Name: Jela Clamohoy Lage BSA II-B Teacher: Mr.

Randy Elopre
Schedule: M-W 8:00 am - 9:00 am Subject: PE12

1. What is the history of Volleyball?

Originally known as “Mintonette”, volleyball was the brainchild of American William G.
Morgan, who came up with the idea for the new sport in 1895.
As a student at the Springfield College in Massachusets, he had befriended James
Naismith who, in 1891, had himself invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan went on
to become director of physical education at the Young Man’s Christian Association
(YMCA) in Holyoke, Massachusets and it was there that he devised his new sport, which
was designed to be a combination of basketball, baseball, tennis and handball.
Morgan was keen for his sport to offer a less physically intense and demanding
alternative to Naismith’s basketball, one that would appeal to a far broader range of ages
and physical abilities. Describing his early experimentations, he said: “In search of an
appropriate game, tennis occurred to me, but this required rackets, balls, a net and other
equipment, so it was eliminated, but the idea of a net seemed a good one. We raised it to
a height of about 6 feet, 6 inches [1.98 meters] from the ground, just above the head of an
average man. We needed a ball and among those we tried was a basketball bladder, but
this was too light and too slow. We therefore tried the basketball itself, which was too big
and too heavy.”
It was not until 1900 that a specially designed ball – lighter and smaller – was devised,
which opened up a whole new range of tactical and technical possibilities for the sport.
The offensive style of setting and spiking was first showcased in 1916, in the Philippines.
Over the years that followed the rules of the sport were further refined and standardized.
In 1917, the scoring system per game was changed from 21 to 15 points, while in 1920
the rule stipulating a maximum of three hits per team was instituted.
Until the early 1930s volleyball was for the most part a game of leisure and recreation,
and there were only a few international activities and competitions. There were different
rules of the game in the various parts of the world; however, national championships were
played in many countries (for instance, in Eastern Europe where the level of play had
reached a remarkable standard).

Timeline of Significant Volleyball Events

 In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport
 In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to
be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.
 In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.
 In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
 In 1922, the first YMCA National Championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. Twenty-
 seven from 11 states were represented.
 in 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.
 In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved and recognized.
 In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S
Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.
 In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.
 In 1948, the first-two man beach tournament was held.
 In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
 In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
 In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association was formed.
 In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.
 In 1988, the U.S. Men repeated the gold in the Olympics in Korea.
 In 1990, the World League was created.
 In 1995, the sport of volleyball was created 100 years old.
 In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an Olympic sport.

2. What are the importance of Volleyball?

Volleyball is important when it comes in improving one’s health. It strengthen the
upper body, arms, shoulders, thigh and lower legs of the players. It improves body
flexibility, reflexes, and body coordination. It is also great from of exercise. In addition to
that, volleyball is also important in building character and attitude. Volleyball teaches
teamwork and communication, which is crucial in playing sport.

3. What are the terms of Volleyball?

Pass - the first contact after a serve is considered a “pass”. The player who passes the
ball is called the “passer”. Usually a pass is made with a player’s forearms but can also be
made overhead with two open hands.
Set - the second contact (after a pass or dig) is considered a “set”. The player who sets is
called the “setter”. Usually a set made with two hands overhead. A bump set is made with
player’s forearms. A player can also set the ball over the net on the first, second or third
contact with the same motion.
Hit/attack/spike - typically the third contact when a player uses one open hand and
swings at the ball to send it over the net is called a “hit/attack/spike. The player who hits
the ball is called the “hitter/attacker/spiker. These three terms are used interchangeable.
The whole hand is loosely cupped in the shaped of the ball and the entire hand (palm and
fingers) should contact the ball. In some situations a player may choose to attack on the
second contact instead of the third.
Serve - the first contact that starts every rally is called a “serve”. The player who serves is
called the “server”. Usually a server uses one, open hand to swing overhead and send the
ball over the net from behind the end line. Less experienced players may serve
underhand with one closed fist. Sometimes younger age groups are allowed to serve from
within the court so be sure to check local league rules. These are 3 main types of serves
that are defined below.
Dig- the first contact made after the attacker from the other teams sends the ball over to
the defensive team said to be a “dig”. Digs can be made with the forearms, open or closed
hands or any other part of the body. The first contact made after an attacker from the
other team sends the ball over to the defensive team is said to be a “dig”. Digs can be
made with the forearms, open and closed hands or any other part of the body.
Block - This move/contact is made by a player at the net to prevent the ball from coming
over when an opposing player is sending the ball over the net. This move is made with
two extended arms with open hands above their head. This contact does not count as one
of the three contacts a team is allowed to make. The same player that blocks the ball may
contact the ball again as the first of their team’s three contacts. When two players block at
the same time it is called a “double block”. When three players block at the same time it is
called a “triple block”.
Stuff Block - When a defensive team stops the ball from crossing the net as an opposing
player tries to send it over. The ball then falls back to the floor in side the court on the side
of the team that was attempting to hit it over.
Tool - The ball is deflected by a blocker but falls to the floor either outside the court on
either side or onto the court on the same side as the blocker. This earns a point for the
attacker’s team.
Joust - When players from opposing teams play the ball simultaneously, it is called a
“joust”.
Cover - The attack is blocked back onto the attacker’s side but a member of the same
team digs the ball and the rally continues. A textbook rally would follow this pattern of
contacts: Serve, pass, set, hit, dig, set, hit, dig, etc. with the possibility of having a stuff
block, covered block or deflection as well.
Platform - Refers to the forearms when they are put together by holding both hands
together to create one larger surface for the ball to bounce off of.
Sprawl/Dive - When a player lands on the floor with their body in an attempt to save the
ball with their arm or arms before it hits the floor it is called a “sprawl” or “dive”. This is
considered an emergency move.
Pancake - When a player lands on the floor with their body in an attempt to save the ball
with one open hand on the floor to allow the ball to bounce off of it is called a “pancake”.
This is considered an emergency move.
Free Ball - When a team sends the ball over the net to their opponents with their forearms
they are said to be giving a “free ball”. Considered an easier play for the defensive team.
Down Ball - When a player who is standing on the floor and swinging with an open hand
to hit the ball over the net, it is usually called a “down ball”. Traditionally a “down ball”
means the blockers at the net should not jump and instead stay down on the floor when
an opposing player is sending the ball over the net.
Roll Shot - When a player slows down the speed of their arm swing while attacking to
send the ball shorter in the court and in front of the defenders, it is called a “roll shot”. The
arm still makes the same motion as a full speed attack and the whole hand makes contact
with the ball.
Dump - When a setter sends the ball over the net on their team’s second contact instead
of setting a player on their own team to hit it over the net it is called a “dump” or “setter
attack”. A setter can do so tipping or hitting the ball over with one open hand or setting it
over with two open hands. They may do so while standing on the floor or jumping in the
air.
Tip - When a player uses one open hand to send the ball over the net it is called a “tip”.
The player uses the pads of their fingers to contact the ball and control the direction it is
sent. Tips are usually sent short in the court but can also be sent deep. A tip is in contrast
to swinging the arm to hit the ball over the net.
Float Serve - A serve in which the ball does not spin is considered a “float serve”. This
serve often changes direction and floats in unexpected trajectories.
Jump Serve - A serve in which the server approaches and jumps to hit the ball while in
the air to send the ball over the net with spin with the top of the ball rotating down towards
the floor from the passers perspective. This serve is also referred to as a “Spike serve”.
Float Serve Serve - A serve in which the server approaches and jumps to hit the ball
while in the air to send the ball over the net with no spin is called a “jump float serve”.
Ace - A serve that is un-returnable in which it either hits the floor or a controlled second
contact cannot be made off of the pass. This type of pass is often called a “shank”. An ace
results in a point for the serving team.
Under-Hand Serve - A serve that is sent over by keeping the serving arm down and
hitting the stationary ball in the opposite hand with a fist. This serve is often taught to
beginner players.
Over Pass - The pass by the team receiving the serve that is sent immediately back over
the net to the serving team on accident is called an “overpass”.
Rally - While the ball is in play it is said to be a “rally”.
Side-out - When a team is on serve receive and wins the rally, it is called a “side-out”.
Approach - The footwork an attacker uses to time the set, gain momentum and jump
before contacting the ball to hit it over the net is called an “approach”.
Arm Swing- The movement a hitter or server’s arm makes to generate force before
contacting the ball.
Hitting Error - When a player hits the ball either into the net or the antenna, or outside of
the court or antenna it is called an “attack/hitting error”.
Kill - An attack that is un-returnable in which it either hits the floor or a controlled second
contact cannot be made off of the dig. This type of dig is often called a “shank”. A kill
results in a point for the attacking team.
Sideline - The two lines that run the length of the court are called “sidelines”. They are a
total of 60 feet long and line up with the antennas that designate the side boundaries of
the court. A server must serve from between these lines.
End Line - The two lines that run the width of the court are called “end lines”. They are
each 30 ft long and designate the end boundary of the court. At most levels, a server must
contact the ball with out stepping on this line to serve.
Center Line - The line that runs the width of the court under the net is called the “center
line”. This line is also 30 ft long and designates the floor boundary between the two teams.
Be sure to inquire locally regarding this line as rules regarding crossing or stepping on this
line can vary.
10 ft (3m) line - The line that runs the width of the court 10 ft from the net is called the “10
ft line”. This line designates the boundary for jumping to attack for back-row players as
well as the boundary for Liberos setting overhead to an attacker.
Antenna/pin - The thin, red and white striped poles that is attached to both sides of the
net at the sidelines are called the “antennas”. These designate a vertical boundary of play
that extends up to the ceiling of the gym. The ball is considered out if it touches the
antenna or the net between the antenna and the pole as well as if the ball travels across
the net over or outside of the antenna.
Poles - The metal structures used to hold and tighten the net are called “poles”. There are
many different companies that manufacture net systems and different types of poles.
There should always be a pad around the poles for players’ safety. In most leagues, it is
legal for players to run past a pole to play a ball but the ball must travel back to their side
outside of the antenna and then sub sequentially played to the opposing team between
the antennas.
Tight - When the ball is sent close to the net (approximately 0-2 feet) it is said to be
“tight”.
Off - When the ball is sent away from the net (more than 5 feet or so), it is said to be “off”.
Inside - When the ball is sent more than 5 feet inside of the sidelines, it is said to be
“inside”.
Outside - When the ball is sent outside of the sidelines, it is said to be “outside”.
Short - When the ball is sent over the net in front of a player, it is said to be “short”.
Deep - When the ball is sent over the net behind a player, it is said to be “deep”.
Line - When the ball travels down the same sideline from one team to the other it is said
to be hit down the “line”. This term can also be used to designate the defender that is near
the same line the attacker is closest to. They are said to be the “line defender”.
Crosscourt/Angle - When the ball travels from one sideline to the other from one team to
the opposing team it is said to be hit “crosscourt/angle”. This term can also be used to
designate the defender that is near the opposite line the attacker is closest to. They are
said to be the “crosscourt/angle defender”.
Let Serve - When the serve hits the net and continues over to the receiving team, it is a
live ball and called a “let serve”.
Press/Penetrate - The movement a blocker should make with their hands so that they are
over on the opponents side of the net. This creates an angle that the attack will reflect off
of and land back on the attacker’s side of the court.
Call the Ball - Communication is key in this team sport. Players should make an early call
to indicate they will play it. Common phrases used are “I go” or “mine”. Players should
also call names of players and sets during play as well as other useful information like
“short”, “deep”, “inside”, etc.
Substitution - When one player is replaced by another during a game, this is called a
“substitution”. Depending on the league, the number of substitutions is limited per game.
Once a player on the bench crosses in front of the 10 ft line, they have entered the
substitution zone and must be subbed in. Players are to wait, one inside the court and one
outside the court, in front of the 10 ft line until signaled by the bookkeeper to switch.
Rotation Home - As a team rotates so that each player serves once in the same order as
the original line-up, the player’s “rotation home” changes. Each player will sequentially
play in all 6 “rotational home” positions. If a player begins the game as right back, there
rotational home will be “right-back” until they rotate and then their “rotational home” will
then be “middle-back”, then “left-back”, then “left-front”, then “middle-front”, then “right-
front”, then “right-back” again and so on and so forth.
Base Defense - The defensive spot on the floor that a player stands at and then possibly
moves from depending on who is set on the opposing team is called “base defense”.
Coaches determine the “base defense” they want their players to use based on the
defensive strategy they want to use. This decision should be based on the opponent’s
tendencies and the abilities of the defensive team.
Serve Receive - When a team is being served at, they are said to be on “serve receive”.
Players are required to remain in their rotation home before the serve until the server
contacts the ball. This requires teams to create serve receive formations to account for
this rule and still put players in the best possible place to play the serve and run an
offense. Specific details for serve receive formations are described in a subsequent
section.
Game/Set - Depending on the league or tournament, a “game” or “set” is to a
predetermined amount of points. Games must be won by two points unless a
predetermined point cap is in place. Typically games are to 25 points unless teams are
tied in number of games won and are breaking the tie in the final game. That tie-breaker
game is typically to 15 points.
Match - A match is a predetermined number of games, often best or 3 or 5 games.
Time-Out - A coach, player or referee can call a stoppage in play for a variety of reasons.
The stoppage is referred to as a “time-out”. They are often 60 seconds in length unless it
is an injury timeout.
Libero Entry - A libero does not enter as a sub does. Instead, the player may enter for
any back-row player at any time by crossing into the court through the sideline behind the
10 ft line while the other player exits the court the same way but not necessarily at the
exact same time.
Line-up Sheet - The official sheet used by a coach to enter their line-up for each game.
Usually there will be a rectangle with 6 boxes to enter the 6 starting players and an
additional, detached one for the libero’s number. The roman numerals in each box
designate the position in which each player will begin and the order in which they will
serve.
Volleyball Positions - Below is a list of all volleyball positions and an explanation of
each.
Outside Hitter - The player that plays on the left side of the court in the front and back-
row is called the “outside hitter” or “left-side hitter”. This player’s main job is to attack and
pass. Typically this player is best at terminating the ball and will receive 60% or more of
the sets in a match. They should be trained in hitting in less than perfect situations as bad
passes should be set to this player to attack. If this player will play back-row as well, they
will also need to be a strong serve receive passer, server and defender.
Middle Blocker - The player that plays in the middle of the court in the front-row is called
the “middle blocker”. This player’s main job is to attack and block. Typically this player hits
well in med to perfect situations and can move well along the net as well as get their
hands over onto the opponents side of the net while they are blocking. This player is often
replaced by the libero in the back-row but this decision should be based on the abilities of
the players on the team.
Opposite/Right Side - The player that plays on the right side of the court in the front-row
and back-row and is not setting is called the “opposite”. This player’s main job is to attack
and block and is less involved in play at lower levels because of the difficulty of back
setting to them. This player will be blocking on 60% or more of the plays since the
opposing outside hitters will receive the majority of sets.
Setter - The player in charge of the second ball is called the “setter”. They don’t
necessarily play ever second ball but they are in charge of determining who will play the
second ball. This player’s main job is set a “hit-able” ball for their teammates and allow the
hitters to do the work to score. They most often play on the right side of the court either in
the front-row, back-row or both (again, this decision should be based on the abilities of the
players on the team).
Libero - The player who wears a different color jersey and only plays in the back-row
(typically middle-back) is called the “libero”. This player’s main job is to serve receive
pass, play defense and step in as the back up setter. They are allowed to play for any/all
of the 6 players on the court in the back-row. Depending on the league, 1 or 2 liberos may
be designated at the beginning of the match and used in any game. If 2 liberos may play,
then they may replace each other at any time but cannot play together at the same time.
Defensive Specialist (DS) - The player that subs in for another player just to play back-
row is called a “defensive specialist”. This player’s main job is to play defense and pass
on serve receive. They can be subbed in at any time but typically are subbed in before
their teammate serves to serve in their place or after their teammate serves to start on
serve receive (base this decision on the abilities of the players).
Serving Specialist - The player subbed in only to serve for their teammate is called a
“serving specialist”. Once the opposing team side’s out, this player is subbed out (base
this decision on the abilities of the players).
Left-Back - The back-row area on the left is called “left-back”. A player can be said to play
“left-back” on defense or serve receive.Middle-back- The back-row area in the middle is
called “middle-back”. A player can be said to play “middle-back” on defense or serve
receive.Right-back- The back-row area on the right is called “right-back”. A player can be
said to play “right-back” on defense or serve receive.
Left-Front - The front-row area on the left is called “left-front”. A player can be said to play
“left-front” on defense or offense.
Middle-Front - The front-row area in the middle is called “middle-front”. A player can be
said to play “middle-front” on defense or offense.
Right-Front - The front-row area on the right is called “right-front”. A player can be said to
play “right-front” on defense or offense.
Wing-Defender - The right-back and left-back players are referred to as the “wing
defenders”.
Wing-Blocker - The right-front and left-front players are referred to as the “wing blockers”.
Off-Blockers- The player or players that don’t block on a particular play are called the
“off-blockers”. They should move to 10×10 (10 ft off the net and 10 ft into the court) to
defend against the tip. If all 3 players choose not to block, they should split the court
evenly between the side lines and come off to between 5 and 8 ft off the net so as not to
block the vision of the back-row players.
Volleyball Set Definitions - Below is a list of common volleyball set definitions.
4 or “Hut” - A high, front-row set to the left side of the court is often called a “4/Hut”. This
is typically a 1st step set.
Go - A faster version of the hut listed above. This is a 2 nd step set to the front row outside
hitter (left side).
5 - A high, front-row set to the right side of the court is often called a “5”. This is one type
of “backset”. This is typically a 1st step set.
Red - A faster version of the “5”. An overhead play that is typically ran as a 2 nd step set.
2 - A high, front-row set to the middle of the court is often called a “2”.
1/Quick - A lower, front-row set to the middle of the court is often called a “1/Quick”. This
can be a 3rd or 4th step set.
Gap - A 3rd step set to the middle blocker. This is typically a fixed point set about 4 feet left
of center. The purpose of the set is to attack the “gap” in between the middle blocker and
then A2 blocker.
Back-Row Set - A high, set to or slightly in front of the 10 ft line is often called a “back-row
set/attack”. Typically a team will have 3 different back-row sets each with a different
name. Some teams add more options. If jumping, a player must take off from behind the
10 ft line to contact the ball.
Back-Row Set - A high, set to or slightly in front of the 10 ft line is often called a “back-
row set/attack”. Typically a team will have 3 different back-row sets each with a different
name. Some teams add more options. If jumping, a player must take off from behind the
10 ft line to contact the ball.
Back-Row Set - A high, set to or slightly in front of the 10 ft line is often called a “back-
row set/attack”. Typically a team will have 3 different back-row sets each with a different
name. Some teams add more options. If jumping, a player must take off from behind the
10 ft line to contact the ball.
Pipe - A set to or slightly in front of the 10 ft line to the middle of the court is often called a
“pipe”. Typically this ball is set to the back-row outside hitter.
Bic - A faster version of the pipe. This can be a 2 nd step, 2.5 step or 3rd step set.
Fixed Point Set- A set that always has the same target point is called a “Fixed Set”. This
means that no matter where the pass takes the setter, the target for the set remains the
same for the hitter and setter. As the pass moves the setter, she must change the height,
speed and distance of the set to make it land in the fixed target location.
Floating Point Set - A set with a different target point on the floor depending on the pass
is called a “floating point set”. This means that depending on where the pass takes the
setter, the target for the set changes for the hitter and setter. For example, a Quick can be
a Fixed Point Set 2 feet from the setter so the height of this set would look exactly the
same no matter where the pass takes the setter but would land in a different spot.
Serve/Receive & Overlap - Below are a few terms explaining serve receive formations
and overlap rules.
Serve-Receive - When a team is being served at, they are said to be on “serve receive”.
Players are required to remain in their rotation home before the serve until the server
contacts the ball. This requires teams to create serve receive formations to account for
this rule that allows players to be in the best possible place to play the serve and run an
offense based on their abilities.*When developing a rotation formation, the following are
possible considerations:
 Can I get my best passer in the middle of the floor?
 Are my front-row outside hitters free to hit, or do I make them pass?
 Do I give my best hitters easy access to where they hit best?
 Do I allow for an easy setter entry?
 Can I incorporate a “Plan B” in case I have a player in trouble (passing or
hitting)?
Front Row / Back-Row -Here’s a general overview of how the overlap rules work in
volleyball. Players must be in front of (or behind) ONLY their respective back-row (or front-
row) counterpart. So left-front must be in front of left-back, middle-front in front of middle-
back, etc. Left side positions have no front/behind concerns relative to middle or right side
positions.

Adjacent (side to side): Players in the front-row must be positioned correctly ONLY with
respect to their adjacent counterparts in the front-row, as must players in the back-row. So
left-front must be to the left of middle-front, middle-front must be in between left-front and
right-front, and right-front to the right of middle-front.
Back-row players must be positioned correctly with respect to their adjacent counterparts
in the back-row as well. Front-row players have no adjacency concerns relative to back-
row players and vice versa.
Volleyball Systems – Offense. Below are the most common offensive systems in
volleyball.
5-1 -This is one of the two most popular offensive systems used in volleyball. The “5”
indicates that five players are hitters at some point in the game and “1” player is the setter.
The setter typically plays right-front and right-back and remains the setter for the length of
the game. The main benefit of this system is the consistency from the setting position.
6-2 - This is one of the two most popular offensive systems used in volleyball. The “6”
indicates that six players are hitters at some point in the game and “2” players are setters
at some point in the game. This system can be run with or without subs. The setter
typically plays right-back and remains the setter while she is in the back-row.
A 6-2 with subs, has the setter subbed out for a hitter when she rotates into the front-row
and the hitter rotating to the back-row is subbed out for the second setter. The main
benefits of this system are having three front-row hitters at all times, simpler server
receive formations (you do three different ones and repeat rather than six and then
repeat), and more players get a substantial amount of playing time.
A 6-2 without subs would mean that when the setter rotates to the front-row she is now a
hitter and the hitter that rotates to the back-row at that same time becomes the setter. The
main benefit to this system is that players that can set, hit and pass well can contribute in
all areas for the team.
4-2 - The “4” indicates that four players are hitters at some point in the game and “2”
players are setters at some point in the game. The setter typically plays right-front or
middle-front and remains the setter while she is in the front-row. When the setter rotates
to the back-row she is now a passer and the player that rotates to the front-row at that
same time becomes the setter. The main benefits to this system is that setters have easy
entry on serve receive and defense, the setter can legally dump at all times and players
that can both set and pass well can contribute in both areas for the team.
6-3 - The “6” indicates that six players are hitters at some point in the game and “3”
players are setters at some point in the game. The three setters are staggered in every
other position in the lineup. The setter typically plays right-front or middle-front on defense
and remains the setter for two rotations. When the setter rotates to the back-row she is
now a passer and the player that rotates to middle-front at that same time becomes the
setter. The main benefit to this system is that players that can set, hit and pass well can
contribute in all areas for the team.
6-6 - The first “6” indicates that six players are hitters at some point in the game and “6”
players are setters at some point in the game. The setter typically plays right-front or
middle-front and remains the setter for one rotation. When the setter rotates from that
position she is now a hitter and the player that rotates to either right-front or middle-front
at that same time becomes the setter. The main benefit to this system is that players learn
and practice all 5 skills of the game. In addition, players that can set, hit and pass well can
contribute in all areas for the team.
Volleyball Systems – Defense
Middle-Middle Defense - This defensive system has middle-back play half way between
the end line and the 10 ft line and half way between the sidelines. The player stays there
and turns to face the attacker. Base defense for the wing defenders is 2×2 (two steps in
from the sideline and two steps back from the 10 ft line). The wing defenders may stay
there or move from their base defense depending on what gets set and what they see. If
the outside hitter of the opposing team shows that they are swinging and can not hit 12-15
feet down the sideline, then right-back would back up and move to be arm distance from
the sideline. Off blockers play defense 10 ft into the court and 10 ft off the net.
Rotation Defense - This defensive system has the line defender move up to the 10 ft line
to play for the tip. Middle-back then rotates over toward the line defender that is covering
the tip. The other back-row defender rotates over towards the middle of the court. The off-
blocker pulls off to behind the 10 ft line to defend a sharp cross-court swing. If the outside
hitter is attacking on the opposing team, right back moves up for the tip. Middle-back
rotates to the right, left-back rotates to the right as well and left-front comes off to left-back
to defend.Perimeter- This defensive system has each player move backwards to their
respective sideline or end line to play defense. Middle-back stands on the end line in the
middle of the court, left-back stands on the left sideline, etc. Off blockers pull off the net to
the 10 ft line.
Middle-Up Defense - This defensive system has middle-back move up to the 10 ft line
and left-back and right-back move back towards their respective corners to play defense.
Off blockers pull off the net to the 10 ft line.
Perimeter Defense - Defensive players start on the sidelines and end-line. The theory
behind this system is it’s easier to move toward the center of the court than away from the
center of the court. This system has the potential to move defenders away from where
balls land most (in the middle of the court) so we don’t recommend it for most levels.

4. What are the basics rules of Volleyball?

 6 players on a team, 3 on the front row and 3 on the back row
 Maximum of three hits per side
 Player may not hit the ball twice in succession (A block is not considered a hit)
 Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve
 A ball hitting a boundary line is “in”
 A ball is “out” if it hits…
 An antennae,
 The floor completely outside the court,
 Any of the net or cables outside the antennae,
 The referee stand or pole,
 The ceiling above a non-playable area
 It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a players body
 It is illegal to catch, hold, or throw the ball
 If two or more players contact the ball at the same time, it is considered one play and
either player involved may make the next contact (provided the next contact isn’t the
teams 4th hit)
 A player can not block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10 foot line
 After the serve, front line players may switch positions at the net
 At higher competition, the officiating crew may be made up of two refs, line judges,
scorer, and an assistant scorer
 The result of a violation is a point for the opponent.
 When serving, stepping on or across the service line as you make contact with the
serve
 Failure to serve the ball over the net successfully
 Contacting the ball illegally (lifting, carrying, throwing, etc. )
 Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play. Exception: If the
ball is driven into the net with such force that it causes the net to contact an opposing
player, no foul will be called, and the ball shall continue to be in play.
When blocking a ball coming from the opponents court, contacting the ball when reaching
over the net is a violation if both:
1) your opponent hasn’t used 3 contacts AND
2) they have a player there to make a play on the ball
 When attacking a ball coming from the opponents court, contacting the ball when
reaching over the net is a violation if the ball hasn’t yet broken the vertical plane of the
net.
 Crossing the court centerline with any part of your body. Exception: if it’s the hand or
foot, the entire hand or entire foot must cross for it to be a violation.
 Back row player blocking (deflecting a ball coming from their opponent), when at the
moment of contact the back row player is near the net and has part of his/her body
above the top of the net (an illegal block).
 Back row player attacking a ball inside the front zone ( the area inside the 10 foot
line), when at the moment of contact the ball is completely above the net (an illegal
attack

5. What is the nature of Volleyball?

Volleyball is basically played by two teams of six players each on a court 60 by 30 feet,
divided into two halves, with a net 8 feet high (7 feet 41/4 inches high in women’s
volleyball). Volley ball can be played either indoors or outdoors and you do not need
expensive equipment to be able to play. The players are designated as left, center, and
right forwards and left, center, and right backs. When it is a teams turn to serve, every
player rotates one position clockwise and the right back serves..
The object of the game is to keep the ball from striking the floor on your side of the net
and to return it so that it strikes the floor on your opponents side before they can return it.
The ball is put in play from anywhere behind the rear boundary line by the right back, who
serves it across the net into the opponents court. The ball is then volleyed back and forth
until one team or the other fails to return the ball. If the serving team makes an error, it
loses the serve, and the receiving team scores a point. An error by the receiving team
gives one point to the servers. A team continues to serve as long as it scores. A point is
scored on each serve, by the team who wins the volley.

6. What are the educational objectives of Volleyball?

As part of Physical Education, volleyball attempts to produce students that are
knowledgeable enough about sports especially volleyball. The educational objectives of
volleyball is to make students understand basic volleyball rules. It encourage students to
actively participated in developing skills that are necessary in playing volleyball. it also a
medium for aspiring volleyball player to improve their skills and to have awareness about
the possible opportunities in playing volleyball.

7. What are the six T’s of Volleyball?

 Teaching
 Techniques
 Theory
 Tactics
 Team Work
 Training
8. What are the correct dimensions of the Volleyball court and the correct
specification of the facilities and equipments of the volleyball?

Center Line
A center line is marked at the center of the court dividing it equally into 30 feet squares,
above which the net is placed.

Attack Line
An attack line is marked 10 feet of each side of the center line.

Service Line
A service line, the area from which the server may serve the volleyball, is marked 10 feet
inside the right sideline on each back line.

The Net
The net is placed directly above the center line, 7 feet 4 inches above the ground for
women and 8 feet above the ground for men.

Poles
Volleyball poles should be set at 36 feet apart, 3 feet further out from the sidelines.
Ceiling Height
The minimum ceiling height should be 23 feet, though they should preferably be higher.

9. What are the preoperational development of match in volleyball?

 Cognitive Development
 Moral Development
 Physical Development
10. Who are the officials of volleyball and their respected duties and responsibility?
Scorers
The official scorer keeps track of the score throughout the volleyball game. Before the
game begins the scorer notes the starting lineup of each team and notifies the referees if
the lineup was not received on time.

If a dispute or irregularity arises regarding the score, the scorer uses a buzzer to notify
the first and second referees. Additionally, when a substitution request arises, the scorer
notifies the referees.

Line Judges
At least two, and as many as four, line judges monitor each game. The line judges stand
at the corners of the court watching the lines to indicate whether a ball in play falls in or
out of the court.

If a server steps on the line during a serve, the line judge watching the given line notifies
the referees using a flag. When a player touches an out-of-play ball or if the ball hits an
antenna, the designated line judge also indicates the interference.

First Referee
The first referee stands on the referee stand and controls the play of the entire game.
Whatever issues arise during the game, the first referee determines the call and the has
the final say. After making a call, no player or other referee can argue the call, although a
formal protest can be placed with the scorer. Before the match begins, the first referee
inspects the equipment and the players' uniforms. The warm-ups and the coin toss also
fall under the jurisdiction of the first referee. Throughout the match, the first referee makes
calls regarding faults and scoring issues. Following the match, the first referee notes the
score and signs the official paperwork.
Second Referee
The second referee works to assist the first referee throughout the game. If for some
reason the first referee cannot finish her duties, the second referee may take the place of
the first referee.The second referee stands next to the post opposite the first referee. In
addition to assisting the first referee with determining faults throughout the game, the
second referee is in charge of all substitutions, timeouts and the actions of the scorer's
table.

11. What are playing action and fault of volleyball?

Line-up Faults

 A player is not in the correct line-up position before the set starts, they must go
back to their line-up position. Penalty: None.
 A player is not in the correct line-up position after the set starts, they must go back
to their line-up position. Penalty: Side-Out
 A player not on the team roster is on court, a revised line-up must be submitted and
new registered player needs to be sent into the court. Penalty: team at fault loses
all points and sets from the moment the unregistered player entered the
court (even if this leads to a 0:25 score) plus a Side-Out.
 A player is illegally substituted. Penalty: team at fault loses all points and sets
from the moment the unregistered player entered the court (even if this leads
to a 0:25 score) plus a Side-Out.

Playing the Ball Faults

 Four Hits: a team contacts the ball more than 3 times in addition to
blocking. Penalty: Side-Out
 Assisted Hit: a player takes support from a teammate or other object/structure to
reach the ball within the playing area. Penalty: Side-Out
 Catch: a ball is caught and thrown rather than rebounded off a player’s
body. Penalty: Side-Out
 Doubt Contact: a player contacts the ball with any part of their body more than
once in succession. Penalty: Side-Out
 Ball Out: the ball lands completely outside the playing court. Penalty: Side-Out

Faults at the Net

 A player contacts the ball in the opponent’s playing space before or during their
opponent’s attack hit. Penalty: Side-Out
 A player interferes with the opponent’s play by penetrating the space under the
net. Penalty: Side-Out
 A player’s foot steps completely over the centre line into the opponent’s
court. Penalty: Side-Out
  A player interferes with the match by touching the net or antennae. Penalty: Side-
Out

Service Faults

 A player serves out of their team’s line-up order. Penalty: Side-Out

 A player steps on the end line when serving. Penalty: Side-Out
 The served ball fails to completely pass through the space above the net. Penalty:
Side-Out
 Screen: players in front of the server obscure the view of the server and the path of
the ball. Penalty: Side-Out

Attack Hit Faults

 A player hits the ball while it is still in the opponent’s playing space. Penalty: Side-
Out
 A back-row player contacts the ball from the front zone when it is above the height
of the net. Penalty: Side-Out
 A player completes an attack hit or contacts the ball above the height of the net
directly on the opponent’s serve. Penalty: Side-Out
 A Libero contacts the ball above the height of the net. Penalty: Side-Out
 A player completes an attack hit from an overhead finger pass from a Libero in the
front zone. Penalty: Side-Out

Blocking Faults

 The blocker contacts the ball in the opponent’s space before or during the
opponent’s attack hit. Penalty: Side-Out
 A back-row player or Libero participates in a completed block. Penalty: Side-Out
 A player blocks the opponent’s service. Penalty: Side-Out
 A ball lands “out” off a player’s block. Penalty: Side-Out
 The Libero attempts to perform a solo or team block. Penalty: Side-Out

12. Give the activities and games to develope simple skills in volleyball.
There are a lot of games that can help to develope simple skills in playing volleyball.
Some games are the following:
 Royal Court Tournament - In this tournament they play for a specified time period,
say 5 minutes, and keep score. On the stop signal, if they were ahead, they move up
one court closer to the “Royal” court. If they were behind, they move down. If tied, do
a rock, paper, scissors to determine.
 The Shephard - In this game, 3-5 students are designated as “sheep dogs” that stand
in the center of the area. The other players line up on an endline, each with a balloon.
They are the shepherds and their balloons are the sheep. The object is to volley their
sheep continuously as they walk through the “pasture” without allowing a sheepdog to
tap their sheep away.
 Ballon Race -Line up all the students on a contact line with a balloon . On a signal
they must hit the balloon to another line about 20-30 feeet away without losing
possession . Change the type of hit each new turn .

 Volley- Loon- Arrange as many traffic cones around the gym with a broken hula hoop
inside for a net. The rainbow adaption serves as a guide to hit the balloon over and
the cones are a boundary. The arrangement is played on the knees or tumbling mats.
It may be arranged for one on one or small groups by attaching more cones beside
each other. Change to new partners often .

 Falling Star - Place an equal amount of players on each side of the net . Near a
sideline place a box or container. Have the players toss or hit the ball over the net
while the opposing side will try to catch it before it hits the floor. If caught the ball is
placed in the box . The object is to catch more balls then the other side. Use about 8-
10 different type balls for variety .Repeat the process.

13. Give the fundamental skills of volleyball?

 Serving
A properly executed serve provides the serving team with a significant advantage over the
receiving team. A serve that is properly placed can cause players on the receiving team to
get out of position or attempt awkward returns. The server must stand behind the service
line at the end of the court. There are three serving styles in volleyball. The underhand
serve, the overhand serve and the jump serve. The underhand serve generally is a
relatively slow serve that travels high in the air toward the rear of the court. Both the
overhand serve and the jump serve are fast serves frequently struck with top spin.

 Passing
Passing also is known as "bumping" in an offensive sequence and "digging" when used to
defend an offensive shot. Passing is executed by interlocking your fingers, holding your
arms straight and away from your body. Make contact with the ball on your forearms and
follow through to your target. The only allowable service return is a pass, so it is frequently
the first shot in a three-shot sequence.
 Setting
Setting, or overhead passing, typically is the second shot in a three-shot sequence. A
properly executed set is placed close and above the net. You want to place the ball about
four feet from the net so on the third shot, typically a spike, your teammate won't hit the
net on her follow through.

 Hitting
Generally, you want to hit the ball with the greatest force possible on the third shot of a
sequence. When the ball is struck forcefully downward, above the height of the net, it is
referred to as a "spike" or "kill" shot. To execute a kill shot, a player may use either a two-
or three-step approach. Strike the ball at the top of your vertical leap, using the heel of
your palm, followed by wrapping your hand on the ball with your fingers and snapping
your wrist.

 Blocking
Blocking is a defensive play made close to the net. The object of a block is to deflect an
offensive shot directly back toward your opponent. Block attempts can be made by
individual players or pairs of players. Blocking is not allowed on serves. Blocks often are
utilized as a defense against "kill" shots.

14. What is volleyball for beginners?

Volleyball for beginners is pretty similar with the volleyball for the pro. It is a sport in
which played by two teams that both have 6 players. The goal of the game is to score
point on their opponents by grounding the ball on the other team’s side. The rules, faults,
and actions are still similar for beginners and professional players.
15. Give the etiquette’s and the courtesies in volleyball.
1.      Help with setting up and putting away the equipment
Setting up the net and getting the court ready is a necessary part of every game. It is
definitely NOT part of the referee’s job. If your league plays at a community recreation
center, the staff may do the setting up. However, for most leagues, it’s up to the players to
setup and put away the equipment. Even if you don’t know how to set up the equipment,
just make yourself helpful and ask questions. An extra pair of hands is always welcome.
And once you get the hang of it, it’s not that hard, and it actually doesn’t take that much
time..

2.      No swearing!
Just like there’s no crying in baseball, there’s no swearing in volleyball. Unless it’s under
your breath, just to yourself, and quiet enough so that no one else can hear you. If you’re
playing a game of pickup, or an informal game with no referees, this is really up to the
tone of the group. However, even at adult games, when there’s no kids present, swearing
is generally not tolerated by the referees. Just keep the language clean.
3.      No trash talking the other team through the net
Although it’s tempting to trash talk the team, even good-naturedly, this also is often not
tolerated by the referees. I guess there’s always the risk that even good-natured
comments could be taken the wrong way, or that things could escalate into more serious
comments. If you’re tempted to make comments on the other team’s play, just keep it
positive.
4.      No trash talking the ref
And definitely don’t trash talk the ref, no matter how bad his or her calls may be. There is
only one player on the court who should be talking to the ref, and that’s the court captain,
who is assigned before the game starts. Bad mouthing the referee could even result in a
yellow card, or if it’s a heated enough exchange, a red card. A yellow card is a warning to
the player to tone down their attitude, while a red card means getting kicked out of the
game and giving a point to the opposing team. It’s up to you to decide if arguing about one
play is worth sitting out the rest of the game – personally, I don’t think it is!

5.      Always roll the ball under the net – don’t throw it
Whether it’s the other team’s turn to serve, or during warmup, always roll the ball under
the net instead of throwing it over. It’s just a more controlled way of getting the ball to the
other side of the court.

6.      Don’t roll the ball when a player is jumping

A volleyball court during warmup is pretty chaotic. There’s balls being hit, players
peppering, and usually lots of shouting. And during hitting warmup, there’s always other
players chasing down balls, and returning them to the other side of the net. As with #5
above, always roll the ball when you’re returning it. However, if you see a player that’s just
about to jump for a hit or a block, DO NOT roll the ball in their direction. It’s so easy for a
player to land on a volleyball, which would just cause them to come crashing down to the
floor and could result in a really bad injury. Even with the best intentions, this can still
happen. Sometimes a player goes to jump after the ball is already rolling. So, if you do
see a ball rolling toward a player who is jumping, make sure you yell, “BALL!”. This is a
pretty clear signal that there’s a ball on the loose, and any player who is about to jump
should just STOP.
7.      Don’t kick the volleyball
When rolling the ball to return it, it might be tempting to give that ball a swift kick instead of
rolling it. However, this is generally thought to be inappropriate. While I’ve heard that
kicking a volleyball can ruin the inside bladder because it wasn’t designed to be kicked,
the fact that playing a volleyball with your foot is a legal way to play the ball makes this
reason unlikely.

8.      Don’t roll your eyes when your teammate makes a mistake
Every player, at some point, is going to make a mistake. If there were no mistakes in
volleyball, the rallies would never end! While it’s tempting to get annoyed at a teammate
when he or she makes a mistake, just remember that everyone will, at some point, make
a mistake. And whether it’s the first point, the fifteenth point, or game point, you should
always support your teammates.

9.      Own up to your mistakes

When it’s your turn to be the one making the mistakes, it’s always best to just own up to it.
This is actually more for yourself than for your teammates. If you don’t acknowledge that
you’ve made a mistake, you can’t even start to improve it. So, if you hit the ball out, don’t
blame the set – even if it was a bad set, you should have adjusted to it. f you set the ball
poorly, don’t blame the passer – you should have gotten there faster, or called for help.
Or, if you missed the dig, don’t blame the blockers – you should have read the hitter
better, or you misjudged where to setup your defensive position.

10.   Don’t just set your friends

Whether you’re playing in a league or just some pickup, chances are you’ll be better
friends with some of the players on your team than with others. However, during a
volleyball game is not the time to be playing favorites. You should understand the
strengths, and the weaknesses, of all your teammates, regardless of how much time you
spend hanging out with them off the volleyball court.
11.   Don’t hit the ball after the whistle has blown
Once the ref blows the whistle, the play should come to an end right away. Not after one
more touch, and definitely not after one more hit. Even if you just got the most spectacular
set ever! Once players hear the whistle blow, they are going to let their defensive guard
down. Which means that if you still swing away at the ball, they will be totally unprepared
for a spike. So not only is it good sportsmanlike behaviour to not swing at the ball after the
whistle has been blown, it’s much, much safer.

12.   There’s still lots to do when you’re sitting on the bench

Everyone will at some point take their turn sitting on the bench. However, this is not the
time to be catching up on your social media! Even though you may not be one of the 6
players out on the court, you are still part of the team. Volleyball is a very psychological
game, and cheering is a critical component. As mentioned, mistakes will always be made,
and knowing that your teammates have your back is important. Cheer the good plays and
give good encouragement to your teammates when the rally is lost.

13.   Even when you’re not playing, keep an eye on the court
Whether it’s during a tournament or you’re taking your turn on the bench and you’re
running out of the gym to refill your water bottle, make sure that you time your exit
properly. Keep an eye on the plays, and make sure you’re not walking right in front of the
server when they’re going back to serve. This can not only throw off the server, but it can
also cause the whole game to be delayed while you walk past.

14.   Always shake hands at the end of the game

No matter how much rivalry may have been built up during the game, the match should
always end with all players shaking hands with the other team and saying, “good game”,
and then shaking hands with and thanking the ref. Even the players who were sitting on
the bench for the last game of the match should line up and shake hands.