An overview of LHC physics

Sukalyan Chattopadhyay
On behalf of INDIA-ALICE and INDIA-CMS Collaboration
 One of the biggest Scientific Challenge:

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to understand the very first moments of our Universe
after the Big Bang

Big Bang

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13.7 Billion Years
Today
1028 cm
2
 The Cosmic Calendar

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All Matter around us – very simple

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Proton : uud
Neutron : ddu
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Particles in the Standard model

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+ their anti-particles

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Higgs Mechanism

In 1964, 6 authors in 3 different papers (Brout and Englert, Higgs,

and Guralnik, Hagen, and Kibble) proposed a mechanism for making
the weak force carriers massive.

Depended on having these gauge bosons couple to something called

the Higgs field, which has a fourfold symmetry.

When the vacuum fluctuations of the Higgs field become non-zero,

the symmetry is broken, which makes the W+, W-, and Z bosons
massive and leaves a single scaler massive particle called the Higgs
boson.

Other particles (electrons, quarks, etc) can also acquire mass by

coupling to the Higgs field.
 The LHC and its experiments …

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Pt-5

CMS

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Pt-2
Pt-8

Pt-1
ALICE
LHC-B
ATLAS
 Concentrate energy to create
CMS

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new particles (Higgs, SUSY)

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 Concentrate energy to create
ATLASnew particles (Higgs, SUSY)

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 H → gg

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H → gg

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ATLAS
Events / 2 GeV

10000
Selected diphoton sample

8000
Data 2011+2012
Sig+Bkg Fit (m =126.8 GeV)

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H
Bkg (4th order polynomial)
6000 ATLAS Preliminary
H®g g
4000

2000
ò
s = 7 TeV, Ldt = 4.8 fb
-1

s = 8 TeV, ò Ldt = 20.7 fb

-1
Events - Fitted bkg

500
400
300
200
100
CMS
0
-100

11
-200
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
mg g [GeV]
 H → ZZ → mmmm

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LHCb Matter-Antimatter assymetry

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 November 5 2019
"Particle physics is the unbelievable in pursuit of
the unimaginable. To pinpoint the smallest
fragments of the universe you have to build the

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biggest machine in the world.”

The Guardian
Source: lhc-machine-outreach.web.cern.ch/lhc-machine-outreach/

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Evidences of Dark Matter

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Gravitational lensing
how fast stars rotate around Wilkinson Microwave
galactic centres Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

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Proton mass

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Quarks

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The mass of a proton is
much larger than the Dynamics
mass of the quarks that 98%
make up the proton.
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ALICE Dedicated experiment

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to study QGP Matter

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Size: 16 x 26 meters
Weight: 10,000 tonnes
 Pb-Pb collision at ALICE

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 A New form of Matter

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Analysis in all fronts in ALICE and CMS are being carried out by about 100 PhD scholars 20
A Hardware Deliverable

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1. Design motivated by the experimental goal
2. Innovation and new development – prototyping Collaboration between
3. Validation of the design lab and industry
4. Production/Fabrication
5. Installation

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6. Commissioning
7. Collection of Physics data
8. Analysis of data
9. Physics interpretation
10. Manuscript for publication

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Detector Hardware in CMS
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 Detector Hardware in ALICE

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Readout Electronics for ALICE and CMS

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Multiplexed ANAlog Signal Processor (MANAS)

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Indigenous
Effort

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Major Milestones

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Data collected with MANAS have led to 35 publications in reputed international journals 27
ALICE upgrade

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• ALICE has started LS2 upgrade.
• ALICE will be able to collect pp and p-Pb data at 200 kHz and Pb-Pb 50 kHz in Run3 of LHC.
• Essential for a detailed understanding of QGP.

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CMS Phase-2 Upgrade and Indian Participation

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Discovery Driven Planning

March 6 2019
Rita Gunther McGrath and Ian C. MacMillan (1995)
• In conventional planning, the correctness of a plan is generally judged by how close
outcomes come to projections – fund the entire project – can predict a positive outcome.
• In discovery-driven planning, it is assumed that plan parameters may change as new
information is revealed - funds are released based on the accomplishment of key
milestones or checkpoints.
Risk management based on stepwise funding.

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In fundamental research:

• Major funding at the beginning (either there is LHC/LIGO/SKA/INO/MACE or not)

• Risk management becomes a key issue.
Mobilization of resources – Worldwide Collaborations
Technology Innovations both hardware and software well before the commissioning of
the facility
Thorough review process at every stage of the development
Strict timelines leading to readiness for data collection and analysis on Day 0.

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 November 5 2019
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There is a lot more information about the LHC and associate physics at home.web.cern.ch