = Ft. of H2O (32°F)
Acres X 43560 = Sq. feet X 29.92125 = In. Hg (32°F)
X .0040468564 = Sq. km. X 30.00578 = In. Hg (60°F)
X 1.0 x 105 = Sq. links (Gunter’s) X 101.325 = Kilopascals
X 4046.8564 = Sq. meters X 0.101325 = Megapascals
X .0015625 = Sq. miles X 760 = Mm. Hg (0°C)
X 160 = Sq. rods X 1.01325 x 105 = Newtons/sq. meter
X 4840 = Sq. yards X 1.01325 x 105 = Pascals
Acre-feet X 43560 = Cu. feet X 14.696 = Pounds/sq. inch
X 1233.4818 = Cu. meters X 760 = Torr
X 1613.3333 = Cu. yards Atomic mass units X 1.6602 x 10-24 = Grams
X 0.325851.02 = Gallons (US) (carbon 12 basis)
Acre-ft./day X 0.5 = Acre-inch/hr. Bags (Imp) X 3 = Bushels
X 228.285 = Gallon/min. (US) X 0.75 = Coombs
X 0.325851 = Million gal./day(US) X 0.1091 = Cu. meters
Amperes X 0.1 = Abamperes X 3.853 = Cu. feet
X 1 = Coulombs/sec. X 1 = Sack
X 2.9979254 x 109 = Statamperes X 0.375 = Seam
Ampere-hours X 360 = Abcoulombs X 1.5 = Strike
X 3600 = Coulombs Barns X 1.0 x 10-28 = Sq. meters
Ampere-turns X 1.2566371 = Gilberts Barrels (Imp) X 1.5 = Bags
Ampere-turns/Weber X 1.2566371 x 10-8 = Gilberts/Maxwell X 4.5 = Bushels (Imp)
Angstroms X 1.0 x 10-8 = Centimeters X 36 = Gallons (Imp)
X 3.9370079 x 10-9 = Inches X 163.655 = Liters
X 0.0001 = Microns Barrels (US, petr.) X 5.6145 = Cu. Feet
X 1.65076373 x 10-4= Kr.-86 org./red line
11 12
B B
X 42 = Gallons (US) X 1.07514 x 107 = Gram-cm.
X 158.9873 = Liters X 3.92752 x 10-4 = Hp.-hours
Barrels (US,dry) X 7056 = Cu. Inches X 1054.35 = Joules
X 115.627 = Liters X 107.514 = Kg.-meters
X 105 = Quarts (US,dry) X 10.4053 = Liter-atm.
Barrels (US,liquid) X 1 = Barrels (wine) X 0.292875 = Watt-hours
X 31.5 = Gallons (US,liq.) X 1054.35 = Watt-seconds
X 119.24 = Liters B.t.u. (IST) X 1.00065 = B.t.u.
Bars X 0.986923 = Atmospheres B.t.u. (mean) X 1.00144 = B.t.u.
X 1.0 x 106 = Baryes B.t.u. (39°F) X 1.00504 = B.t.u.
X 75.0062 = Cm. of Hg (0°C) B.t.u. (60°F) X 1.00031 = B.t.u.
X 1.0 x 106 = Dynes/sq. cm. B.t.u./hr. X 0.251996 = Cal.(kg.)/hr.
X 29.5300 = In. of Hg (32°F) X 2.928751 x 106 = Ergs/sec.
X 1.019716 = Kg./sq. cm. X 777.649 = Ft.-lb./hr.
X 100 = Kilopascals X 3.92752 x 10-4 = Horsepower
X 0.1 = Megapascals X 2.98563 x10-5 = Horsepower (boiler)
X 1 x 105 = Pascals X 0.29287 = Watts
X 14.5038 = Pounds/sq. in. B.t.u./min. X 0.251996 = Cal.(kg.)/min
Baryes X 1.0 x 10-6 = Bars X 1.75725 x 108 = Ergs/sec.
X 10 = Pascals X 777.649 = Ft.-lb./min.
Bels X 10 = Decibels X 0.023565 = Horsepower
Board feet X 2359.737 = Cu. cm. X 0.0017914 = Horsepower (boiler)
X 0.083333 = Cu. ft. X 0.023556 = Horsepower
X 144 = Cu. in. (electric)
Bolts of Cloth X 120 = Linear feet X 0.023892 = Horsepower (metric)
X 36.576 = Meters X 0.0175725 = Kilowatts
B.t.u. X 0.999346 = B.t.u. (IST) X 17.5725 = Watts
X 0.998563 = B.t.u. (mean) B.t.u./lb. X 0.55555 = Cal.(gm.)/gram
X 0.999689 = B.t.u. (60°F) X 0.36747 = Cu. ft.-atm./lb.
X 251.99576 = Cal. (gm.) X 777.649 = Ft.-lb./lb.
X 251.634 = Cal. (gm.,mean) X 3.9275 x 10-4 = Hp.-hr./lb.
X 252.122 = Cal. (gm.,20°C) X 22.9405 = L-atm./kg.
X 10409 = Cu. cm.-atm. B.t.u./sec. X 3600 = B.t.u./hr.
X 1.05435 x 1010 = Ergs X 1.05435 x 1010 = Erg/sec.
X 25020.1 = Foot-poundals X 777.649 = Ft.-lb./sec.
X 777.649 = Foot-pounds X 1.41391 = Horsepower
13 14
B-C C
X 1.05435 = Kilowatts Calories (gm.,mean) X 0.00397403 = B.t.u.
X 1054.35 = Watts X 1.00144 = Cal.(gm.)
B.t.u./sq. ft. X 0.271246 = Cal. (gm., 20°C) X 1.00194 = Cal.(gm., 20°C)
X 11.3489 = KJ./sq. meter X 0.001 = Cal.(kg.,mean)
B.t.u./hr.-sq. ft. - °F X 5.6744 = Watts/sq. meter-°C X 4.19002 x 107 = Ergs
B.t.u./hr.-sq. ft. - °F X 3.1524 = Watts/sq. meter X 4.19002 = Joules
Buckets (Imp) X 4 = Gallons (Imp) X 0.0413511 = Liter-atm.
X 18.18435 = Liters Calories (150C) X 1.00043 = Cal.(gm.)
Bushels (Imp) X 0.333333 = Bags (Imp) X 0.998992 = Cal.(gm.,mean)
X 1.03206 = Bushels (US) Calories (200C) X 0.999498 = Cal.(gm.)
X 1.284348 = Cu. feet X 0.998061 = Cal.(gm.,mean)
X 8 = Gallons (Imp) Calories (kg.) X 3.968321 = B.t.u.
X 36.36768 = Liters X 3.96262 = B.t.u. (mean)
Bushels (US) X 0.304764 = Barrels (US,dry) X 3.96709 = B.t.u. (60°F)
X 0.968939 = Bushels (Imp) X 1000 = Cal.(gm.)
X 1.244456 = Cu. feet X 0.998563 = Cal.(kg.,mean)
X 8 = Gallons (US,dry) X 0.999570 = Cal.(kg., 15°C)
X 9.309177 = Gallons (US,liq) X 1.00050 = Cal.(kg., 20°C)
X 35.23808 = Liters X 4.184 x 1010 = Ergs
X 4 = Pecks (US) X 3085.96 = Foot-pounds
X 32 = Quarts (US,dry) X 4184 = Joules
Cable lengths X 120 = Fathoms X 41.2917 = Liter-atm.
X 720 = Feet X 1.162 = Watt-hours
X 219.456 = Meters Cal.(gm.)/ 0C X 0.0022046 = B.t.u./ °F
Calories (gm.) X 0.00396832 = B.t.u. Cal.(gm.)/gram X 1.8 = B.t.u./lb.
X 0.0039626 = B.t.u. (mean) Candles (English) X 1.04 = Candles (Int)
X 0.0039484 = B.t.u. (39°F) Candles (German) X 1.05 = Candles (Int)
. X 0.0039670 = B.t.u. (60°F) Candles (Int) X 0.96 = Candles (Engl.)
X 0.998563 = Cal.(gm.,mean) X 0.95 = Candles (Germ.)
X 0.999570 = Cal.(gm., 15°C) X 1 = Lumens/steradian
X 1.00000502 = Cal.(gm., 20°C) Candles/sq. cm. X 6.4516 = Candles/sq. in.
X 0.001 = Cal. (kg.) X 2918.63 = Foot-lamberts
X 4.184 x 107 = Ergs X 3.1415927 = Lamberts
X 3.08596 = Foot-pounds Candles/sq. ft. X 10.76391 = Candles/sq. meter
X 4.184 = Joules X 3.1415927 = Foot-lamberts
X 0.0412917 = Liter-atm. X 0.00338158 = Lamberts
15 16
C C
Candlepower (sph.) X 12.566 = Lumens X 0.022369363 = Miles/hr.
Carats (parts Au/24) X 41.6666 = Gm./kg. Centipoise X 0.01 = Gm./(cm.-sec.)
Carats (1877) X 3.168 = Grains X 0.01 = Poise
X 205.3 = Milligrams X 2.419088 = Lb./(ft.-hr.)
Carats (metric) X 3.08647 = Grains X 0.040318 = Lb./(ft.-min.)
X 0.2 = Grams X 6.71968 x 10-4 = Lb./(ft.-sec.)
Centals X 100 = Pounds Centistokes X 0.01 = Stokes
Centares X 0.01 = Ares X 1.0 x 10-6 = Sq. meter/sec.
X 1 = Sq. meters Chains (surveyor’s X 0.66 = Chains (Ramden’s)
X 1.19599 = Sq. yards or Gunter’s) X 66 = Feet
Centimeters X 1.0 x 108 = Angstroms X 65.999868 = Feet (US, survey)
X 0.032808398 = Feet X 0.1 = Furlongs
X 0.393700787 = Inches X 100 = Links (Gunter’s)
X 0.01 = Meters X 66 = Links (Ramden’s)
X 10000 = Microns X 20.1168 = Meters
X 393.7008 = Mils X 0.0125 = Miles (statute)
X 2.371063 = Picas (printer’s) X 4 = Rods
X 28.45275 = Points (printer’s) X 22 = Yards
X 16507.6373 = W. I. o-r line Kr-86 Chains (engineer’s X 1.515151 = Chains (Gunter’s)
X 15531.6413 = W. I. red line Cd or Ramden’s) X 100 = Feet
X 0.01093613 = Yards X 99.999800 = Feet (US, survey)
Cm. of Hg (0°C) X 0.0131578 = Atmospheres Chaldron X 32 = Bushels (Imp)
X 0.0133322 = Bars X 36 = Bushels (US)
X 0.44605 = Ft. of H2O @ 4°C Circles X 360 = Degrees
X 0.446474 = Ft. of H2O @ 60°F X 400 = Grades
X 0.037206 = In. of H2O @ 60°F X 21600 = Minutes
X 135.951 = Kg./sq. meter X 6.2831853 = Radians
X 27.8450 = Lb./sq. foot Circular Inches X 1.0 x 106 = Circular mils
X 0.193368 = Lb./sq. inch X 645.16 = Circular mm.
X 10 = Torrs X 5.0670748 = Sq. cm.
Cm. of H2O (4°C) X 9.67814 x 10-4 = Atmospheres X 0.78539816 = Sq. In.
X 980.638 = Dynes/sq. cm. Circular mm. X 1550.00031 = Circular mils
X 0.014223 = Lb./sq. in. X 0.001217369 = Sq. in.
Cm./sec. X 1.9685039 = Ft./min. X 0.78539816 = Sq. mm.
X 0.0328084 = Ft./sec. Circular mils X 1.0 x 10-6 = Circular inches
X 0.036 = Km./hr. X 6.4516 x 10-4 = Circular mm.
17 18
C C
X 7.853982 x 10-7 = Sq. in. X 8.798775 x 10-4 = Quarts (Imp,fl.)
X 5.0670748 x 10-4 = Sq. mm. X 9.08083 x 10-4 = Quarts (US,dry)
Cloves X 128 = Ounces (avdp.) X 0.00105668 = Quarts (US,liq.)
Coombs X 1.333 = Bags X 0.067628 = Tablespoons
X 4 = Bushels (Imp) X 0.2028841 = Teaspoons
X 32 = Gallons (Imp) Cu. cm./gram X 0.0160184 = Cu. ft./lb.
Cords X 8 = Cord-ft. Cu. cm./sec. X 0.0021188 = Cu. ft./min.
X 128 = Cu. feet X 0.0153573 = Gal.(Imp)/min
X 3.6245734 = Cu. meters X 0.0158503 = Gal.(Imp)/min.
Cord-feet X 0.125 = Cords Cubic decimeters X 1.0 = Liters
X 16 = Cu. feet Cubic feet X 2.2956841 x 10-5 = Acre-feet
Coulombs X 0.1 = Abcoulombs X 12 = Board feet
X 2.777 x 10-4 = Amp.-hours X 0.7786049 = Bushels (Imp)
X 1.0 = Amp.-sec. X 0.80356395 = Bushels (US)
X 1.000165 = Coulombs (Int) X 0.0078125 = Cords (wood)
X 6.24196 x 1018 = Electron charge X 0.0625 = Cord-feet
X 1.036377 x 10-5 = Faradays (chem.) X 0.028316 = Cu. meters
X 1.036086 x 10-5 = Faradays (phys.) X 6.22883 = Gallons (Imp,liq.)
X 2.99793 x 109 = Statcoulombs X 6.42851 = Gallons (US,dry)
Counts (yarn, X 0.00119 = Pounds/yard X 7.48051 = Gallons (US,liq.)
cotton) X 840 = Yards/pound X 28.31605 = Liters
Counts (yarn, X 0.001786 = Pounds/yard X 996.6143 = Ounces (Imp,fl.)
worsted) X 560 = Yards/pound X 957.506 = Ounces (US,fl.)
Cubic centimeters X 0.061023744 = Cu. inches Cu.ft.of H2O (39°F) X 62.4262 = Pounds of water
X 1.0 x 10-6 = Cu. meters Cu.ft.of H2O (60°F) X 62.3663 = Pounds of water
X 0.281561 = Drachms (Imp) Cu.ft./hour X 2.295684 x 10-5 = Acre-ft./hr.
X 0.27051218 = Drams (US,fl) X 6.22883 = Gal.(Imp)/hr.
X 2.1997 x 10-4 = Gallons (Imp) X 7.48051 = Gal.(US)/hr.
X 2.2702 x 10-4 = Gallons (US,dry) X 0.1038138 = Gal.(Imp)/min.
X 2.64172 x 10-4 = Gallons (US,liq) X 0.1246752 = Gal.(US)/min.
X 1 x 10-4 = LitersX X 0.0078656 = Liters/sec.
X 1.0 = Milliliters Cu. ft./min. X 0.00137741 = Acre-ft./hr.
X 0.0351951 = Ounces (Imp,fl.) X 6.22883 = Gal.(Imp)/min.
X 0.033814 = Ounces (US,fl.) X 7.48051 = Gal.(US)/min.
X 0.001816166 = Pints (US,dry) X 0.471934 = Liters/sec.
X 0.0021133764 = Pints (US,fl.) Cu. ft./lb. X 62.42796 = Liters/kg
19 20
C D
Cu. ft./sec. X 0.991735 = Acre-inches/hr. Daltons (chem.) X 1.66024 x 10-24 = Grams
X 373.7298 = Gal.(Imp)/min. Daltons (phys.) X 1.65979 x 10-24 = Grams
X 448.831 = Gal.(US)/min. Day (mean solar) X 1.00273789 = Day(sidereal)
X 28.31605 = Liters/sec. X 24 = Hour(mean solar)
Cu. ft.-atm. X 2.7213 = B.t.u. X 1440 = Min.(mean solar)
X 2116.22 = Ft.-lb. X 86400 = Sec.(mean solar)
X 2869.2 = Joules Day (sidereal) X 0.997269583 = Day(mean solar)
Cu. Inches X 16.387064 = Cu. cm. X 23.93447 = Hour(mean solar)
X 5.787037 x 10-4 = Cu. ft. X 24 = Hour(sidereal)
X 0.00360465 = Gallons (Imp) X 1436.0682 = Min.(mean solar)
X 0.0037202 = Gal. (US,dry) X 1440 = Min.(sidereal)
X 0.0043290 = Gal. (US,liq.) X 86164.09 = Sec.(mean solar)
X 0.016387 = Liters X 86400 = Sec.(sidereal)
Cu. in. H2O (60°F) X 0.0360916 = Pounds of Water Decibels X 0.1 = Bels
Cu. meters X 8.10713 x 10-4 = Acre-ft. Decimeters X 10 = Centimeters
X 6.28981057 = Barrel (Pet.,42 gal.) X 3.9370079 = Inches
X 1.0 x 106 = Cu. cm. X 0.1 = Meters
X 35.31466672 = Cu. feet Decisteres X 0.1 = Cu. meters
X 61023.7441 = Cu. inches Degress (of arc) X 0.0027778 = Circles
X 1.30795062 = Cu. yards X 60 = Minutes
X 219.96939 = Gal. (Imp) X 0.017453292 = Radians
X 264.17205 = Gal. (US, liq.) X 3600 = Seconds
X 1000 = Liters Drachms (Imp) X 0.125 = Ounces (Imp)
X 1.0 = Steres Drams (troy,apoth.) X 2.194285 = Drams (avdp.)
Cu. yards X 27 = Cu. feet X 60 = Grains
X 46656 = Cu. in. X 3.887934 = Grams
X 0.764554858 = Cu. meters X 0.125 = Ounces (troy,apoth.)
X 168.1787 = Gal.(Imp) X 0.1371428 = Ounces (avdp.)
X 173.569 = Gal.(US,dry) X 2.5 = Pennyweights
X 201.974 = Gal.(US,liq.) X 3 = Scruples
X 764.554858 = Liters Drams (avdp.) X 0.455729 = Drams (troy,apoth.)
Cubits X 45.72 = Centimeters X 27.34375 = Grains
X 18 = Inches X 1.771845 = Grams
Cup X 8 = Ounces X 0.0625 = Ounces (advp.)
X 0.2365882 = Liters X 0.00390625 = Pounds (avdp.)
Curies X 3.7 x 1010 = Disintegrations/sec. Drams (US,fluid) X 1.040843 = Drachms (Imp)
21 22
D-E E-F
X 0.03125 = Gills (US,fl.) Ergs/sec. X 0.1 = Microwatts
X 3.696691 = Milliliters X 1.0 x 10-7 = Watts
X 60 = Minims Ergs/sq. cm. X 1.0 = Dynes/cm.
X 0.125 = Ounces (US,fl.) Erg-sec. X 1.50932 x 1026 = Planck’s constant
Dynes X 0.01573663 = Grains Faraday (C-12) X 96487.0 = Coulomb
X 0.001019716 = Grams Faraday (chem.) X 96495.7 = Coulomb
X 1.0 x 10-5 = Newtons Faraday (phys.) X 96521.9 = Coulomb
X 7.233014 x 10-5 = Poundals Farads X 1.0 x 10-9 = Abfarads
X 2.248089 x 10-6 = Pounds X 1.0004952 = Farads (Int, 1948)
Dynes/cm. X 1.0 = Ergs/sq. cm. X 8.98758 x 1011 = Statfarads
X 0.001019716 = Grams/cm. Farads (Int, 1948) X 0.999505 = Farads
X 5.710146 x 10-6 = Pounds/inch Fathoms X 6 = Feet
Dynes/sq. cm. X 9.86923 x 10-7 = Atmospheres X 1.8288 = Meters
X 1.0 x 10-6 = Bars X 2 = Yards
X 1.0 = Baryes Feet X 30.48 = Centimeters
X 2.95300 x 10-5 = In. Hg @ 32°F X 12 = Inches
X 1.450377 x 10-5 = Pounds/sq. in. X 0.3048 = Meters
X 7.50062 x 10-4 = Torr X 0.3333333 = Yards
Dyne-cm. X 1.0 = Ergs Feet of air (1 atm., X 3.6083 x 10-5 = Atmospheres
X 7.37562 x 10-8 = Foot-pounds 600F) X 0.0012244 = Ft. of H2O @ 60°F
X 1.0 x 10-7 = Joules X 0.0010796 = In. Hg @ 32°F
Electron volts X 1.60209 x 10-12 = Ergs X 0.0146928 = In. of H2O @ 60°F
X 1.78253 x 10-33 = Grams X 5.3027 x 10-4 = Pounds/sq. in.
X 1.60209 x 10-19 = Joules Feet of H2O @ 40C X 0.029499 = Atmospheres
Electron charges X 1.60209 x 10-19 = Coulombs X 0.882646 = In. Hg @ 32°F
Ells X 45 = Inches X 304.791 = Kg./sq. meter
Ergs X 9.48451 x 10-11 = B.t.u. X 0.433515 = Lb./sq. in.
X 2.39006 x 10-8 = Cal.(gm.) X 22.4192 = Torr
X 2.39006 x 10-11 = Cal.(kg.) Feet/hour X 0.508 = Cm./min.
X 1.0 = Dyne-cm. X 0.00846 = Cm./sec.
X 6.24196 x 1011 = Electron-volts Feet/minute X 0.018288 = Km./hour
X 2.3730 x 10-6 = Foot-poundals X 0.00508 = Meter/sec.
X 7.37562 x 10-8 = Foot-pounds X 0.011363 = Miles/hr.
X 1.0 x 10-7 = Joules Feet/sec. X 1.09728 = Km./hr.
X 9.86895 x 10-10 = Liter-atm. X 0.6818 = Miles/hr.
Ergs/(gram-mol-0C) X 1.85863 x 10-5 = Ft.-lb./(lb.-mol-°F) X 0.011363 = Miles/min.
23 24
F F-G
Ft./(sec. x sec.) X 1.09728 = Km./(hr.-sec.) X 1.35582 x 107 = Ergs
X 0.3048 = Meters/(sec. x sec.) X 32.1740 = Foot-poundals
X 0.68181 = Miles/(hr. x sec.) X 5.05050 x 10-7 = Hp.-hours
Firkins (Imp) X 9 = Gallons (Imp) X 1.35582 = Joules
X 40.91364 = Liters X 0.138255 = Kg.-meters
Firkins (US) X 34.06775 = Liters X 3.76616 x 10-7 = Kw.-hours
X 72 = Pints (US,liq.) X 3.76554 x 10-7 = Kw.-hours (Int,1948)
Foot-candles X 1.0 = Lumens/sq. ft. X 0.0133805 = Liter-atm.
X 10.7639 = Lumens/sq. meter Ft.-lb./min. X 2.14321 x 10-5 = B.t.u./sec.
X 10.7639 = Lux X 0.0054008 = Cal.(gm.)/sec.
X 1076.39 = Phots X 3.030303 x 10-5 = Horsepower
Foot-lamberts X 0.318309 = Candles/sq. ft. X 0.022597 = Watts
X 3.42625 = Candles/sq. meter Ft.-lb./lb. X 0.00128593 = B.t.u./lb.
X 1.076391 = Millilamberts X 0.00128509 = B.t.u. (IST)/lb.
X 0.001076391 = Lamberts X 0.00128408 = B.t.u. (mean)/lb.
X 1.0 = Lumens/sq. ft. X 7.144 x 10-4 = Cal. (gm.)/gm.
Foot-poundals X 3.99678 x 10-5 = B.t.u. X 0.00298907 = Joules/gm.
X 3.99417 x 10-5 = B.t.u. (IST) X 3.048 x 10-4 = Kg.-m./gm.
X 3.99104 x 10-5 = B.t.u. (mean) Ft.-lb./sec. X 0.0771556 = B.t.u./min.
X 0.0100717 = Cal.(gm.) X 0.001818 = Horsepower
X 0.0100651 = Cal.(gm.,IST) X 1.35582 = Watts
X 0.0100573 = Cal.(gm.,mean) Frigories X 1.0 = Cal. (kg.)
X 1.4687 x 10-5 = Cu.ft.-atm. Furlongs X 10 = Chains (Gunter’s)
X 4.214011 x 10-5 = Ergs X 6.6 = Chains (Ramden’s)
X 0.031081 = Foot-pounds X 660 = Feet
X 0.04214011 = Joules X 7920 = Inches
X 0.042133 = Joules (Int,1948) X 201.168 = Meters
X 4.15879 x 10-4 = Liter-atm. X 0.125 = Miles (statute)
Foot-pounds X 0.00128593 = B.t.u. X 40 = Rods
X 0.00128509 = B.t.u. (IST) X 220 = Yards
X 0.00128408 = B.t.u. (mean) Gallons (Imp) X 0.0277777 = Barrels (Imp)
X 0.324048 = Cal.(gm.) X 0.125 = Bushels (Imp)
X 0.323836 = Cal.(gm.,IST) X 0.1605436 = Cu. feet
X 0.323582 = Cal.(gm.,mean) X 277.4193 = Cu. inches
X 0.324211 = Cal.(gm.,20°C) X 1280 = Drachms (Imp,fl.)
X 4.72541 x 10-4 = Cu. ft.-atm. X 0.111111 = Firkins (Imp)
25 26
G G
X 1.200949 = Gallons (US,liq.) Gilberts X 0.79577472 = Amp.-turns
X 32 = Gills (Imp) X 1.000165 = Gilberts (Int,1948)
X 4.545960 = Liters Gilberts/Maxwell X 7.957747 x 107 = Amp.-turns/weber
X 76800 = Minims (Imp) Gills (Imp) X 5 = Ounces (Imp,fl.)
X 160 = Ounces (Imp) X 0.25 = Pints (Imp)
X 153.7215 = Ounces (US,fl.) Gills (US) X 32 = Drams (US,fl.)
X 0.5 = Pecks (Imp) X 0.1182908 = Liters
X 10 = Lb. H2O @ 62°F X 1920 = Minims (US)
Gallons (US,dry) X 0.125 = Bushels (US) X 4 = Ounces (US,fl.)
X 0.15555 = Cu. feet X 0.25 = Pints (US,liq.)
X 268.8025 = Cu. inches X 0.125 = Quarts (US,liq.)
X 1.1636 = Gallons (US,liq.) Grades X 0.0025 = Circles
X 4.40476 = Liters X 0.0025 = Circumferences
Gallons (US,liq.) X 3.068883 x 10-6 = Acre-ft. X 0.9 = Degrees
X 0.031746 = Barrels (US,liq.) X 54 = Minutes
X 0.0238095 = Barrels (US,petr.) X 0.0157079 = Radians
X 0.13368 = Cu. ft. X 3240 = Seconds
X 231 = Cu. in. Grains X 0.323994 = Carats (metric)
X 1 = Gallons (wine) X 0.0166666 = Drams (troy)
X 32 = Gills (US) X 0.064798 = Grams
X 3.785306 = Liters X 64.79891 = Milligrams
X 61440 = Minims (US) X 0.0020833 = Ounces (troy)
X 128 = Ounces (US,liq.) X 0.00228571 = Ounces (avdp)
X 8.34517 = Lb. H2O @ 4°C X 0.04166666 = Pennyweights
X 8.33717 = Lb. H2O @ 60°F X 0.05 = Scruples (apoth.)
X 8 = Pints (US,liq.) Grains/cu. ft. X 2.2883 = Grams/cu. meter
X 4 = Quarts (US,liq.) Grains/gal. (US) X 17.11854 = Parts/million
Gal.(US)/day X 0.00557 = Cu. ft./hr. Grams X 5 = Carats (metric)
Gammas X 1 = Micrograms X 980.665 = Dynes
Gausses X 0.99967 = Gausses (Int,1948) X 15.4323 = Grains
X 1 = Maxwells/sq. cm. X 0.03215073 = Ounces (troy)
X 1 = Lines/sq. cm. X 0.03527396 = Ounces (avdp)
X 6.4516 = Lines/sq. in. X 0.64301493 = Pennyweights
Gausses (Int,1948) X 1.00033 = Gausses X 0.0709316 = Poundals
Geepounds X 1 = Slugs Grams/cm. X 0.1 = Tons (metric)/km.
X 14.5939 = Kilograms Grams(cm.-sec.) X 1 = Poise
27 28
G-H H
X 0.0671969 = Lb./(ft.-sec.) Hogsheads X 0.5 = Butts (Imp)
Grams/cu. cm. X 15.43279 = Grains/ml. X 8.42187 = Cu. feet
X 1.16236 = Poundals/cu. in. X 0.23848 = Cu. meters
X 3.404917 x 10-7 = Lb./(circ. mil.-ft) X 52.4585 = Gallons (Imp)
X 62.427961 = Pounds/cu. ft. X 63 = Gallons (US)
X 0.0361272 = Pounds/cu. in. X 63 = Gallons (wine)
X 10.02241 = Lb./gal(Imp) Horsepower X 42.4356 = B.t.u./min.
X 8.345404 = Lb./gal(US,liq.) X 10693.6 = Cal. (gm.)/min.
Grams/cu. meter X 0.436995 = Grains/cu. ft. X 1980000 = Ft.-lb./hr.
Grams/liter X 1000 = Parts/million X 33000 = Ft.-lb./min.
X 0.06242621 = Lb./cu. ft. X 550 = Ft.-lb./sec.
X 0.00834517 = Lb./gal.(US,liq.) X 0.07601 = Hp. (boiler)
Grams/ml X 62.427 = Lb./cu. ft. X 0.99959 = Hp. (electric)
Grams/ton (short) X 1.1023113 = Milligrams/kg. X 1.01387 = Hp. (metric)
Gram-mole(perf.gas) X 22.4 = Liters, 0°C,760mm X 0.7456998 = Kilowatts
X 23.7 = Liters, 60°F,1 atm X 0.745577 = Kilowatts(Int,1948)
X 24.5 = Liters, 25°C,1 atm X 0.21204 = Tons of refrig.(US)
Gravitational Const. X 980.665 = Cm./(sec. x sec.) X 745.6998 = Watts
X 32.1725 = Ft./(sec. x sec.) Hp. (boiler) X 33445.7 = B.t.u. (mean)/hr.
X 9.80665 = M./(sec. x sec.) X 9.8095 = Kilowatts
Hands X 10.16 = Centimeters X 34.5 = Lb. H2O evap. per hr
X 4 = Inches From & at 212°F
Hectares X 2.47105 = Acres X 9809.5 = Watts
X 100 = Ares Hp. (electric) X 2547.16 = B.t.u./hr.
X 107639.1 = Sq. feet X 33013.3 = Ft.-lb./min.
X 10000 = Sq. meters X 550.221 = Ft.-lb./min.
X 0.003861021 = Sq. miles X 1.00040 = Horsepower
Hefner units X 0.86 = Candles (Engl) X 0.746 = Kilowatts
X 0.85 = Candles (Germ) X 746 = Watts
X 0.9 = Candles (Int) Hp. (metric) X 2511.31 = B.t.u./hr.
X 0.090 = 10-cp. Pentane X 32548.6 = Ft.-lb./min.
candles X 542.476 = Ft.-lb./sec.
Henries X 1.0 x 109 = Abhenries X 0.98632 = Horsepower
X 0.9995 = Henries(Int,1948) X 75 = Kg.-m./sec.
X 1.112646 x 10-12 = Stathenries X 0.735499 = Kilowatts
Henries/meter X 795774.72 = Gauss/Oersted X 735.499 = Watts
29 30
H-I I-J
Hp. (water) X 33015.2 = Ft.-lb./min. X 3.38639 = Kilopascals
X 1.00046 = Horsepower In. of Hg at 60°F X 0.03332 = Atmospheres
X 0.74604 = Kilowatts X 39768.5 = Dynes/sq. cm.
X 746.04 = Watts X 0.48977 = Lb./sq. in.
Hp.-hours X 2546.14 = B.t.u. X 70.5269 = Lb./sq. ft.
X 2544.47 = B.t.u. (IST) X 3.97685 = Kilopascals
X 2542.48 = B.t.u. (mean) In. of H2O @ 4°C X 0.002458 = Atmospheres
X 641616 = Cal. (gm.) X 2490.82 = Dynes/sq. cm.
X 0.7456998 = Kw.-hr. X 0.073553 = In. Hg @ 32°F
Hours (mean solar) X 0.04166666 = Days (mean solar) X 25.3993 = Kg./sq. meter
X 1.0027379 = Hours (sidereal) X 0.036126 = Lb./sq. in.
X 60 = Min. (mean solar) X 5.20218 = Lb./sq. ft.
X 3600 = Sec. (mean solar) X 0.249082 = Kilopascals
Hours (sidereal) X 0.9972695 = Hours (mean solar) Joules (abs.) X 9.4845 x 10-4 = B.t.u.
X 60 = Min. (sidereal) X 9.4783 x 10-4 = B.t.u. (IST)
X 3600 = Sec. (sidereal) X 9.4708 x 10-4 = B.t.u. (mean)
Hundredweights X 50.8023 = Kilograms X 0.239006 = Cal.(gm.)
(long) X 112 = Pounds (avdp.) X 0.238849 = Cal.(gm.,IST)
X 0.05 = Tons (long) X 0.238662 = Cal.(gm.,mean)
Hundredweights X 45.3592 = Kilograms X 0.238903 = Cal.(gm.,15°C)
(short) X 100 = Pounds (avdp.) X 0.239126 = Cal.(gm.,20°C)
X 0.05 = Tons (short) X 3.4852 x 10-4 = Cu. ft.-atm.
Inches X 2.54 = Centimeters X 1.0 x 10-7 = Ergs
X 0.083333 = Feet X 23.73036 = Ft.-poundals
X 1000 = Mils X 0.737562 = Ft.-pounds
X 6.0225 = Picas (printer’s) X 0.999835 = Joules (Int,1948)
X 72.27 = Points (printer’s) X 1 = Watt-seconds
In. of Hg @ 32°F X 0.033421 = Atmospheres Joules/Coulomb X 1 = Volts
X 0.033863 = Bars Joules/(gm-°C) X 0.239045 = B.t.u./(lb.- °F)
X 33863.9 = Dynes/sq. cm. Joules/sec. (abs.) X 0.0569071 = B.t.u./min.
X 926.24 = Ft. air(1 atm, 60°F) X 14.3403 = Cal.(gm.)/min.
X 1.13295 = Ft. H2O @ 39.2°F X 1.0 x 107 = Ergs/sec.
X 34.5316 = Grams/sq. cm. X 44.25372 = Ft.-lb./min.
X 25.4 = Mm. Hg @ 0°C X 0.737562 = Ft.-lb./sec.
X 0.491154 = Lb./sq. in. X 0.00134102 = Horsepower
X 70.7262 = Lb./sq. ft. X 1 = Watts
31 32
K K
Kilderkins X 18 = Gallons (Imp) X 1 x 10-5 = Webers
Kilograms X 980665 = Dynes Kilometers X 6.68459 x 10-9 = Astronom. units
X 15432.358 = Grains X 1 x 105 = Centimeters
X 1000 = Grams X 3280.839 = Feet
X 32.150737 = Ounces (troy) X 3280.833 = Feet (US,survey)
X 35.273962 = Ounces (avdp.) X 1.05702 x 10-13 = Light years
X 643.01493 = Pennyweights X 1000 = Meters
X 2.2046223 = Pounds (avdp.) X 0.539957 = Miles (Int,naut.)
X 2.6792289 = Pounds (troy) X 0.539612 = Miles (UK,naut.)
X 0.0685217 = Slugs X 0.539957 = Miles (US,naut.)
X 0.001 = Tons (metric) X 0.621371 = Miles (US,stat.)
Kg./cu. meter X 0.001 = Grams/ml. X 0.1 = Myriameters
X 0.0624279 = Lb./cu. ft. X 198.8387 = Rods
Kg.of ice melted/hr. X 0.02633 = Tons refrig.(US) X 1093.613 = Yards
Kg./sq.cm. X 0.96784 = Atmospheres Km./hour X 27.77777 = Cm./sec.
X 0.98066 = Bars X 3280.839 = Feet/hr.
X 32.8093 = Ft. H2O @ 39.2°F X 54.68066 = Feet/min.
X 28.9590 = In. Hg @ 32°F X 0.539956 = Knots (Int)
X 98.06649 = Kilopascals X 0.277777 = Meters/sec.
X 98066.49 = Pascals X 0.621371 = Miles(stat.)/hr.
X 14.223343 = Lb./sq. in. Km./liter X 2.352145 = Mile(stat.)/gal.(US)
X 735.559 = Torr Km./min. X 37.28227 = Miles/hr.
Kg./sq. meter X 9.67841 x 10-5 = Atmospheres Kips X 373.241 = Kilograms
X 9.80665 x 10-5 = Bars X 1 = Kilopounds
X 98.0665 = Dynes/sq. cm. X 1000 = Pounds (avdp.)
X 0.00980665 = Kilopascals Kips/sq. in. X 68.046 = Atmospheres
X 9.806649 = Pascals X 68.9476 = Bars
X 0.2048161 = Lb./sq. ft. X 2306.73 = Ft. H2O @ 39.2°F
X 0.001422334 = Lb./sq. in. X 6.89476 = Megapascals
Kg./sq. mm X 96.7841 = Atmospheres X 0.00488243 = Kg./sq. mm.
X 98.0665 = Bars X 6894.76 = Kilopascals
X 9806.649 = Kilopascals X 359.131 = Torrs
X 9.80665 x 106 = Pascals Kilowatts X 3414.43 = B.t.u./hr.
X 1422.33433 = Lb./sq. in. X 3412.19 = B.t.u.(IST)/hr.
X 9.806649 = Megapascals X 3409.52 = B.t.u.(mean)/hr.
Kilolines X 1000 = Maxwells X 56.8253 = B.t.u.(mean)/min.
33 34
K-L L
X 0.947088 = B.t.u.(mean)/sec. X 1 x 106 = Sq. varas
X 238.662 = Cal.(gm,mean)/sec. Lamberts X 0.3183 = Candles/sq. cm.
X 1254.7 = Cu. ft-atm/hr. X 295.719 = Candles/sq. ft.
X 1 x 1010 = Ergs/sec. X 2.0536 = Candles/sq. in.
X 396.506 = Ft.-poundals/sec. X 929.03 = Ft.-lamberts
X 44253.7 = Ft.-pounds/min. X 1 = Lumens/sq. cm.
X 737.562 = Ft.-pounds/sec. Leagues (UK,naut.) X 3040 = Fathoms
X 1.34102 = Horsepower X 18240 = Feet
X 0.101942 = Hp. (boiler) X 5.559552 = Kilometers
X 1.34048 = Hp. (electric) X 3 = Miles (UK,naut.)
X 1.35962 = Hp. (metric) Leagues (Int,naut.) X 18228.346 = Feet.
X 1000 = Joules/sec. X 5.556 = Kilometers
X 1 = Kilojoules/sec. Leagues (statute) X 2640 = Fathoms
X 0.99983 = Kilowatts (Int,1948) X 15840 = Feet
Kw.-hr. X 3409.52 = B.t.u. (mean) X 4.82803 = Kilometers
X 859.184 = Cal. (kg,mean) X 3 = Miles (stat.)
X 2.65522 x 106 = Foot-pounds Light years X 63239.9 = Astronom. units
X 1.34102 = Hp.-hours X 9.46055 x 1012 = Kilometers
X 3.6 x 106 = Joules X 9.46055 x 1015 = Meters
X 367098 = Kg.-meters X 5.878513 x 1012 = Miles
X 3.5168 = Lb. H2O evap. X 0.3067882 = Parsecs
@212°F Lines X 1 = Maxwells
Kw.-hr./kg. X 1548.76 = B.t.u./lb. Lines/sq. cm. X 1 = Gausses
X 860.421 = Cal.(gm.)/gm. Links (Gunter’s X 0.01 = Chains (Gunter’s)
X 3600 = Joules/gm. or surveyor’s) X 0.66 = Feet
Kines X 1 = Cm./sec. X 0.65999 = Feet (US,survey)
Knots (Int) X 51.4444 = Cm./sec. X 7.92 = Inches
X 6076.115 = Feet/hr. X 0.20116 = Meters
X 101.2685 = Feet/min. X 0.04 = Rods
X 1.687809 = Feet/sec. Links (Ramden’s X 0.01 = Chains (Ramden’s)
X 1.852 = Km./hr. Or engineer’s) X 1 = Feet
X 30.866 = Meters/min. X 12 = Inches
X 0.5144444 = Meters/sec. X 0.3048 = Meters
X 1 = Miles (Int,naut)/hr. Liters X 1000 = Cu. cm.
X 1.1507794 = Miles (US,stat.)/hr. X 0.035315 = Cu. feet
Labors X 177.1 = Acres X 61.0237 = Cu. inches
35 36
L L-M
X 0.001 = Cu. meters X 1 = Phots
X 0.00130795 = Cu. yards Lux X 0.092903 = Ft.-candles
X 0.219969 = Gallons (Imp) X 1 = Lumens/sq. m.
X 0.227021 = Gallons (US,dry) X 1.0 x 10-4 = Phots
X 0.2641721 = Gallons (US,liq.) Maxwells X 1 = Gauss-sq.cm.
X 35.196 = Ounces (Imp,fl.) X 1 = Lines
X 33.815 = Ounces (US,fl.) X 0.999670 = Maxwells (Int,1948)
X 1.7598 = Pints (Imp,fl.) X 1.0 x 10-8 = Volt-sec.
X 1.8162 = Pints (US,dry) X 1.0 x 10-8 = Webers
X 2.1134 = Pints (US,fl.) Maxwells (Int,1948) X 1.000330 = Maxwells
X 0.8799 = Quarts (Imp.) Megmhos X 1 = 1/Microhm
X 0.90808 = Quarts (US,dry) Megmhos/cm. X 1 = 1/(Microhm-cm.)
X 1.056688 = Quarts (US,liq.) Megohms X 1 = 1/Micromhos
X 67.6281 = Tablespoons Meters X 1 x 1010 = Angstrom units
X 202.8842 = Teaspoons X 100 = Centimeters
Liters/sec. X 2.11888 = Cu. ft./min. X 0.0497096 = Chains (Gunter’s)
X 0.03531467 = Cu. ft./sec. X 0.0328083 = Chains (Ramden’s)
X 13.198164 = IGPM X 0.54680665 = Fathoms
X 15.85033 = USGPM X 3.2808399 = Feet
Liter-atm. X 0.096104 = B.t.u. X 3.280833 = Feet (US,survey)
X 0.096041 = B.t.u. (IST) X 39.370079 = Furlongs
X 0.095966 = B.t.u. (mean) X 0.001 = Kilometers
X 24.2179 = Cal.(gm.) X 4.9709695 = Links (Gunter’s)
X 24.2021 = Cal.(gm.,IST) X 3.280839 = Links (Ramden’s)
X 24.1831 = Cal.(gm.,mean) X 0.0006213711 = Miles (stat.)
X 0.035315 = Cu.-ft./atm. X 1000 = Millimeters
X 2404.55 = Ft.-poundals X 1 x109 = Millimicrons
X 74.7356 = Ft.-pounds X 1 x 109 = Nanometers
X 101.328 = Joules X 0.198838 = Rods
X 101.311 = Joules (Int,1948) X 1.09361 = Yards
X 10.3326 = Kg.-meters Meters/sec. X 196.85039 = Feet/min.
Lumens X 0.0795774 = Candle-power(spher) X 3.28083 = Feet/sec.
X 0.001496 = Watts X 3.6 = Km./hr.
Lumens @ 5550 A X 0.00147058 = Watts X 2.23693 = Miles (stat.)/hr.
Lumens/sq. cm. X 1 = Lamberts Meters/sec. x sec. X 3.6 = Km./(hr.-sec.)
X 10000 = Lux X 2.23693 = Miles/(hr.-sec.)
37 38
M M
Mhos X 1 x 10-9 = Abmhos X 88 = Feet/min.
X 1.000495 = Mhos (Int,1948) X 1.4667 = Feet/sec.
X 1 = 1/Ohm X 1.6093 = Km./hr.
X 1 = Siemen’s units X 0.86897 = Knots (Int)
X 8.987584 x 1011 = Statmhos X 0.44704 = Meters/sec.
Mhos (Int,1948) X 0.999505 = Mhos Miles/min. X 88 = Feet/sec.
Mho-ft./circ. mil. X 6.0153049 x 106 = Mhos/cm. X 26.8224 = Meters/sec.
Microfarads X 1 x 10-15 = Abfarads X 52.1385 = Knots (Int)
X 1 x 10-6 = Farads Millibars X 0.001 = Bars
Microns X 10000 = Angstrom units X 1000 = Baryes
X 0.039370079 = Mils X 2.088543 = Pounds/sq. ft.
X 1 x 10-6 = Meters X 0.014503 = Pounds/sq. in.
Miles (UK,naut.) X 6080 = Feet Milligrams X 0.004871 = Carats (1877)
X 1853.184 = Meters X 0.005 = Carats (metric)
X 1.00063 = Miles (Int,naut.) X 0.001 = Grams
X 1.1515 = Miles (US,stat.) Mg./assay ton X 34.2857 = Mg./kg.
Miles (Int,naut.) X 6076.115 = Feet X 1 = Oz.(troy)/ton(avdp.)
X 6076.103 = Feet (US,survey) Millihenries X 1 x 106 = Abhenries
X 1852 = Meters Millilamberts X 3.1831 x 10-4 = Candles/sq. cm.
X 0.999361 = Miles (UK,naut.) X 0.0020536 = Candles/sq. in.
X 1.15077 = Miles (US,stat.) X 0.92903 = Ft.-lamberts
Miles (US,stat.) X 80 = Chains (Gunter’s) X 0.001 = Lumens/sq. cm.
X 52.8 = Chains (Ramden’s) X 0.92903 = Lumens/sq. ft.
X 5280 = Feet Milliliters X 1 = Cu. cm.
X 5279.98 = Feet(US,survey) X 0.061023 = Cu. inches
X 8 = Furlongs X 0.001 = Liters
X 63360 = Inches X 0.0676281 = Tablespoons
X 1.609344 = Kilometers X 0.2028842 = Teaspoons
X 1.70111 x 10-13 = Light years Millimeters X 1 x 107 = Angstrom units
X 8000 = Links (Gunter’s) X 0.1 = Centimeters
X 1609.344 = Meters X 0.00328083 = Feet
X 0.86842 = Miles (UK,naut.) X 0.03937007 = Inches
X 0.86897 = Miles (Int,naut.) X 0.001 = Meters
X 320 = Rods X 1000 = Microns
X 1760 = Yards X 39.37007 = Mils
Miles/hr. X 44.704 = Cm./sec. X 1650.763 = W. I. of o-r line Kr-86
39 40
M M-N-O
X 1553.164 = W. I. of red line Cd X 1.03000 = Months (lunar)
Mm. Hg @ 0°C X 0.00131578 = Atmospheres X 4.34523 = Weeks (mean cal.)
X 0.001333 = Bars X 0.083333 = Years (cal.)
X 1333.224 = Dynes/sq. cm. Myriagrams X 10000 = Grams
X 1.35951 = Grams/sq. cm. X 10 = Kilograms
X 0.1333224 = Kilopascals Nails X 2.25 = Inches
X 133.3224 = Pascals X 0.075 = Paces
X 2.78450 = Pounds/sq. ft. X 0.25 = Spans
X 0.019336 = Pounds/sq. in. Nepers X 8.686 = Decibels
Millimicrons X 10 = Angstrom units Newtons X 1 x 105 = Dynes
X 1 = Nanometers X 0.22480897 = Pounds
Milliphots X 0.929030 = Ft.-candles Newton-meters X 1 x 107 = Dyne-cm.
X 10 = Lux X 1 = Joule
Millivolts X 0.001 = Volts X 0.73756225 = Lb.-ft.
Mils X 0.001 = Inches Nits X 1 x 10-4 = Stilbs
X 25.4 = Microns Noggins X 1 = Gills (Imp)
X 0.0254 = Millimeters Oersteds X 2.021267 = Amp.-turns/inch
Minims (Imp) X 0.059194 = Milliliters X 79.57747 = Amp.-turns/meter
X 0.05 = Scruples (imp,fl.) X 1 = Gilberts/cm.
Minims (US) X 0.01667 = Drams (US,fl.) X 1.00016 = Oersteds (Int,1948)
X 0.0616115 = Millilters Oersteds (Int,1948) X 0.99983 = Oersteds
Minutes (ang.) X 0.0166667 = Degrees Ohms X 1 x 109 = Abohms
X 2.90888 x 10-4 = Radians. X 0.999505 = Ohms (Int,1948)
Minutes (mean solar) X 0.0166667 = Hr. (mean solar) X 1.112646 x10-12 = Statohms
X 0.0167123 = Hr. (sidereal) Ohms-cm. X 6.015305 x 106 = Circ. mil.-ohms/ft.
X 1.00273791 = Min. (sidereal) X 0.3937 = Ohm-inches
X 60 = Sec. (mean solar) Ounces (apothecary X 8 = Drams (troy)
X 60.1642786 = Sec. (sidereal) or troy) X 480 = Grains
Minutes (sidereal) X 0.9972695 = Min. (mean solar) X 31.1034 = Grams
X 59.83617 = Sec. (mean solar) X 1.09714 = Ounces (avdp.)
X 60 = Sec. (sidereal) X 20 = Pennyweights
Months (lunar) X 29.53058 = Days (mean solar) X 0.083333 = Pounds (troy)
X 708.7341 = Hours (mean solar) X 0.0685714 = Pounds (avdp.)
X 4.21865 = Weeks (mean cal.) X 24 = Scruples (apoth.)
Months (mean cal.) X 30.41667 = Days (mean solar) Ounces (avdp.) X 16 = Drams (avdp.)
X 730 = Hr. (mean solar) X 437.5 = Grains
41 42
O-P P
X 28.3495 = Grams X 0.001 = Grams/liter
X 0.911458 = Ounces (troy) X 1 = Mg./liter
X 18.22916 = Pennyweights Pascals X 9.86924 x 10-6 = Atmospheres
X 0.075954 = Pounds (troy) X 1 x 10-5 = Bars
X 0.0625 = Pounds (avdp.) X 10 = Baryes
Ounces X 1.73387 = Cu. inches X 10 = Dynes/sq. cm.
X 8 = Drachms (Imp,fl.) X 0.00401474 = Inches H2O, 39.2°F
X 0.00625 = Gallons (Imp) X 0.00401865 = Inches H2O, 60°F
X 28.41276 = Milliliters X 0.101972 = Kg./sq. meter
X 480 = Minims (Imp) X 1 = Newtons/sq. meter
X 0.96075 = Ounces (US,fl.) X 1.450377 x 10-4 = Pounds/sq. in.
Ounces (US,fl.) X 1.80468 = Cu. inches X 0.0208854 = Pounds/sq. ft.
X 8 = Drams (Us fl.) X 0.007500638 = Torr
X 0.25 = Gills (US) Pascal-seconds X 1 = N.-sec./sq. meter
X 29.57352 = Milliliters X 10 = Poise
X 1.040843 = Ounces (Imp) X 1000 = Centipoise
X 0.0625 = Pints (US,liq.) Pecks (Imp) X 0.25 = Bushels (Imp)
X 0.03125 = Quarts (US,liq.) X 554.8385 = Cu. inches
X 2 = Tablespoons X 2 = Gallons (Imp)
X 6 = Teaspoons X 64 = Gills (Imp)
Paces X 0.025 = Chains (Ramden’s) X 0.11111 = Kilderkins
X 2.5 = Feet X 9.09192 = Liters
X 7.5 = Hands X 1.032056 = Pecks (US)
X 30 = Inches X 16 = Pints (Imp)
X 0.762 = Meters X 4 = Quarterns (Imp,dry)
Palms X 0.16667 = Cubits X 8 = Quarts (Imp)
X 0.25 = Feet Pecks (US) X 0.25 = Bushels (US)
X 0.75 = Hands X 0.311114 = Cu. feet
X 3 = Inches X 537.605 = Cu. inches
X 0.0762 = Meters X 2 = Gallons (US,dry)
Parsecs X 2.061354 x 105 = Astron. units X 2.32729 = Gallons (US,liq.)
X 3.25958 = Light years X 8.809521 = Liters
X 3.08374 x 1016 = Meters X 16 = Pints (US,dry)
X 1.91615 x 1013 = Miles (stat.) X 8 = Quarts (US,dry)
Parts/million X 0.070154 = Grains/gal. (Imp) Pennyweights X 0.4 = Drams (troy)
X 0.058416 = Grains/gal. (US) X 24 = Grains
43 44
P P
X 1.555173 = Grams Pottles X 0.5 = Gallons (Imp)
X 0.05 = Ounces (troy) Poundals X 13825.49 = Dynes
X 0.00416667 = Pounds (troy) X 14.0980 = Grams
Perches X 24.75 = Cu. feet X 0.1382549 = Newtons
X 5.0292 = Cu. meters X 0.03108 = Pounds (avdp.)
Phots X 929.0304 = Ft.-candles Pounds (troy or X 96 = Drams (troy)
X 1 = Lumens/sq. cm. Apothecary) X 5760 = Grains
Picas (printer’s) X 0.4217517 = Centimeters X 373.2417 = Grams
X 0.166044 = Inches X 0.3732417 = Kilograms
Pints (Imp) X 0.125 = Gallons (Imp) X 12 = Ounces (troy)
X 4 = Gils (Imp) X 13.1657 = Ounces (avdp.)
X 0.5682609 = Liters X 240 = Pennyweights
X 20 = Ounces (Imp,fl.) X 0.8228571 = Pounds (avdp.)
X 1.20094 = Pints (US,liq.) X 288 = Scruples (apoth.)
X 0.5 = Quarts (Imp) Pounds (avdp.) X 256 = Drams (avdp.)
X 480 = Scruples (Imp,fl.) X 7000 = Grains
Pints (US,dry) X 33.60031 = Cu. in. X 453.5923 = Grams
X 0.125 = Gallons (US,dry) X 0.4535923 = Kilograms
X 0.5506104 = Liters X 14.58333 = Ounces (troy)
X 0.0625 = Pecks (US) X 16 = Ounces (avdp.)
X 0.5 = Quarts (US,dry) X 291.666 = Pennyweights
Pints (US,liq.) X 0.016710 = Cu. feet X 32.1740 = Poundals
X 28.875 = Cu. in. X 1.21527 = Pounds (troy)
X 128 = Drams (US,fl.) X 350 = Scruples (apoth.)
X 0.125 = Gallons (US,liq.) X 0.031081 = Slugs
X 4 = Gills (US) X 0.0005 = Tons (short)
X 0.4731764 = Liters Pounds of H2O evap X 970.9 = B.t.u.
X 7680 = Minims (US) From & at 212°F X 970.2 = B.t.u. (IST)
X 16 = Ounces (US,fl.) X 969.4 = B.t.u. (mean)
X 0.83267 = Pints (Imp) X 1.0237 x 106 = Joules
X 0.5 = Quarts (US,liq.) X 1.0234 x 106 = Joules (Int,1948)
Points (printer’s) X 0.013837 = Inches Pounds/cu. ft. X 16.0184 = Grams/liter
X 0.3514598 = Millimeters Pounds/cu. in. X 27.6799 = Grams/ml.
X 0.083333 = Picas Pounds/gal. (Imp) X 6.228839 = Pounds/cu. ft.
Poise X 1 = Gram/(cm.-sec.) Pounds/gal.(US,liq.) X 119.826 = Grams/liter
X 0.1 = Pascal-seconds X 7.480519 = Pounds/cu. ft.
45 46
P-Q Q-R
Pounds/inch X 1.785796 = Grams/meter Quarterns (Imp,dry) X 0.5 = Gallons (Imp)
Pounds/MMBtu X 430.21037 = Nanograms/joule X 2.273 = Liters
Pounds/MMBtu (IST) X 429.929 = Nanograms/joule Quarterns (Imp,liq.) X 0.03125 = Gallons (Imp)
Pounds/MMBtu (mn) X 429.591 = Nanograms/joule X 0.142065 = Liters
Pounds/MMBtu (39F) X 428.051 = Nanograms/joule Quarters (long) X 560 = Pounds (avdp.)
Pounds/MMBtu (60F) X 430.076 = Nanograms/joule Quarters (short) X 500 = Pounds (avdp.)
Pounds/min. X 27.21554 = Kg./hr. Quarts (Imp) X 69.3548 = Cu. inches
Pounds/min. of H2O X 0.016018 = Cu. ft./min. X 0.25 = Gallons (Imp)
@ 39.2°F X 0.11983 = USGPM X 1.13652 = Liters
X 0.4536 = Liters/min. X 40 = Ounces (Imp,fl.)
Pound-moles of a X 359 = Cu. ft., 0°C, 760 torr X 1.03205 = Quarts (US,dry)
perfect gas X 379 = Cu. ft., 60°F, 1 atm X 1.20094 = Quarts (US,liq.)
X 392 = Cu. ft., 25°C, 1 atm Quarts (US,dry) X 0.03125 = Bushels (US)
X 10.17 = Cu. m., 0°C, 760 torr X 67.2006 = Cu. inches
X 11.10 = Cu. m., 25°C, 1 atm X 0.25 = Gallons (US,dry)
Pounds/sq. foot X 4.7254 x 10-4 = Atmospheres X 1.1012 = Liters
X 4.78806 x 10-4 = Bars X 0.125 = Pecks (US)
X 13.096 = Ft. air, 60°F, 1 atm. X 2 = Pints (US,dry)
X 0.014139 = In. Hg, 32°F Quarts (US,liq.) X 0.03342 = Cu. feet
X 0.192227 = In. H2O, 39.2°F X 57.75 = Cu. inches
X 4.882427 = Kg./sq. meter X 256 = Drams (US,fl.)
X 47.8806 = Pascals X 0.25 = Gallons (US,liq.)
X 0.359131 = Torrs X 0.9463529 = Liters
Pounds/sq. inch X 0.068046 = Atmospheres X 32 = Ounces (US,fl.)
X 0.0689476 = Bars X 2 = Pints (US,liq.)
X 2.03602 = In. Hg, 32°F X 0.83267 = Quarts (Imp)
X 27.6807 = In. H2O, 39.2°F X 0.85936 = Quarts (US,dry)
X 7.031 x 10-4 = Kg./sq. mm. Quintals (metric) X 100 = Kilograms
X 6.89476 = Kilopascals Quintals (long) X 112 = Pounds (avdp.)
X 6894.76 = Pascals Quintals (short) X 100 = Pounds (avdp.)
X 51.7149 = Torrs Quires X 0.05 = Reams
Puncheons X 84 = Gallons (US,liq.) X 25 = Sheets
Quadrants X 90 = Degrees Radians X 57.2957795 = Degrees
X 5400 = Minutes X 3437.7468 = Minutes
X 1.570796 = Radians Radians/sec. X 9.5492967 = Rpm
X 324000 = Seconds Reams X 20 = Quires
47 48
R-S S
X 500 = Sheets X 10.27479 = Cu. feet
Register tons X 100 = Cu. feet X 0.38055 = Cu. yards
X 2831.68 = Liters X 290.94 = Liters
Revolutions X 360 = Degrees Seconds (angular) X 2.77778 x 10-4 = Degrees
X 400 = Grades X 0.016667 = Minutes
X 21600 = Minutes X 4.848137 x 10-6 = Radians
X 4 = Quadrants Seconds (mean sol) X 1.157407 x 10-5 = Days (mean solar)
X 6.28318531 = Radians X 1.160576 x 10-5 = Days (sidereal)
X 1296000 = Seconds X 0.00027778 = Hours (mean solar)
Rhes X 1 = 1/Poise X 0.0166667 = Minutes (mean solar)
Rods X 0.25 = Chains (Gunter’s) X 1.002737 = Seconds (sidereal)
X 16.5 = Feet Seconds (sidereal) X 1.154247 x 10-5 = Days (mean solar)
X 16.499 = Feet (US,survey) X 1.157407 x 10-5 = Days (sidereal)
X 0.025 = Furlongs X 2.7778 x 10-4 = Hours (sidereal)
X 198 = Inches X 0.0166667 = Minutes (sidereal)
X 25 = Links (Gunter’s) X 0.99726 = Seconds
X 16.5 = Links (Ramden’s) (mean solar)
X 5.0292 = Meters Sections X 640 = Acres
X 0.003125 = Miles (stat.) X 2.7874 x 107 = Sq. feet
X 1 = Perches X 789428.376 = Sq. meters
X 5.5 = Yards X 1 = Sq. miles
Rods (Imp,vol.) X 1000 = Cu. feet Skeins X 360 = Feet
Roods (Imp) X 0.25 = Acres X 4320 = Inches
Ropes (Imp) X 20 = Feet X 109.728 = Meters
Runs (yarn,wool) X 100 = Yards/oz. Slugs X 1 = Geepounds
Sacks (Imp) X 1 = Bags X 14.5939 = Kilograms
X 3 = Bushels X 32.174 = Pounds (avdp.)
Scruples (apoth.) X 0.33333 = Drams (apoth.) Slugs/cu. ft. X 0.515379 = Grams/ml.
X 20 = Grains Space (entire) X 2 = Hemispheres
X 1.29597 = Grams X 12.5663 = Steradians
X 0.0416667 = Oz. (apoth. or troy) Spans X 9 = Inches
X 0.83333 = Pennyweights X 0.2286 = Meters
Scruples (Imp,fl.) X 1.18388 = Milliliters Spherical rt.angle X 0.25 = Hemispheres
X 20 = Minims (Imp) X 1.57079 = Steradians
X 0.0416667 = Ounces (Imp) Sq. centimeters X 197355.4 = Circ. mils
Seams X 8 = Bushels (Imp) X 0.00107639 = Sq. feet
49 50
S S-T
X 0.15500031 = Sq. inches X 2.78784 x 107 = Sq. feet
X 0.0001 = Sq. meters X 2.5899881 = Sq. km.
X 155000.31 = Sq. mils X 102400 = Sq. rods
Sq. chains (Gunt.) X 0.1 = Acres X 3.0976 x 106 = Sq. yards
X 4356 = Sq. feet Sq. millimeters X 1.2732395 = Circ. mm.
X 10000 = Sq. links (Gunt.) X 1973.5252 = Circ. mils
X 404.685 = Sq. meters X 0.001550003 = Sq. inches
X 16 = Sq. rods Sq. mils X 1.273239545 = Circ. mils
X 484 = Sq. yards X 1 x 10-6 = Sq. inches
Sq. chains (Ramd.) X 0.229568 = Acres X 0.00064516 = Sq. mm
X 10000 = Sq. feet Sq. yards X 9 = Sq. feet
X 1.44 x 106 = Sq. inches X 1296 = Sq. inches
X 10000 = Sq. links (Ramd.) X 0.836127 = Sq. meters
X 929.0304 = Sq. meters Statamperes X 3.335635 x 10-10 = Amperes
Square degrees X 0.000304617 = Steradians Statcoulombs X 9.265653 x 10-14 = Amp-hrs.
Sq. feet X 2.295684 x 10-5 = Acres X 3.335635 x 10-10 = Coulombs
X 144 = Sq. inches X 2.082093 x 109 = Electron charges
X 0.09290304 = Sq. meters Statfarads X 1.112646 x 10-12 = Farads
Sq. inches X 1.2732395 x 106 = Circ. mils X 1.112646 = Picofarads
X 6.4516 = Sq. cm. Stathenries X 8.987584 x 1011 = Henries
X 645.16 = Sq. mm. Statohms X 8.987584 x 1011 = Ohms
X 1 x 106 = Sq. mils Statvolts X 299.793 = Volts
Sq. kilometers X 247.10538 = Acres Steradians X 0.1591549 = Hemispheres
X 1.076391 x 107 = Sq. feet X 0.0795774 = Spheres
X 1 x 106 = Sq. meters X 0.6366197 = Spher. Rt. angles
X 0.38610216 = Sq. miles X 3282.8063 = Sq. degrees
Sq. meters X 2.4710538 x 10-4 = Acres Steres X 1 = Cu. meters
X 0.01 = Ares Stilbs X 1 = Candles/sq. cm.
X 0.0001 = Hectares Stokes X 1 = Sq. cm./sec.
X 10.7639 = Sq. feet X 100 = Centistokes
X 1550.0031 = Sq. inches Stones (Imp,legal) X 0.14 = Centals
X 1 x 10-6 = Sq. km X 6.350288 = Kilograms
X 1.19599 = Sq. yards X 14 = Pounds (avdp.)
Sq. miles X 640 = Acres Tesla X 10000 = Gauss
X 258.998 = Hectares X 1 = Webers/sq. meter
X 6400 = Sq. chains (Gunt.) Tons (long) X 20 = Cwt (long)
51 52
T T-U-V-W
X 1016.046 = Kilograms X 93.2395716 = Sq. km.
X 32666.64 = Ounces (troy) X 36 = Sq. miles
X 2240 = Pounds (avdp.) Tuns X 4 = Hogsheads
X 1.01604 = Tons (metric) Volts X 1 x 108 = Abvolts
X 1.12 = Tons (short) X 1 = Joules/coulomb
Tons (metric) X 1000 = Kilograms X 0.003335 = Statvolts
X 32150.736 = Ounces (troy) X 0.99967011 = Volts (int,1948)
X 2204.622 = Pounds (avdp.) Volts (int,1948) X 1.000330 = Volts
X 0.984206 = Tons (long) Volt-seconds X 1 x 108 = Maxwells
X 1.1023113 = Tons (short) Watts X 3.41443 = B.t.u./hr.
Tons (short) X 20 = Cwt (short) X 3.41219 = B.t.u.(IST)/hr.
X 907.18474 = Kilograms X 3.40951 = B.t.u.(mean)/hr.
X 29166.667 = Ounces (troy) X 3.39728 = B.t.u.(39°F)/hr.
X 2000 = Pounds (avdp.) X 3.41336 = B.t.u.(60°F)/hr.
X 0.892857 = Tons (long) X 0.0569071 = B.t.u./min.
X 0.907184 = Tons (metric) X 9.48451 x 10-4 = B.t.u./sec.
Tons of refrig. X 12000 = B.t.u. (IST)/hr. X 860.42065 = Cal.(gm.)/hr.
(US,commercial) X 200 = B.t.u. (IST)/min. X 859.84523 = Cal.(gm.,IST)/hr.
X 3023.949 = Cal.(kg,IST)/hr. X 859.18444 = Cal.(gm.,mean)/hr.
X 4.71611 = Horsepower X 860.05065 = Cal.(gm.,15°C)/hr.
X 37.971 = Kg. Ice melted/hr. X 860.85272 = Cal.(gm.,20°C)/hr.
X 83.711 = Lb. Ice melted/hr. X 1 x 107 = Ergs/sec.
Tons of refrig. X 288000 = B.t.u. (IST) X 44.25373 = Ft.-lb./min.
(US,standard) X 72574.8 = Cal. (kg,IST) X 0.00134102 = Horsepower
X 2009.1 = Lb. Ice melted X 1.0194 x 10-4 = Horsepower (boiler)
Tons (long)/sq. ft. X 1.05849 = Atmospheres X 0.00134048 = Horsepower (electric)
Tons (short)/sq. ft. X 0.945082 = Atmospheres X 0.00135962 = Horsepower (metric)
Tons (long)/sq. in. X 152.423 = Atmosphers X 0.00134041 = Horsepower (water)
Tons (short)/sq. in. X 136.092 = Atmospheres X 1 = Joule/sec.
Torrs X 1 = Mm. Of Hg @ 0°C X 0.001 = Kilowatts
X 0.133322 = Kilopascals X 35.5282 = Liter-atm./hr.
X 133.322 = Pascals X 0.592137 = Liter-atm./min.
X 0.0193367 = Pounds/sq. in. X 0.0098689 = Liter-atm./sec.
X 2.784488 = Pounds/sq. ft. Watts/sq. cm. X 3172.1 = B.t.u./(hr.-sq. ft.)
Townships (US) X 23040 = Acres X 52.868333 = B.t.u./(min.-sq. ft.)
X 36 = Sections X 0.881139 = B.t.u./(sec.-sq. ft.)
53 54
W-Y Y-Z
Watt-hours X 3.414426 = B.t.u. X 0.99929 = Years (sidereal)
X 3600 = Joules X 0.99933 = Years (tropical)
Watt-sec. X 0.737562 = Foot-pounds Years (leap) X 366 = Days (mean solar)
X 1 = Joules X 8784 = Hours (mean solar)
Wavelength of o-r X 6057.80211 = Angstrom units Years (sidereal) X 365.2563657 = Days (mean solar)
line of Kr-86 X 6.0578021 x 10-7 = Meters X 366.25641 = Days (sidereal)
Wavelength of red X 6438.4696 = Angstrom units X 3.155815 x 107 = Seconds
line of Cd X 6.4384696 x 10-7 = Meters (mean solar)
Webers X 1 x 108 = Lines X 1.00070237 = Years (mean solar)
X 1 x 108 = Maxwells X 1.0000388 = Years (tropical)
X 1 = Volt-seconds Years (tropical) X 365.24213 = Days (mean solar)
Webers/sq. cm. X 1 x 108 = Gauss X 3.155692 x 107 = Seconds
Webers/sq. meter X 10000 = Gauss (mean solar)
X 1 = Tesla X 1.00066337 = Years (mean solar)
Weeks (mean X 7 = Days (mean solar) X 0.99996102 = Years (sidereal)
calendar) X 7.0191654 = Days (sidereal)
X 168 = Hours (mean solar)
X 168.45997 = Hours (sidereal)
X 10080 = Minutes (mean solar)
X 604800 = Seconds
(mean solar)
Weys X 252 = Pounds (avdp.)
Yards X 2 = Cubits
X 0.5 = Fathoms
X 3 = Feet
X 2.9999940 = Feet (US,survey)
X 36 = Inches
X 0.9144 = Meters
Years (calendar) X 365 = Days (mean solar)
X 8760 = Hours (mean solar)
X 525600 = Minutes (mean solar)
X 12.360065 = Months (lunar)
X 12 = Months (mean cal.)
X 3.153600 x 107 = Sec. (mean solar)
X 52.14285714 = Wks.
(mean calendar)
55 56
Altitude
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Molecular Weight
Refractive index
Density
Heat of fusion = 79.7 cal/g = 143.4 Btu/lbm
ft
0
Properties of Water Ice
Boiling Point of Water

199
201
203
205
207
209
210
212
B.P.
°F
Atm. Press.
= 18.016
= 1.333 (liquid water)
= 1.309 (hexagonal solid)
= 0.915 g/cm3 @ 20° C
11.39
11.83
12.29
12.75
13.23
13.72
14.21
14.70
psia
57
Altitude
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
ft
185
187
189
191
192
194
196
198
B.P.
°F
Atm. Press.
10.19
10.58
10.98
8.41
8.75
9.09
9.45
9.81
psia
Properties of Common Industrial Gases
Property Air Ar CO2 He H2 N2 O2
Molecular wt. 29 39.948 44.01 4.0026 2.016 28.013 32
Sp. Grav. (@60°F, 1atm; air = 1) 1000 1.380 1.52 0.138 0.0695 0.9669 1.105
Gas density (lb/ft3/lb @60°F, 1 atm) 0.0763 0.105 0.116 0.0105 0.00531 0.0739 0.0844
Sp. vol. (lb/ft3/lb @60°F, 1 atm) 133.11 9.52 6.02 95.2 188.3 13.53 11.85
Liq. Density (lb/gal @ N.B.P.) ---- 11.63 1.56* 1.017 0.5905 6.45 9.527
Normal B.P. (°F) (CO2 sublimes) ---- -302.6 109.3 -452.1 -423.2 -320.4 -297.4
Freezing pt. (°F) (CO2 @ 76 psla) ---- -308.9 -69.9 -455.8 ---- -345.9 -361.8
Crit. Press. (psla) 546.7 705.4 1072.8 33.2 190.8 492.9 736.9
58
Crit. Temp. (°F) -221.3 -188.12 87.98 -450.31 -399.96 -232.4 -181.1
Heat of vaporization (Btu/lb) ---- 70.1 ---- 8.7 191.7 85.6 91.7
Gas constant, R (ft-lbf/lbm-°R) 53.35 38.69 35.11 386 766.4 55.15 48.3
Sp. heat ratio, Cp/Cv @60°F) 1.4 1.67 1.29 1.66 1.4 1.4 1.4
Sp. heat, Cp @ 60°F (btu/lbm-°R) 0.24 0.125 0.203 1.25 3.42 0.248 0.217
Dynamic viscosity, µ 3.74 4.66 3.03 4.10 1.83 3.63 4.2
@60°F, 1 atm (lbf-sec/ft2) x 10-7 x 10-7 x 10-7 x 10-7 x 10-7 x 10-7 x 10-7
Kinematic viscosity, 1.58 1.43 8.41 1.26 1.11 1.53 1.60
@60°F, 1 atm (ft2/sec) x 10-4 x 10-4 x 10-5 x 10-3 x 10-3 x 10-4 x 10-4
*Specific gravity of “dry ice”
Properties of Saturated Steam
Press. Temp. Enthalpy Btu/lbm Specific Volume ft3/lbm
psla °F Water hf Evap hg Steam hv Water vf Steam vg
0.08859 32.018 0.0003 1075.5 1075.5 0.016022 3302.4
0.1 35.023 3.026 1073.8 1076.8 0.01602 2945.5
0.2 53.16 21.217 1053.5 1084.7 0.016025 1526.3
0.3 64.484 32.541 1057.1 1089.7 0.01604 1039.7
0.4 72.869 40.917 1052.4 1093.3 0.016056 792.1
59
0.5 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.5

0.7 90.09 58.1 1042.7 1100.8 0.016099 466.9
1 101.74 69.73 1036.1 1105.8 0.16136 333.6
2 126.07 94.03 1022.1 1116.2 0.01623 173.76
3 141.47 109.42 1013.2 1122.6 0.0163 118.73
4 152.96 120.92 1006.4 1127.3 0.016358 90.64
5 162.24 130.2 1000.9 1131.1 0.016407 73.53
7.5 179.93 147.93 990.2 1138.2 0.01651 50.29
10 193.21 161.26 982.1 1143.3 0.16592 38.42
14.696 212 180.17 970.3 1150.5 0.016719 26.799

15 213.03 181.21 969.7 1150.9 0.016726 26.29
20 227.96 196.27 960.1 1156.3 0.016834 20.087
25 240.07 208.52 952.1 1160.6 0.016927 16.301
30 250.34 218.9 945.2 1164.1 0.017009 13.744
40 267.25 236.1 933.6 1169.8 0.017151 10.496
50 281.02 250.2 923.9 1174.1 0.017274 8.514
60 292.71 262.2 915.4 1177.6 0.017383 7.174
60
70 302.93 272.7 907.8 1180.6 0.017482 6.205

80 312.04 282.1 900.9 1183.1 0.017573 5.471
90 320.28 290.7 894.6 1185.3 0.017659 4.895
100 327.82 298.5 888.6 1187.2 0.01774 4.431
125 344.35 315.8 875.3 1191.1 0.01792 3.5857
150 358.43 330.6 863.4 1194.1 0.01809 3.0139
200 381.8 355.5 842.8 1198.3 0.01839 2.2873
250 400.97 376.1 825 1201.1 0.01865 1.8432
300 417.35 394 808.9 1202.9 0.01889 1.5427
Properties of Saturated Steam
Press. Temp. Enthalpy Btu/lbm Specific Volume ft3/lbm
psla °F Water hf Evap hg Steam hv Water vf Steam vg
400 444.6 424.2 780.4 1204.6 0.01934 1.1610
500 467.01 449.5 755.1 1204.7 0.01975 0.9276
600 486.2 471.7 732 1203.7 0.02013 0.7698
700 503.08 491.6 710.2 1201.8 0.0205 0.6556
800 518.21 509.8 689.6 1199.4 0.02087 0.5690
61
900 531.95 526.7 669.7 1196.4 0.02123 0.5009

1000 544.58 542.6 650.4 1192.9 0.02159 0.4460
1200 567.19 571.9 613 1184.8 0.02232 0.3625
1500 596.2 611.7 558.4 1170.1 0.02346 0.2272
2000 635.8 672.1 466.2 1138.3 0.02565 0.1883
2500 668.11 731.7 361.6 1093.3 0.02859 0.1307
3000 695.33 801.8 218.4 1020.3 0.03428 0.0850
3208.2 705.47 906 0 906 0.05078 0.05078
Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure

Temp Density Specific Viscosity Kinematic Thermal Thermal Prandtl
(°F) x 102 Heat x 105 Viscosity Conductivity Diffusivity Number
(lbm/cu ft) Cp x 10 (lbm/sec-ft) x 103 K x 102 a Pr
(Btu/lbm-°F) (ft2/sec) (Btu/hr-ft-°F) ft2/hr
-200 15.64 2.416 0.6659 0.04386 0.7648 0.2086 0.755
-100 11.04 2.403 0.8930 0.08062 1.0450 0.3939 0.739
0 8.68 2.401 1.0926 0.10960 1.3124 0.5487 0.720
100 7.10 2.404 1.2750 0.18102 1.5647 0.9248 0.706
200 5.99 2.414 1.4413 0.24213 1.8047 1.2563 0.694
300 5.23 2.429 1.5951 0.29293 2.0320 1.5366 0.686
62
400 4.62 2.450 1.7390 0.36471 2.2481 1.9249 0.681

500 4.14 2.474 1.8743 0.45420 2.4570 2.4060 0.680
600 3.75 2.512 2.0027 0.53587 2.6536 2.8266 0.680
700 3.42 2.538 2.1231 0.62122 2.8431 3.2781 0.682
800 3.14 2.568 2.2390 0.71310 3.0220 3.7480 0.684
900 2.92 2.596 2.3498 0.80562 3.2003 4.2257 0.686
1000 2.71 2.628 2.4569 0.90602 3.3710 4.7297 0.690
1500 2.02 2.767 2.9367 1.4547 4.1472 7.4211 0.706
2000 1.61 2.887 3.3513 2.0853 4.8003 10.346 0.725
2500 1.34 3.002 3.7231 2.7731 5.4378 13.378 0.745
3000 1.15 3.143 4.0599 3.5414 5.9567 16.624 0.771
3500 1.00 3.390 4.3980 4.3980 6.4600 19.050 0.831
4000 0.89 3.886 4.6759 5.2515 6.9407 20.055 0.942
Properties of Superheated Steam
P Steam Temperature °F
Press. Sat. r
psla Temp °F o
p 400° 500° 600° 700° 800° 900° 1000°
15 213.03 v 33.963 37.985 41.986 45.978 49.964 53.946 57.926
h 1239.9 1287.3 1335.2 1383.8 1433.2 1483.4 1534.5
50 281.02 v 10.062 11.306 12.529 13.741 14.947 16.150 17.350

h 1234.9 1284.1 1332.9 1382.0 1431.7 1482.2 1533.4
100 327.82 v 4.935 5.588 6.216 6.833 7.443 8.050 8.655

63
h 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6 1379.5 1429.7 1480.4 1532.0
200 381.8 v 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583 3.3783 3.6915 4.0008 4.3077

h 1210.1 1269.0 1322.6 1374.3 1425.5 1477.0 1529.1
300 417.35 v 1.7665 2.0044 2.2263 2.4407 2.6509 2.8585

h 1257.7 1315.2 1368.9 1421.3 1473.6 1526.2
400 444.6 v 1.2841 1.4763 1.6499 1.8151 1.9759 2.1339

h 1245.1 1307.4 1363.4 1417.0 1470.1 1523.3
500 467.01 v 0.9919 1.1584 1.3037 1.4597 1.5708 1.6992

h 1231.2 1299.1 1357.7 1412.7 1466.6 1520.3
600 486.2 v 0.7944 0.9456 1.0726 1.1892 1.3008 1.4093

h 1215.9 1290.3 1351.8 1408.3 1463.0 1517.4
800 518.21 v 0.6774 0.7828 0.8759 0.9631 1.0470

h 1271.1 1339.3 1399.1 1455.8 1511.4
900 531.95 v 0.5869 0.6858 0.7713 0.8504 0.9262

h 1260.6 1332.7 1394.4 1452.4 1508.5
1000 544.58 v 0.5137 0.608 0.6875 0.7603 0.8295

h 1249.3 1325.9 1389.6 1448.5 1505.4
64
1500 596.2 v 0.3717 0.4350 0.4894 0.5394

h 1287.9 1364.0 1429.2 1490.1
2000 635.8 v 0.2488 0.3072 0.3534 0.3942

h 1240.9 1335.4 1408.7 1474.1
2500 688.11 v 0.1681 0.2293 0.2712 0.3068

h 1175.7 1303.4 1386.7 1457.5
3000 695.33 v 0.0982 0.1759 0.2161 0.2484

h 1060.5 1267.0 1363.2 1440.2
Specific volume, v, in cu. ft./lbm; Enthalpy, h, in Btu/lbm.
Properties of Common Engineering Metals
Spec. E k m.p. Sp. ht.
Material Grav. (1) (2) (3) (4) °F (5)
Aluminum 1100 2.71 10 13.1 1540 2.9 1200 0.23
Al alloy 3003-H14 2.73 10 12.9 1100 4.1 1190 0.23
Al alloy 6063-T6 2.7 10 13 1390 3.3 1140 ----
Al alloy 7075-T6 2.8 10.4 12.9 840 5.6 900 0.23
Antimony 6.69 11.3 5.5 131 38.3 1166 0.092
Brass, Admiralty 443 8.53 16 10.2 770 6.9 1720 0.09
Brass, red cast 8.75 13 10.2 500 10.3 1810 0.09
Brass, yellow 268 8.47 15 10.5 830 6.6 1710 0.09
Copper 102 8.96 17 9.3 2700 1.69 2444 0.092
65
Gold 19.32 10.8 7.9 2060 2.4 1947 0.056

Hastelloy C 8.94 30.9 6.3 61 137 2320 0.092
Hastelloy X ---- 28.6 7.9 62.8 117 ---- 0.105
Incoloy 800 8.01 28.5 8.2 85 98 2550 0.12
Inconel 600 8.43 31 7 104 102 2550 0.109
Inconel 625 8.44 30 7 75 127 ---- ----
Inconel 700 8.17 32 6.8 86 127 2450 0.11
Iridium 22.42 75 3.7 407 4.8 4370 ----
Iron, ductile 7.2 25 7.5 228 59 2100 ----
Iron, gray cast 7.2 13 6.7 310 65.5 2150 ----
Iron, Ingot (Fe 99.9 +) 7.87 30.1 6.8 490 9.3 2795 0.108
Iron, malleable 7.32 25 6.6 ---- 29.5 2250 0.122
Lead 11.35 2 16.4 240 20.3 621 0.03
Magnesium, AZ91A,B 1.81 6.5 14.5 370 13.6 1105 0.245
Molybdenum 10.22 46 2.77 900 5.1 4740 0.061

Monel 400 8.83 26 7.5 174 47.5 2400 0.127
Nickel (pure) 8.91 30 7.4 543 6.7 2650 0.11
Nickel 200 8.89 30 6.6 420 9 2620 0.13
Platinum 21.45 22 5 465 10.6 3222 0.057
Pt 90 - Ir 10 21.5 25 5 ---- 23.9 3299 ----
Pt 90 - Rh 10 19.93 21.2 ---- ---- 19.2 3353 ----
Rhodium 12.41 50 4.6 611 4.4 3571 ----
Silver 10.49 10.5 10.6 2900 1.6 1760 0.0568
Solder, 50Sn-50Pb 8.89 ---- 13.1 310 15.2 421 0.051
Solder, 60Sn - 40Pb 8.5 ---- 12.2 330 14.7 374 0.055
S.S. type 304, 304L 8.02 28 9.6 113 71.2 2550 0.12
S.S. type 316, 316L 8.02 28 8.9 113 72.9 2500 0.12
S.S. type 410 7.75 29 5.5 173 55.7 2700 0.11
66
S.S. type 446 7.45 29 5.8 145 66.3 2600 0.12

Stainless alloy 20 8.02 28 9.4 145 73.9 ---- 0.12
Steel, 1020 7.86 30 6.7 360 9.8 2760 0.107
Tantaium 16.65 ---- 3.6 377 12.2 5425 0.036
Tin (as cast) 7.29 6 12.8 428 10.8 449 0.095
Titanium, common pure 4.54 15 5 114 60.6 3100 0.129
TI - 6AI -4V 4.46 16.5 5.3 50 187 3000 0.135
Tungsten (hard wire) 19.3 53 2.4 1390 5.4 6092 0.034
Zinc 7.13 ---- 18 746 6 786 0.094
Zn - 4AL (dle cast) 6.6 ---- 15.2 783 6.3 728 0.1
Zirconium 6.51 11 2.9 95 40.3 3366 0.118
(1) Elastic Modulus, 106 psi @68°F (4) Electrical Resistivity, ohm-cm @68°F
(2) Coefficient of thermal expansion, in/in°F @68°F (5) Specific Heat, Btu/lbm-°F (32°F-212°F)
(3) Thermal Conductivity, Btu-in/°F-ft2-hr
Current Carrying Capacity*
Insulation Type Resistor Color Codes
Wire Size TW THWN THHN 1st & 2nd
16 AWG ---- ---- 22 Color Significant Multiplier Tolerance
14 15 15 25 Figures
12 20 20 30
10 30 30 40
Black 0 1 -
8 40 45 50 Brown 1 10 ± 1%
6 55 65 70 Red 2 100 ± 2%
4 70 85 90
3 80 100 105 Orange 3 1000 ± 3%
2 95 115 120 Yellow 4 10,000 ± 4%
1 110 130 140
0 125 150 155 Green 5 100,000 -
0 145 175 185 Blue 6 1,000,000 -
0 165 200 210 Violet 7 10,000,000 -
0 195 230 235
Gray 8 100,000,000 -
250 MCM 215 255 270 White 9 - -
300 240 285 300
350 260 310 325 Gold - 0.1 ± 5%
400 280 335 360 Silver - 0.01 ± 10%
500 320 380 405
600 355 420 455
No Color - - ± 20%
700 385 460 490
750 400 475 500 Color Band Identifier
800 410 490 515 Multiplier
900 435 520 555 Tolerance
1000 455 545 585
1250 495 590 645
1500 520 625 700
1750 545 650 735 1st Significant Figure
2000 580 665 775 2nd Significant Figure
For room temp. >30°C, multiply by these correction factors:
40°C 0.82 0.88 0.9
45°C 0.71 0.82 0.85
50°C 0.58 0.75 0.8
*For 3 or less insulated copper conductors in raceway or direct
burial, ambient temp. = 30°C.
67 68
Electric Motor Data (460 Volt Three Phase)
Full Load Magnetic Minimum Conduit Size3
Current Starter Copper Wire Size2 Inches Miscellaneous
HP Amps Nema Size THW, THWN, RHW 3 wire Max Formulae
1 1.8 00 14 (1/2)
1-(1/2) 2.6 00 14 (1/2) Torque = Hp X 5250
2 3.4 00 14 (1/2) (ft-lbs) Rpm
3 4.8 0 14 (1/2) Hp = Torque X RPM
5 7.6 0 14 (1/2)
7-(1/2) 11 1 14 (1/2) 5250
10 14 1 12 (1/2) Rpm =
69
15 21 2 10 (1/2) 120 X Frequency

20 27 2 8 (3/4)
25 34 2 8 (3/4) No. of Poles
30 40 3 6 1 Notes:
40 52 3 6 1 1Approximate value for Nom.
50 65 3 4 1
60 77 4 3 1-(1/4)
1750 rpm induction mntor.
2Consult NEC for special applications.
75 96 4 1 1-(1/4)
100 124 4 00 1-(1/2)
330°C Ambient in conduit and THW,
125 156 5 000 2 THWN, or HW wire in raceway. For
150 180 5 0000 2 other conditions consult NEC.
200 240 6 350 MCM 2-(1/2)
pf = Power Factor = cos
eff = Efficiency
kva = Apparent Power (kilovolt amps)
kW = Electrical Power (kilowatts)
HP = Mechanical Power (horsepower)
I
E
kva
HP (output)
Amps (kva known) 1000 (kva)
Amps (kW known)
Amps (HP known)

To Find
= current (amperes)
= Voltage (volts)
Electric Formulae
Power Triangle
1000 (kW)
E (eff) (pf)
kW
El(eff)(pf)
746 (HP)
AC 1
kva
E (pf)
746
1000
E
El
70
pf(cos)
1.73El(eff)(pf)
1.73E(eff)(pf)
1000 (kva)
1000 (kW)
1.73E(pf)
746 (HP)
AC 3
1.73El
1.73E
1000
746
Reactive Power
1000(kW)
746 (HP)
E (eff)
El(eff)
7461
DC
/E
Beam Formulae Column Buckling & Moments of Inertia
Cantilever Beam: Euler Buckling Equation:
• (uniformely distributed load, w (force/unit length) Pcr = 2EI

Le 2
Maximum bending moment, Mmax = wL

2
2 Effective Lengths: Le Theoretical Recommended

(at fixed end)
Both ends hinged Le = L Le = L
Maximim deflection, max = wL

4
One end fixed Le = 2L Le = (2.1)L
8EI
One end fixed, one free Le = (0.7)L Le = (0.8)L
(at free end)
Both ends fixed Le = (0.5)L Le = (0.65)L
• (Point load at distance b from fixed end) (L = a + b)

Moments of Inertia:
Mmax (at fixed end) = Pb
Shape About Centroid About Axis @ Base
max (at free end) = Pb (3L-b)
2
Rectangle bh3/12 bh3/3

6EI
Circle πr4/4 —
Simply Supported Beam:
Semicircle — πr4/8
Triangle bh3/36 bh3/12
• (uniformely distributed load, w (force/unit length)
Other useful formulæ:
Mmax (at center) = wL
2
8 Moment of inertia: Ix = ∫ y2 dA; Iy = ∫ x2 dA

max (at center) = 384EI 5wL4 Polar Moment of Inertia: Jo = ∫ r2 dA = Ix - Iy
• (Point load at distance a from x = 0) (L = a + b) Radius of Gyration: kx = √ Ix/A ; k y = √ Ix/A
ko2 = kx2 + k y2 = Jo/A
Mmax (at point of load) = Pab L Paralell Axis Theorem: I = Icentroid + Ad2
a (at point of load) = Pa b
2 2
Slenderness Ratio: Le/kmin
3EIL
a(a - 2b)
max at x = 3 , when a > b =
Pab(a + 2b) 3a(a + 2b)

27EIL
Beam Equation:

= My ;
I
max = Mc = M
I S
71 72
Fluid Mechanics Formulae Viscosity Conversion Table
Seconds Saybolt
Bernoulli’s Equation: Centistokes Ft2/sec Universal
(steady, frictionless, 1-d) (SSU)
p v g
— + — + — z = constant 1 0.00001076 31
2gc gc
2 0.00002153 32.6
3 0.00003229 36
Continuity Equation:
(1-d, steady flow) 4 0.00004306 39.2
∫vdA = 0 5 0.00005382 42.4
6 0.00006458 45.6
Momentum Equation:
(1-d, steady flow) 7 0.00007535 46.8
8 0.00008611 52.1
ΣFx = ∫ vx gvcn dA 9 0.00009688 55.4
10 0.00010764 58.8
Drag Force: 15 0.00016146 77.4
20 0.00021528 97.8
Fd = Cd v A ; v at infinity
2
30 0.00032292 141.6
2gc
40 0.00043056 186.7
Drag Force: 50 0.0005382 232.6
75 0.00080729 348.1
pV = mRT or p = RT 100 0.00107639 440.4
150 0.00161458 695.4
In U.S. Customary Units 200 0.00215278 926.9
A = area (ft2) 300 0.00322917 1389
Cd = drag coefficient (dimensionless) 400 0.00430556 1853
gc = 32.2 (lbm-ft/lbf-s2) 500 0.00538195 2317
m = mass (lbm)
p = pressure (lbf/ft2) 1000 0.0107639 4635
R = Ru/mol. wt. = gas constant for a particular gas 2000 0.0215278 9269
Ru = 1545 (ft-lbf/lb-mol.-°R) = universal gas constant 3000 0.0322917 13904
v = velocity (ft/s)
V = volume (ft3)
4000 0.0430556 18539
z = elevation (ft) 5000 0.0538195 ----
= density (lbm/ft3)
73 74
Algebraic Equations Trigonomic Relations
Binomial Theorem, for n = any positive integer: sin = y/r = 1/csc

n n n-1 n-2 2
(a + b) = a + na b + n(n-1)a b + n(n-1)(n-2)a b + ... = nab = b . n-3 3 n-1 n cos = x/r = 1/sec
2I 3I tan = y/x = 1/cot
Relationships Involving Powers:
sin2 + cos = 1
m n m+n m m m
a a + a ; (ab) = a b ; (a ) = a ; a = n a m n mn m/n
√ m
sin(-) = -sin, cos(-) = cos
sin( + ) = sincos + cossin
Quadratic Equation:
sin2 = 2sincos, cos2 = cos2 - sin2
IF ax2 + bx + c = 0,
THEN x = -b ± b2 - 4ac √ Area of Triangle abc =
2a
1 1 1
2 bc sin A = 2 ac sin B = 2 ab sin C
Method of Least Squares:
for N data points, (x,y) to fit y = a + bx Law of Sines:
NΣxy - ΣxΣy Σy - bΣx

b = ; a = sin A = sin B = sin C
NΣx2 - (Σx)2 N
a b c
Law of Cosines:
NΣxy - ΣxΣy
r =
√[NΣy - (Σy) ][NΣx - (Σx) ]
2 2 2 2
a2 + b2 + c2 = 2bc cos
where r = the correlation coefficient Half – Angle Relations:
sin Θ/2 =
√1 - cos
±
2
Θ
cos Θ/2 =
√1 +2cosΘ
±
tan Θ/2 =
√11+- cos
± cosΘ
Θ
75 76
Common Derivatives and Integrals Properties of American Standard Lumber
Nom Dressed Area lb/ft @ I S
Size Size (in.) (sq. in.) 40 pcf (in4) (in3)
d(au) = adu ∫ adu = a ∫ du 2x4 1-5/8 x 3-5/8 5.89 1.6 6.45 3.56
2x6 1-5/8 x 5-5/8 9.14 2.5 24.1 57.13
2x8 1-5/8 x 7-1/2 12.19 3.4 57.13 15.32
d(u+v-w) = du + dv - dw ∫ (du+dv-dw) = ∫ du ∫ dv - ∫ dw 2 x 10 1-5/8 x 9-1/2 15.44 4.3 116.09 24.44
2 x 12 1-5/8 x 11-1/2 18.69 5.2 205.94 35.82
2 x 14 1-5/8 x 13-1/2 23.62 6.5 333.15 49.36
d(uv) = udv + vdu ∫ d(uw) = uvdw + wvdu + uwvd
3x4 2-5/8 x 3-5/8 9.51 2.6 10.42 5.75
3x6 2-5/8 x 5-5/8 14.76 4.2 38.93 13.84
2
d(u/v) = (vdu - udv)/v ∫ (1/u)du = in[u] + C 3x8 2-5/8 x 7-1/2 19.68 5.7 92.28 24.6
3 x 10 2-5/8 x 9-1/2 24.93 7.2 187.55 39.48
3 x 12 2-5/8 x 11-1/2 30.18 8.8 332.69 57.86
d(un) = nun-1du ∫ (u )du = (u
n n+1
)/(n+1) + C 3 x 14 2-5/8 x 13-1/2 35.43 10.3 538.21 79.73
4x4 3-5/8 x 3-5/8 13.14 3.6 14.38 7.94

d(eu) = eudu ∫ (e )du = eu + C
u
4x6 3-5/8 x 5-5/8 20.39 5.7 53.76 19.11
4x8 3-5/8 x 7-1/2 27.18 7.5 127.44 33.98
4 x 10 3-5/8 x 9-1/2 34.43 9.6 258.99 54.52
d(au) = aulnadu ∫ (a )du = (a )/(lna) + C
u u
4 x 12 3-5/8 x 11-1/2 41.68 11.6 459.42 79.9
4 x 14 3-5/8 x 13-1/2 48.93 13.6 743.23 110.11
d(sinu) - cosudu ∫ (sinu)du = -cosu + C 6x6 5-1/2 x 5-1/2 30.25 8.4 76.25 27.73
6x8 5-1/2 x 7-1/2 41.25 11.4 193.35 51.56
6 x 10 5-1/2 x 9-1/2 52.25 14.5 329.96 82.73
d(cosu) = -sinudu ∫ (cosu)du = sinu + C 6 x 12 5-1/2 x 11-1/2 63.25 17.5 697.06 121.23
6 x 14 5-1/2 x 13-1/2 74.25 20.6 1127.66 167.06
d(tanu) = sec2udu ∫ (tanu)du = -ln[cosu] + C 8x8 7-1/2 x 7-1/2 56.25 15.6 263.67 70.31
8 x 10 7-1/2 x 9-1/2 71.25 19.8 535.85 112.81
8 x 12 7-1/2 x 11-1/2 86.25 23.9 950.55 165.31
d(cotu) = csc2udu ∫ (cotu)du = -ln[sinu] + C 8 x 14 7-1/2 x 13-1/2 101.25 28 1537.73 227.81
10 x 10 9-1/2 x 9-1/2 90.25 25 678.75 142.89

d(secu) = secutanudu ∫ (secu)du = ln[secu + tanu] + C 10 x 12 9-1/2 x 11-1/2 109.25 30.3 1204.01 209.39
10 x 14 9-1/2 x 13-1/2 128.25 35.6 1947.78 288.56
d(escu) = cscucotudu ∫ (cscu)du = -ln[cscu + cotu] + C 12 x 12 11-1/2 x 11-1/2 132.25 36.7 1457.5 253.47
12 x 14 11-1/2 x 13-1/2 155.25 43.1 2357.85 349.31
14 x 14 13-1/2 x 13-1/2 182.25 50.6 2767.92 410.06
77 78
Commercial Pipe Sizes
Size O.D. Schd. Thk. I.D. Ametal Aint I Pipe Water
(in.) (in.) Wt. No. (in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.2) (in.4) (lb/ft) (lb/ft)
(1/8) 0.405 STD 40 0.68 .269 .0720 .0568 .0011 .24 .025
XS 80 0.95 .215 .0925 .0364 .0012 .31 .016
(1/4) 0.54 STD 40 0.88 .364 .1250 .1041 .0033 .42 .045
XS 80 .119 .302 .1574 .0716 .0038 .54 .031
(3/8) 0.675 STD 40 .091 .493 .1670 .1910 .0073 .57 .083
79
XS 80 .126 .423 .2173 .1405 .0086 .74 .061
(1/2) 0.84 STD 40 .109 .622 .2503 .3040 .1071 .85 .132
XS 80 .147 .546 .3200 .2340 .0201 1.09 .102
- 160 .187 .466 .3836 .1706 .0221 1.31 .074
XXS - .294 .252 .5043 .0500 .0242 1.71 .022
(3/4) 1.05 STD 40 .113 .824 .3326 .5330 .0370 1.13 .231
XS 80 .154 .742 .4335 .4330 .0448 1.47 .188
- 160 .219 .612 .5698 .2961 .0527 1.94 .128
XXS - .308 .434 .7180 .1480 .0579 2.44 .064
1 1.315 STD 40 .133 1.049 .4939 .8640 .0873 1.68 .375

XS 80 .179 .957 .6388 .7190 .1056 2.17 .312
- 160 .250 .815 .8365 .5217 .1251 2.84 .230
XXS - .358 .599 1.076 .2820 .1405 3.66 .122
1-1/4 1.660 STD 40 .140 1.380 .6685 1.495 .1947 2.27 .649
XS 80 .191 1.278 .8815 1.283 .2418 3.00 .555
- 160 .250 1.160 1.107 1.057 .2839 3.76 .458
XXS - .382 .896 1.534 .630 .3411 5.21 .273
80
1-1/2 1.900 STD 40 .145 1.610 .7995 2.036 .3099 2.72 .882
XS 80 .200 1.500 1.068 1.767 .3912 3.63 .765
- 160 .281 1.338 1.429 1.406 .4824 4.86 .608
XXS - .400 1.100 1.885 .950 .5678 6.41 .42
2 2.375 STD 40 .154 2.067 1.075 3.355 .6657 3.65 1.45

XS 80 .218 1.939 1.477 2.953 .8679 5.02 1.28
- 160 .344 1.687 2.190 2.241 1.162 7.46 .970
XXS - .436 1.503 2.656 1.774 1.311 9.03 .770
2-1/2 2.875 STD 40 .203 2.469 1.704 4.788 1.530 5.79 2.07
XS 80 .276 2.323 2.254 4.238 1.924 7.66 1.87
- 160 .375 2.125 2.945 3.546 2.353 10.01 1.54
XXS - .552 1.771 4.028 2.484 2.871 13.69 1.07
3 3.500 STD 40 .216 3.088 2.228 7.393 3.017 7.58 3.20
XS 80 .300 2.900 3.016 6.605 3.894 10.25 2.88
- 160 .434 2.624 4.205 5.408 5.032 14.32 2.35
81
XXS - .600 2.300 5.466 4.155 5.993 18.58 1.80

3-1/2 4.000 STD 40 .226 3.548 2.680 9.886 4.788 9.11 4.29
XS 80 .318 3.364 3.678 8.888 6.280 12.50 3.84
4 4.500 STD 40 .237 4.026 3.174 12.73 7.233 10.79 5.50
XS 80 .337 3.826 4.407 11.50 9.610 14.98 4.98
- 120 .438 3.624 5.595 10.31 11.65 19.00 4.47
- 160 .531 3.438 6.621 9.28 13.27 22.51 4.02
XXS - .674 3.152 6.101 7.80 15.26 27.54 3.38
5 5.583 STD 40 .258 5.047 4.300 20.01 15.16 14.62 8.67

XS 80 .375 4.813 6.112 18.19 20.67 20.78 7.88
6 6.625 STD 40 .280 6.065 5.581 28.89 28.14 18.97 12.51

XS 80 .432 5.761 8.405 26.07 40.49 28.57 11.29
- 120 .562 5.501 10.70 23.77 49.61 36.39 10.30
- 160 .719 5.187 13.32 21.15 58.97 45.35 9.16
XXS - .864 4.897 15.64 18.84 66.33 53.16 8.16
82
8 8.625 - 20 .250 8.125 6.57 51.85 57.72 22.36 22.47

- 30 .277 8.071 7.26 51.18 63.35 24.70 22.17
STD 40 .322 7.981 8.40 50.03 72.49 28.55 21.70
- 60 .406 7.813 10.48 47.94 88.73 35.64 20.77
XS 80 .500 7.625 12.76 45.66 105.7 43.39 19.78
- 100 .594 7.437 14.96 43.46 121.3 50.95 18.83
- 120 .719 7.187 17.84 40.59 140.5 60.71 17.59
- 140 .812 7.001 19.93 38.50 153.7 67.76 16.68
XXS - .875 6.875 21.30 37.12 162.0 72.42 16.10
- 160 .906 6.813 21.97 36.46 165.9 74.69 15.80
10 10.75 - 20 .250 10.25 8.24 82.52 113.7 28.04 35.76
- 30 .307 10.14 10.07 80.69 137.4 34.24 34.96
STD 40 .365 10.02 11.90 78.86 160.7 40.48 34.20
XS 60 .500 9.750 16.10 74.66 212.0 54.74 32.35
- 80 .594 9.562 18.92 71.84 244.8 64.43 31.13
- 100 .719 9.312 22.63 68.13 286.1 77.03 29.53
- 120 .844 9.062 26.24 64.53 324.2 89.29 27.96
83
XXS 140 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13 367.8 104.1 26.06

- 160 1.125 8.500 34.02 56.75 399.3 115.6 24.59
12 12.75 - 20 .250 12.25 9.82 117.9 191.8 33.38 51.07

- 30 .330 12.09 12.87 114.8 248.4 43.77 49.74
STD - .375 12.00 14.58 113.1 279.3 49.56 49.00
- 40 .406 11.94 15.77 111.9 300.3 53.52 48.50
XS - .500 11.75 19.24 108.4 361.5 65.42 46.92
- 60 .562 11.63 21.52 106.2 400.4 73.15 46.00
- 80 .688 11.37 26.03 101.6 475.1 88.63 44.04
- 100 .644 11.06 31.53 96.14 561.6 107.3 41.66

XXS 120 1.000 10.75 36.91 90.76 641.6 125.5 39.33
- 140 1.125 10.50 41.08 86.59 700.5 139.7 37.52
- 160 1.312 10.13 47.14 80.53 781.1 160.3 34.89
14 14.00 - 10 .250 13.50 10.80 143.1 255.3 36.71 62.03

- 20 .312 13.38 13.42 140.5 314.4 45.61 60.89
STD 30 .375 13.25 16.05 137.9 372.8 54.57 59.75
- 40 .438 13.12 18.66 135.3 429.1 63.44 58.64
XS - .500 13.00 21.21 132.7 483.8 72.09 57.46
84
- 60 .594 12.81 24.98 129.0 562.3 85.05 55.86

- 80 .750 12.50 31.22 122.7 678.3 106.1 53.18
- 100 .938 12.12 38.45 115.5 824.4 130.8 50.04
- 120 1.094 11.81 44.32 109.6 929.6 150.8 47.45
- 140 1.25 11.50 50.07 103.9 1027. 170.3 45.01
- 160 1.406 11.19 55.63 98.31 1117. 189.1 42.60
16 16.00 - 10 .250 15.50 12.37 188.7 383.7 42.05 81.74

- 20 .312 15.38 15.38 185.7 473.2 52.27 80.5
STD 30 .375 15.25 18.41 182.6 562.1 62.58 79.12
XS 40 .500 15.00 24.35 176.7 731.9 82.77 76.58
16 (cont'd) - 60 .656 14.69 31.62 169.4 932.4 107.5 73.42
- 80 .844 14.31 40.14 160.9 1156. 136.6 69.73
- 100 1.031 13.94 48.48 152.6 1364. 164.8 66.12
- 120 1.219 13.56 56.56 144.5 1556. 192.4 62.62
- 140 1.438 13.12 65.78 135.3 1760. 223.6 58.64
- 160 1.594 12.81 72.1 129.0 1894. 245.2 55.83
85
18 18.00 - 10 .250 17.50 13.94 240.5 549.1 47.39 104.2

- 20 .312 17.38 17.34 237.1 678.2 58.94 102.8
STD - .375 17.25 20.76 233.7 806.7 70.59 101.2
- 30 .438 17.12 24.17 230.3 930.3 82.15 99.84
XS - .500 17.00 27.49 227.0 1053. 93.45 98.27
- 40 .562 16.88 30.79 223.7 1172. 104.7 96.93
- 60 .750 16.50 40.64 213.8 1515. 138.2 92.57
- 80 .938 16.12 50.23 204.2 1833. 170.9 88.50
- 100 1.156 15.69 61.17 193.3 2180. 208.0 83.76
- 120 1.375 15.25 71.81 182.7 2498. 244.1 79.07
- 140 1.562 14.87 80.66 173.8 2749. 274.2 75.32

- 160 1.781 14.44 90.75 163.7 3020. 308.5 70.88
20 20.00 - 10 .250 19.50 15.51 298.6 765.4 52.73 129.4

STD 20 .375 19.25 23.12 290.0 1113. 78.60 125.7
XS 30 .500 19.00 30.63 283.5 1457. 104.1 122.9
- 40 .594 18.81 36.15 278.0 1703. 123.1 120.5
- 60 .812 18.38 48.95 265.2 2257. 166.4 114.9
- 80 1.031 17.94 61.44 252.7 2772. 208.9 109.5
- 100 1.281 17.44 75.33 238.8 3315. 256.1 103.4
86
- 120 1.500 17.00 87.18 227.0 3754. 296.4 98.35

- 140 1.750 16.50 100.3 213.8 4216. 341.1 92.66
- 160 1.969 16.06 111.5 202.7 4586. 379.2 87.74
22 22.00 - 10 .250 21.50 17.08 363.0 1010. 58.07 157.3

STD 20 .375 21.25 25.48 354.7 1490. 86.61 153.7
XS 30 .500 21.00 33.77 346.4 1952. 114.8 150.1
- 60 .875 20.25 58.07 322.1 3245. 197.4 139.6
- 80 1.125 19.75 73.78 306.4 4030. 250.8 132.8
- 100 1.375` 19.25 89.09 291.0 4758. 302.9 126.1
- 120 1.625 18.75 104.0 276.1 5432. 353.6 119.6
22 (cont'd) - 140 1.875 18.25 118.6 261.6 6054. 403.0 113.4
- 160 2.125 17.75 132.7 247.5 6626. 451.0 107.2
24 24.00 - 10 .250 23.50 18.65 433.7 1315. 63.41 188.0

STD 20 .375 23.25 27.83 424.6 1942. 94.62 184.0
XS - .500 23.00 36.91 415.5 2550. 125.5 179.9
87
- 30 .562 22.88 41.39 411.0 2843. 140.7 178.1

- 40 .688 22.62 50.31 402.1 3421. 171.3 174.2
- 60 .969 22.06 70.04 382.4 4653. 238.4 165.5
- 80 1.219 21.56 87.17 365.2 5672. 296.6 158.7
- 100 1.531 20.94 108.1 344.3 6850. 367.4 149.1
120 1.812 20.38 126.3 326.1 7825. 429.4 141.2
- 140 2.062 19.88 142.1 310.3 8625. 483.1 134.4
- 160 2.344 19.31 159.4 293.0 9456. 542.1 126.8
Working Pressures in Common Tube Sizes (1/8" - 1" O.D.)

Tube Tube Wall Thickness (in.)
O.D. (in.) 0.028 0.035 0.049 0.065 0.083 0.095 0.109 0.12
(1/8) 7.04 5.55 - - - - - -
(3/16) 11.07 8.61 5.98 - - - - -
(1/4) 15.34 11.91 8.09 6 - - - -
(5/16) - 15.31 10.48 7.63 - - - -
(3/8) - 18.66 12.89 9.33 - - - -
(1/2) - 25.34 17.69 12.94 9.82 - - -
(5/8) - - 22.46 16.6 12.67 10.84 - -
88
(3/4) - - 27.38 20.17 15.5 13.35 11.44 -

(7/8) - - 32.12 23.89 18.3 15.83 13.59 -
1 - - - 27.38 21.19 18.30 15.76 14.16
To calculate maximum allowable working pressure per ANSI B31.3 code, divide the U.T.S. by the quantity shown in the chart above. For weld-
ed tubing multiply this working pressure by 0.85. For service temperatures in the range -20F to 100F:
MATERIAL ASTM SPEC. U.T.S. (PSI) NOTES
Aluminum B-210 42,000 Alloy 6061-T6
Copper B-75 or B-88 30,000 Type K or L, Temper O
Carbon steel A-179 47,000 Rb 72 or less
Stainless steel A-269 or A-213 75,000 Type 304 or 316, Rb<80
Monel B-165 70,000 Monel 400, Rb 75 or less
Sheetmetal and Wire Gauges (in inches)
Guage Wash Gauge Wash
No. AWG1 Mon2 BWG3 US4 BG5 SWG6 No. AWG Moan2 BWG3 US4 BG5 SWG6
0 0.46 .3938 0.454 ---- 0.5416 0.4 14 0.064 0.08 0.083 0.075 0.0785 0.08
0 0.41 .3625 0.425 ---- 0.5 0.372 15 0.057 0.072 0.072 0.067 0.0699 0.072
0 0.365 .3310 0.38 ---- 0.4425 0.348 16 0.051 0.0625 0.065 0.06 0.0625 0.064
0 0.325 .3065 0.34 ---- 0.3964 0.324 17 0.045 0.054 0.058 0.054 0.0556 0.056
1 0.289 .2830 0.3 ---- 0.3532 0.3 18 0.04 0.0475 0.049 0.0478 0.0495 0.048
2 0.258 .2625 0.284 ---- 0.3147 0.276 19 0.036 0.041 0.042 0.0418 0.044 0.04
3 0.229 .2437 0.259 0.239 0.2804 0.252 20 0.032 0.0348 0.035 0.0359 0.0392 0.036
4 0.204 .2253 0.238 0.224 0.25 0.232 21 0.0285 0.0317 0.032 0.0329 0.0349 0.032
5 0.182 .2070 0.22 0.209 0.2225 0.212 22 0.0253 0.0286 0.028 0.0299 0.0313 0.028
89
6 0.162 .1920 0.203 0.194 0.1981 0.192 23 0.0226 0.0258 0.025 0.0269 0.0278 0.024
7 0.144 .1770 0.18 0.179 0.1764 0.176 24 0.0201 0.023 0.022 0.0239 0.0248 0.022
8 0.128 .1620 0.165 0.164 0.157 0.16 25 0.0179 0.0204 0.02 0.0209 0.022 0.02
9 0.114 .1483 0.148 0.15 0.1398 0.144 26 0.0159 0.0181 0.018 0.0188 0.0198 0.018
10 0.102 .1350 0.134 0.135 0.125 0.128 27 0.0142 0.0173 0.016 0.0172 0.0175 0.0164
11 0.091 .1205 0.12 0.12 0.1113 0.116 28 0.0126 0.0162 0.014 0.0156 0.0156 0.0148
12 0.081 .1055 0.109 0.105 0.0991 0.104 29 0.0113 0.015 0.013 0.0141 0.0139 0.0136
13 0.072 .0915 0.095 0.090 0.0882 0.092 30 0.01 0.014 0.012 0.0125 0.0123 0.0124
1
American (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe (B&S) (for nonferrous wire and sheet)
2
U.S. Steel Wire (StlWG), Washburn & Moen, Roebling, or Am. Steel & Wire [A(steel)WG](for steel wire)
3
Birmingham (BWG) (for steel wire) or Stube Iron Wire (for Iron or brass wire)
4
U.S. Standard (for sheet and plate metal, wrought iron)
5
Standard Birmingham (BG) (for sheet and hoop metal) Imperial Standard Wire Gauge (SWG)
6
Tyler No.
400
325
270
250
200
170
150
115
100
80
65
60
48
42
35
32
28
24
20
18
14
12
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3-(1/2)
3
2-(1/2)
Standard Screen/Sieve Sizes

Inches
0.0015
0.0017
0.0021
0.0025
0.0029
0.0035
0.0041
0.0049
0.0058
0.0069
0.0082
0.0097
0.0116
0.0138
0.0164
0.0195
0.0232
0.0276
0.0328
0.039
0.046
0.055
0.065
0.078
0.093
0.11
0.131
0.156
0.185
0.221
0.283
0.312
Clear Opening
90
0.037
0.044
0.053
0.063
0.074
0.088
0.104
0.124
0.147
0.175
0.208
0.246
0.295
0.351
0.417
0.495
0.589
0.701
0.833
0.991
1.168
1.397
1.651
1.981
2.362
2.794
3.327
3.962
4.699
5.613
6.680
7.925
mm.
Wire Diam.
Nominal
0.001
0.0012
0.0015
0.0017
0.0021
0.0024
0.0026
0.0038
0.0042
0.0056
0.0071
0.0071
0.0092
0.01
0.0122
0.0118
0.0125
0.0141
0.0172
0.0235
0.025
0.028
0.0319
0.0328
0.0328
0.0328
0.036
0.044
0.065
0.065
0.07
0.088
(in.)
MOH's Hardness Scale Fundamental Physical Constants
Moh Substance Formula Knoop DPH Rc
Quantity Symbol Value
1 Talc 3MgO, 4SIO2,H20 ---- ---- ----
Velocity of light in vacuum c 2.997925x108m/s
2 Gypsum CaSo4,2H20 32 39 ----
Electron Charge qe -1.60199 x 10-19 Coul(abs.)
3 Calcite CaCO3 135 111 ----
4 Flourite CaF2 163 136 ---- Planck’s constant h 6.625 x 10-34 J-s
- Magnesia Mg9 370 300 29.8 Avogadro’s number No 6.0228 x 1023 molec./mol
5 Apatite CaF2,3Ca3(PO4)2 430 344 35.8 Electron rest mass me 9.10956 x 10-31 kg
- Glass sodalime 530 437 44.8 me 5.488 x 10-4 amu
6 Orthoclase K20,Al2o3,6SiO2 560 455 45.7 Proton rest mass mp 1.67261 x 10-27 kg
(Feldspar) mp 1.007593 amu
7 Quartz SiO2 820 522 50.6
Neutron rest mass mn 1.67544 x 10-27 kg
- Zirconia ZrO2 1160 935 67.8
8 Topaz (AlF)2SiO4 1340 ---- ---- mn 1.008982 amu
- Tung Carbide WC 2000 ---- ---- Boltzmann’s constant k 1.38062 x 10-23 J/°K
9 Corundum Al2O3 2100 ---- ---- Faraday’s constant F 96485 Coul(abs)/mol
(Alumina) Rydberg constant (Inf. mass) R∞ 1.0973731 x 107 m-1
- Tit. Carbide TiC 2470 ---- ---- Rydberg constant (for H) RH 1.09678 x 107 m-1
- Sil. Carbide SiC 2480 ---- ---- Neut. H-atom mass mH 1.008142 amu
- Bor. Cabide B4C 2750 ---- ----
Bohr radius ao 5.291772 x 10-11 m
10 Diamond C 7000 ---- ----
Bohr magneton B 9.27410 x 10-24 J/°K
Temperature Color Scale* Nuclear magneton B 5.05095 x 10-27 J/°K
Color °F °C Universal gas constant R 8.31439 J(abs)/(°K-mol)
Black Heat 800 - 9000 0430 - 4800 R 1.98719 cal/(°K-mol)
Faint Red 900 - 1050 0480 - 5700 R 0.082057 l-atm/(°K-mol)
Blood Red 1050 - 1170 0570 - 6300 R 1545.0 ft-lb/lb-mol-°R
Dark Cherry Red 1170 - 1240 0630 - 6700 Univ. gravitational constant G 6.673 x 10-11 N-m2/kg2
Medium Cherry Red 1240 - 1370 0670 - 7400 Mass of Earth mE 5.975 x 10-24 kg
Cherry or Dull Red 1370 - 1540 0740 - 8400 Mass of the sun mS 1.99 x 1030 kg = 333,000 x mE
Bright Red 1540 - 1650 0840 - 9000
Mean diameter of Earth - 12,742 km = 7918 mi
Red-Orange 1650 - 1730 0900 - 9400
Equatorial diameter of Earth - 12,756 km = 7926 mi
Orange 1730 - 1810 0940 - 9900
Lemon Yellow 1810 - 1980 0990 - 1080 Diameter of the sun - 1.39 x 109 m = 864,000 mi
Light Yellow 1980 - 2190 1080 -1200 Diameter of the moon - 3476 km = 2160 mi
White 2190 & above 1200 & above Mean dist. Earth to Sun 1 AU 1.494978 x 1011 m
*Observations made in a relatively dark place with no eyeshades. Mean dist. Earth to Moon - 384,4.3 km = 238,857 mi
Observations in lighter areas will tend to shift temperature higher. Standard gravity go 9.80665 m/s2
Grav. acc. (s.i., equator) g 9.78049 m/s2
91 92
SI Prefixes Greek Alphabet
Multiples and
Submultiples Prefix Symbol
Alpha
Beta
1018 exa E Gamma
1015 peta P Delta
Epsilon
1012 tera T
Zeta
109 giga G Eta
106 mega M Theta
Iota
103 kilo k
Kappa
102 hecto h
Lambda
10 deka da Mu
10-1 deci d
Nu
Xi ! "
10-2 centi c
Omicron # $
10-3 milli m Pi %
10-6 micro Rho &
Sigma '
10-9 nano n
Tau ( )
10-12 pico p Upsilon *
10-15 femto f Phi +
Chi , -
10-18 atto a
Psi . /
Omega 0 1
93 94
ALCO Chemical North America Africa Japan (Osaka)
Nippon-NSC, Ltd.
Worldwide Locations United States South Africa
Specialty Polymers
Alco Chemical Arkem (Pty.) Ltd.
& Adhesives Group
909 Mueller Drive, P.O. Box 12673
Sanbazuru Building
P.O.Box 5401 200 Lansdowne Road
1-6-5 Semba Nishi
Chattanooga, TN 37406-0401 Jacobs, Natal
Minoo, Osaka 562
Toll-free 800-251-1080 Durban 4052
Phone: 81-727-30-8895
Phone: 423-629-1405 Phone: 27 31 468 8722
Fax: 81-727-27-2193
Fax: 423-698-8723 Fax: 27 31 468 8556
Thailand
Canada South America National Starch & Chemical Ltd.
Nacan Products Limited
Argentina Specialty Polymers
Specialty Polymers
National Starch & Chemical S.A. & Adhesives Group
& Adhesives Group
Specialty Polymers & Bangna Towers C, 11th Floor,
50 Marie-Victorin Blvd.
Adhesives Group 2/3 Mu 14, Bangna Trad (Km6)
Boucherville, Quebec J4B 1V5
N. Avellaneda 1357 Bangplee, Samutprakarn
Phone 450-655-2220
1642 San Isidro 10540
Fax 450-655-6136
Phone: 54-11-4743-2066 Phone: 66-2-312-0530
Mexico Fax: 54-11-4742-2971 Fax: 66-2-312-0276
National Starch
Venezuela Taiwan
& Chemical S.A. de C.V.
National Starch & Chemical C.A. National Starch & Chemical Ltd.
Specialty Polymers
Specialty Polymers & No. 1, Kung Yeh I Road
& Adhesives Group
Adhesives Group Ping Cheng Industrial Park
Blvd. Miguel de Cervantes
Avenida Francisco de Miranda Ping Cheng City, Taoyuan Hsien
Saavedra No. 71
Centro Plaza, Torre “C” Phone: 886-3-469-6550
Col. Granada
Piso 15 Oficina 15F Fax: 886-3-419-1080
C.P. 11520 Mexico, D.F.
Phone: 52-5-262-7350 Caracas Korea
Fax: 52-5-531-0417 Phone: 58-2-2840035 National Starch & Chemical Ltd.
Fax: 58-2-2861827 18th floor, Sam Boo Bldg.
Europe 676 Yeoksam-dong
Asia-Pacific
Switzerland Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-080
Alco Chemical Europe China Phone: 82-2-527-6000
Specialty Polymers National Starch & Chemical Ltd. Fax: 82-2-527-6025/6
& Adhesives Group Specialty Polymers
& Adhesives Group Australia
Industriestrasse 16 National Starch
CH-6203 Guang Zhou Office
Rm 2702, Tower 2, & Chemical Pty., Ltd.
Sempach Station 7-9 Stanton Road
Phone: 41-41-469-6700 Dong-jun Plaza
836 Dong Feng Dong Road Seven Hills, Sydney NSW 2147
Fax: 41-41-469-6710 Phone: 61-2-9624-6022
Guangzhou 510080 P.R.C.
Phone: 86-20-8761-5092 Fax: 61-2-9624-1468
Fax: 86-20-8760-5440

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Alco Chemical,

909 Mueller Drive,

Cadmium Cd 48 112.41 2 320.9 765 8.65(s)

Cobalt Co 27 58.933 2,3 1495 2870 8.9(s)

Germanium Ge 32 72.59 4 937.4 2830 5.32(s)

Iodine In 53 126.9 ±1,5,7 113.5 184.35 11.27(g) 4.93(s)

Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 2 648.8 1090 1.738(s)

Protactinium Pa 91 231.04 5,4 15.37(s)

Scandium Sc 21 44.958 3 1541 2831 2.989 (s)

80 0.50683 62.22 0.85 71.7

110 1.275 61.98 0.61 69

120 1.6927 61.71 0.57 68.1

160 4.7414 60.99 0.41 64.2

170 5.9926 60.79 0.38 63.2

210 14.123 59.86 0.29 59.1

212 14.696 59.81 ---- 58.9

250 29.825 58.8 0.24 ----

300 67.005 57.31 0.2 ----

400 247.259 53.65 0.15 ----

500 680.86 48.95 0.13 ----

705.5 3208.2 19.69 ---- ----

Heat of fusion = 79.7 cal/g = 143.4 Btu/lbm

Boiling Point of Water

= 1.333 (liquid water)

= 1.309 (hexagonal solid)

= 0.915 g/cm3 @ 20° C

0.5 79.586 47.623 1048.6 1096.3 0.016071 641.5

14.696 212 180.17 970.3 1150.5 0.016719 26.799

70 302.93 272.7 907.8 1180.6 0.017482 6.205

900 531.95 526.7 669.7 1196.4 0.02123 0.5009

Properties of Air at Standard Atmospheric Pressure

400 4.62 2.450 1.7390 0.36471 2.2481 1.9249 0.681

50 281.02 v 10.062 11.306 12.529 13.741 14.947 16.150 17.350

100 327.82 v 4.935 5.588 6.216 6.833 7.443 8.050 8.655

h 1227.4 1279.3 1329.6 1379.5 1429.7 1480.4 1532.0

200 381.8 v 2.3598 2.7247 3.0583 3.3783 3.6915 4.0008 4.3077

300 417.35 v 1.7665 2.0044 2.2263 2.4407 2.6509 2.8585

400 444.6 v 1.2841 1.4763 1.6499 1.8151 1.9759 2.1339

500 467.01 v 0.9919 1.1584 1.3037 1.4597 1.5708 1.6992

600 486.2 v 0.7944 0.9456 1.0726 1.1892 1.3008 1.4093

800 518.21 v 0.6774 0.7828 0.8759 0.9631 1.0470

900 531.95 v 0.5869 0.6858 0.7713 0.8504 0.9262

1000 544.58 v 0.5137 0.608 0.6875 0.7603 0.8295

1500 596.2 v 0.3717 0.4350 0.4894 0.5394

2000 635.8 v 0.2488 0.3072 0.3534 0.3942

2500 688.11 v 0.1681 0.2293 0.2712 0.3068

3000 695.33 v 0.0982 0.1759 0.2161 0.2484

Gold 19.32 10.8 7.9 2060 2.4 1947 0.056

Molybdenum 10.22 46 2.77 900 5.1 4740 0.061

S.S. type 446 7.45 29 5.8 145 66.3 2600 0.12

15 21 2 10 (1/2) 120 X Frequency

Amps (kva known) 1000 (kva)

Amps (kW known)

Amps (HP known)

Cantilever Beam: Euler Buckling Equation:

• (uniformely distributed load, w (force/unit length) Pcr = 2EI

Maximum bending moment, Mmax = wL

2 Effective Lengths: Le Theoretical Recommended

Maximim deflection, max = wL

• (Point load at distance b from fixed end) (L = a + b)

Rectangle bh3/12 bh3/3

8 Moment of inertia: Ix = ∫ y2 dA; Iy = ∫ x2 dA

Pab(a + 2b) 3a(a + 2b)

• (uniformely distributed load, w (force/unit length) Pcr = 2EI

Binomial Theorem, for n = any positive integer: sin = y/r = 1/csc