Name of the student: Areeba Shaikh Roll Number: 64

Subject: Computer Network

1. What Are the Characteristics of Data Communication?

Ans: The effectiveness of any data communication system depends upon the following four
fundamental characteristics:

 Deleviry: The data should be delivered to the correct destination and correct user.
 Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately, without introducing any errors. The
data may get corrupted during transmission affecting the accuracy of the delivered data.
 Timeliness: The system deliver data in a timely manner. Audio and video data has to be
delivered in a timely manner without any delay; such a data delivery is called real time
transmission of data.
 Jitter: It refers to the variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the
delivery of audio or video packets which may cause an uneven quality in the result.

2. Explain the Concept of Standard in networking

Ans: Standards are necessary in networking to ensure interconnectivity and interoperability

between various networking hardware and software components. Without standards we would
have proprietary products crating isolated island of users which cannot interconnect.

 Concept of standard: standards provide guidelines to product manufacturers and vendors to

ensure national and international interconnectivity.
Data communications standards are classified into two categories:
1. De facto Standard: These are the standards that have been traditionally used and
mean by fact or by convention. These standards are not approved by any organized
body but are adopted by widespread use.
2. De jure Standard: It means by law or by regulation. These standards are legislated
and approved by a body that is officially recognized.

3. What Is OSI Model? List Its Layers and Explain Its Responsibilities in Short

Ans: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model was developed by International Organisation
for Standardization (ISO).

 An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two different systems to communicate
regardless to their underlying architecture.
 The purpose of the OSI model is to show how to facilitate communication between different
system without requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hardware and software.
 The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a model for understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust and interoperable.
 ISO is the organisation. OSI is the model
 It is a hierarchical model that groups its processes into layers.
It has 7 layers are follows: (Top to bottom)
1. Application layer
  The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to
access the network.
 It provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail,
remove file access and transfer, shared database management, and other
types of distributed information services.
 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.
2. Presentation layer
 The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two devices.
 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression and
encryption
3. Session layer
 The session layer is the network dialogue controller. It established,
maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems.
 The session layer is responsible for dialogue control and synchronization.
 The responsibilities of the session layer includes the following
 Dialogue control: the session layer allows two systems to enter a
dialogue. It allows the communication between two processes to
take place in either half-duplex or full duplex mode.
 Synchronization: The session layer allows a process to add
checkpoint, or synchronization point, to a stream of data
4. Transport layer
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery for the
entire message. A process is an application program running on a host.
Whereas the network layer oversees source-to-destination delivery of
individual packets, it does not recognize any relationship between those
packets.
 The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in
order overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-
destination level.
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
5. Network layer
 The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a
packet possibly across multiple networks (links). Whereas the data link layer
oversees a delivery of the packet between two systems on the same
network (links), the network layer ensures that each packet get from its
point of origin to its final destination.
 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from
the source host the destination host.
6. Data link layer
 The data link layer transformers the physical layer, a raw transmission
facility, to a reliable link. It makes the physical layer appear error-free to the
upper layer (network layer).
  The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
7. Physical layer
 The physical layer coordinate the function required to carry a bit stream
over a physical medium
 It deals with the mechanical and electrical specification of the interface and
transmission medium
 It also defines the procedures and function that physical devices and
interfaces must perform for transmission to occur.
 The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one
hop (node) to the next.

4. What are the Different Types of Addressing Done in TCP /IP Protocol?

Ans: The TCP/IP protocol suited involves 4 different types of addressing:

1. Physical Address
 Physical Address is the lowest level of addressing also known as link address.
 It is local to the network to which the device is connected and unique inside it.
 The physical address is usually include in the frame and is used at the data link layer.
 The size of physical address may change depending on the type of network Ex. An
Ethernet network uses a 6 byte MAC address.
2. Logical Address
 Logical addresses are used for universal communication.
 Logical address is also called as IP address (Internet Protocol address).
 At the network layer, device i.e. computers and routers are identified universally by
their IP address.
 IP addresses are universally unique.
3. Port Address
 A logical address facilitates the transmission of data from source to destination
device but the source and the destination both may be having multiple processes
communicating with each other.
 A port address is the name or label given to a process, It is 16 bit address.
 Example: TELNET uses port address 23, HTTP uses port address 80.
4. Specific Address
 Port addressees address facilitates the transmission of data from process to process
but still there may be a problem with data delivery
 The responsibility of the port address is over here and there is a need of addressing
that helps identify the different instances of the same process.
 Such addresses are user friendly addresses and are called specific addresses.

5. Write a Short Note on Co Axial Cable with Diagram

Ans: -Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signal of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted-pair
cable, in part because the two media are constructed quite differently.
  Instead of having two wires, coax has a central core inductor of solid or standard wire
(usually copper) enclosed in an insulting sheath, which is, in turn encased in an outer
conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of two.
 The outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the second
conductor, which completes the circuit.
 The outer conductor is also enclosed in an insulting sheath, and the whole cable is
protected by a plastic cover.

6. Write a Short Note on Twisted Pair Cable with Diagram

Ans: -A twisted pair consist of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic
insulator, twisted together.

 One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used as a ground
reference. The receiver uses the difference between the two.
 In addition to the signal sent by the sender on one of the wires, interference (noise) and
crosstalk may affect both wires and create unwanted signals.
 If the wires are parallel, the effect of the unwanted signal is not the same in both wires
because they are at different location relative to the noise of crosstalk sources. Thus results
in a difference at the receiver.
 By twisting the pairs, balance is maintained. For example, suppose in one twist, the reverse
is true. Twisting makes it probable that both wires are equally affected by external
influences (noise or crosstalk).
 This means that the receiver, which calculates the difference between the two, receives no
unwanted signals. The unwanted signals are mostly cancelled out.

7. Write a Short Note on Hub with Diagram

Ans: A Hub is a device that operates only in the physical layer. Signals that carry information within
a network can travel a fixed distance before attention endangers the integrity of the data.

 A repeater receives a signal and, before it becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates and
retimes the original bit pattern. The repeater then sends the refreshed signal.
 In the past, when Ethernet LANs were using bus topology, a repeater was used to connect
two segment of a LAN to overcome the length restriction of the coaxial cable. Today,
however, Ethernet LANs use star topology.
 In a star topology, a repeater is a multiport device, often called a hub, that can be used to
serve as the connecting point and at the same time function as a repeater.
 Dig. Shows that when a packet from station A to station B arrives at the hub, the signal
representing the frame is regenerated to remove any possible corrupting noise, but the hub
forwards the packet from all outgoing ports expect the one from which the signal was
received
 In other words, the frame is broadcast. All stations in the LAN receive the frame, but only
station B keeps it. The rest of the stations discard it. Dig. Shows the role of a repeater or a
hub in a switched LAN.
 The dig. Shows that a hub does not have a filtering capability; it does not have the
intelligence to find from which port the frame should be sent out
  A hub of a repeater is physical layer device. They do not have a link address and they do not
check the link layer address of the received frame. They just regenerate the corrupted bits
and send them out from every port

8. Write a Short Note on VLAN with Diagram

Ans:

9. What is domain? What are the types of domain in DNS? Explain

Ans: -

10. Explain the persistence and non-persistence connection of HTTP.

Ans: -