Addition of angular momentum and Clebsch-Gordan coefficient

Before proceeding with the addition of two angular momentum vectors let us discuss the addition
of two general vectors :

Triangle law of vector addition;

If the two component vectors ⃗⃗⃗

𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵⃗ are represented by the two
sides of a triangle taken in order, then the resultant of the two
vectors 𝑅⃗ is represented by the third side of the triangle taken in
reverse order.

𝑅⃗ = 𝐴 + 𝐵
⃗

The magnitude of the resultant of the two vectors is

𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃

⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
If 𝜃 = 180𝑜 i.e., when 𝐴 ⃗ are antiparallel , then 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 2 𝐴 𝐵 = |𝐴 − 𝐵|

⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
If 𝜃 = 0𝑜 i.e., when 𝐴 ⃗ are parallel then 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 = 𝐴 + 𝐵

That is the resultant can have any magnitude between |𝐴 − 𝐵| and 𝐴 + 𝐵 depending on the angle 𝜃
which can be any thing between 0o and 180o.

This is in conformity with the basic requirement of a triangle formation which require that the third
side should be larger than the difference of other two sides and smaller than the sum of those sides.

|𝐴 − 𝐵| ≤ 𝑅 ≤ 𝐴 + 𝐵

Law of addition of the components :

Let 𝐴 = 𝑖̂𝐴𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐴𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝐴𝑧

⃗ = 𝑖̂𝐵𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝐵𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝐵𝑍
𝐵
_______________________________________________________

𝑅⃗ = 𝑖̂𝑅𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑅𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝑅𝑍 = 𝑖̂(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 ) + 𝑗̂(𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 ) + 𝑘̂ (𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 )

∴ 𝑅𝑥 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 ), 𝑅𝑦 = (𝐴𝑦 + 𝐵𝑦 ), 𝑅𝑧 = (𝐴𝑧 + 𝐵𝑧 )

i.e the rectangular components of the resultant is the algebraic sum of the corresponding
components of the component vectors

Addition of two angular momentum vectors

Angular momentum vectors like the normal vectors follow the triangle law of vector addition and
the addition norms in regard to the components of the vector.
Let the angular momentum vector ⃗𝐽⃗1 have the eigenfunction |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩ corresponding to the
angular momentum quantum number j1 and that of its z component 𝑚1 and satisfy the eigenvalue
equations

𝐽12 |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩ = 𝑗1 (𝑗1 + 1)ℏ2 |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩

𝐽1𝑧 |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩ = 𝑚1 ℏ|𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩

Similarly another angular momentum vector ⃗⃗⃗

𝐽2 have the eigenfunction |𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ corresponding to
the angular momentum quantum number j2 and that of its z component 𝑚2 and satisfy the
eigenvalue equations

𝐽22 |𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ = 𝑗2 (𝑗2 + 1)ℏ2 |𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩

𝐽2𝑧 |𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ = 𝑚2 ℏ|𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩

Let the two angular momentum vectors ⃗𝐽⃗1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗

𝐽2 add to form 𝐽 , i.e.,

𝐽 = ⃗𝐽⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽2

And the angular momentum vector 𝐽 have the eigenfunction |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ corresponding to the angular
momentum quantum number j and that of its z component 𝑚 and satisfy the eigenvalue equations

𝐽2 |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = 𝑗(𝑗 + 1)ℏ2 |𝑗, 𝑚⟩

𝐽𝑧 |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = 𝑚ℏ|𝑗, 𝑚⟩

From the law of triangle rule of vector addition we have

|𝑗1 − 𝑗2 | ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑗1 + 𝑗2 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 …. ….(1)

And the scalar addition of z- components 𝐽𝑧 = 𝐽1𝑧 + 𝐽2𝑧 lead to the condition

𝑚 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 …… ….. (2)

The equations (1) and (2) are the two basic rules of vector addition.

Corresponding to the Angular momentum ⃗𝐽⃗1 , there are (2𝑗1 + 1) eigenfunctions |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩
corresponding to the (2𝑗1 + 1) values of 𝑚1 ; −𝑗1 ≤ 𝑚1 ≤ 𝑗1

Similarly the Angular momentum ⃗⃗⃗𝐽2 , there are (2𝑗2 + 1) eigenfunctions |𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ corresponding to
the (2𝑗2 + 1) values of 𝑚2 ; −𝑗2 ≤ 𝑚2 ≤ 𝑗2

So for the angular momentum operator 𝐽 = 𝐽⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐽2 , there are (2𝑗1 + 1)(2𝑗2 + 1) initial eigen
states |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩|𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ [ also can be written as |𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 ⟩
1
As an example let us consider 𝑗1 = 1, 𝑗2 = 2

Initial states of ⃗𝐽⃗1 |1, −1⟩, |1,0⟩, |1,1⟩ Ylm

 1 1 1 1
Initial states of ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽2 |2 , − 2⟩ , |2 , 2⟩

1 1 1 1 1 1
Number of initial states of ⃗𝐽⃗1 +𝐽⃗⃗⃗2 are |1, −1⟩ |2 , − 2⟩, |1,0⟩ |2 , − 2⟩, |1,1⟩ |2 , − 2⟩,

1 1 1 1 1 1
|1, −1⟩ | , ⟩, |1,0⟩ | , ⟩, |1,1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2

Number of initial states=6

1 1 1 3 1 3
|1 − | ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 1 + ⟹ ≤𝑗≤ ⟹ 𝑗= 𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
The final states for j=1/2 are | , − ⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 | , ⟩
2 2 2 2

3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3
The final states for j=3/2 are |2 , − 2⟩ , |2 , − 2⟩ , |2 , 2⟩ , |2 , 2⟩

Total number of final states is 6

The component vector with angular momentum quantum number 𝑗1 has (2𝑗1 + 1) states.
Similarly, the component vector with angular momentum quantum number 𝑗2 has (2𝑗2 + 1)
states. So the total possible combination of initial states is (2𝑗1 + 1)(2𝑗2 + 1)

According to triangle rule of vector addition, the angular momentum operator 𝐽 = ⃗𝐽⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽2 , has
eigenstates|𝑗, 𝑚⟩ where j vary in the range |𝑗1 − 𝑗2 | ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑗1 + 𝑗2 and for each 𝑗 value m takes
(2𝑗 + 1) values between −𝑗 ≤ 𝑚 ≤ 𝑗. So the total number of final states is:
𝑗1 +𝑗2 𝑗1 +𝑗2 𝑗1 −𝑗2 −1
∑ (2𝑗 + 1) = ∑ (2𝑗 + 1) − ∑ (2𝑗 + 1)
𝑗=|𝑗1 −𝑗2 | 𝑗=0 𝑗=0

= {(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 )(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 + 1) + (𝑗1 + 𝑗2 + 1)} − {(𝑗1 − 𝑗2 − 1)(𝑗1 − 𝑗2 ) + (𝑗1 − 𝑗2 )}

= {(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 )2 + 2(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 ) + 1} − {(𝑗1 − 𝑗2 )2 }

= {(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 )2 − (𝑗1 − 𝑗2 )2 + 2(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 ) + 1}

= {4𝑗1 𝑗2 + 2(𝑗1 + 𝑗2 ) + 1} = 4𝑗1 𝑗2 + 2𝑗1 + 2𝑗2 + 1

= 2𝑗1 (2𝑗2 + 1) + 1(2𝑗2 + 1) = (2𝑗1 + 1)(2𝑗2 + 1)

Hence the number of final states is equal to the number of initial states. The final state
eigenfunctions can be expressed as the linear combination of initial states as :

|𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = ∑ 𝑐𝑚1 𝑚2 |𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 ⟩

𝑚1 ,𝑚2

The coefficient 𝑐𝑚1 𝑚2 is called Clebesch Gordan Coefficient and can be obtained as
 ⟨𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 ′ , 𝑚2 ′ |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = ∑ 𝑐𝑚1 𝑚2 ⟨𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 ′ , 𝑚2 ′ |𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 ⟩
𝑚1 ,𝑚2

⟨𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 ′ , 𝑚2 ′ |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = ∑ 𝑐𝑚1 𝑚2 𝛿𝑚1 𝑚1 ′ 𝛿𝑚2 𝑚2 ′ = 𝑐𝑚1 ′ 𝑚2 ′

𝑚1 ,𝑚2

𝑐𝑚1 𝑚2 = ⟨𝑗1 , 𝑗2 , 𝑚1 , 𝑚2 |𝑗, 𝑚⟩

While finding the Clebesch Gordan Coefficient , we will use the following relations

𝐽± = 𝐽𝑥 ± 𝑖𝐽𝑦 = (𝐽1𝑥 + 𝐽2𝑥 ) ± 𝑖(𝐽1𝑦 + 𝐽2𝑦 ) = (𝐽1𝑥 ± 𝑖𝐽1𝑦 ) + (𝐽2𝑥 ± 𝑖𝐽2𝑦 ) = 𝐽1± + 𝐽2±

𝐽+ |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = √𝑗(𝑗 + 1) − 𝑚(𝑚 + 1) ℏ|𝑗, 𝑚 + 1⟩

𝐽− |𝑗, 𝑚⟩ = √𝑗(𝑗 + 1) − 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) ℏ|𝑗, 𝑚 − 1⟩

As an example let us add two angular momentum vectors with angular momentum
𝟏 𝟏
quantum numbers 𝒋𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅, 𝒋𝟐 = 𝟐 .

Application : Helium has two electrons with spin ½. The total spin momentum of the atom is

1 1
𝑆 = 𝑆1 + 𝑆2 ; 𝑠1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑠2 =
2 2

From triangle rule of vector addition, we know that j can take values between

|𝑗1 − 𝑗2 | ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑗1 + 𝑗2 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠

Hence for the two electron atom 0 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 1 i.e., j = 0, 1

j= 0 corresponds to m = 0 and have only one multiplet and the state is described by |0, 0⟩ . So s = 0 is
the singlet state of the two electron system. |0, 0⟩

j = 1 correspond to m = 1, 0, -1 and have three multiplets and the states are described as |1, 1⟩
, |1, 0⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |1, −1⟩. So j = 1 is the triplet state in the two electron system.

These states can be developed from the possible combinations of the initial states

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
| 2 , 2⟩ , | 2 , − 2⟩ , | 2 , 2⟩ , | 2 , − 2⟩ .
1 1 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
The possible combinations of the initial states are | , ⟩ | , ⟩ , | , ⟩ | , − ⟩ , | , − ⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 2 22 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
and | 2
, − 2⟩ | 2 , − 2⟩
1 2

Using Clebesch Gordan coefficient the combined spin states can be obtained from the component
spin states as:
 |𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
| , ⟩ | , ⟩ | ,− ⟩ | ,− ⟩
2 21 2 21 2 21 2 21
|𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
| , ⟩ | ,− ⟩ | , ⟩ | ,− ⟩
2 22 2 22 2 22 2 22
|𝑗, 𝑚⟩
|1, 1⟩ 1 0 0 0
1 1
|1, 0⟩ 0 0
√2 √2
1 1
|0, 0⟩ 0 − 0
√2 √2
|1, −1⟩ 0 0 0 1

First we select the states such that 𝑚 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2

1 1
For the state |1, 1⟩ with m = 1, the only possible combination is 𝑚1 = 2 and 𝑚2 = 2 .

So the state |1, 1⟩ can be written as:

1 1 1 1
|1, 1⟩ = | , ⟩ | , ⟩ =↑↑
2 21 2 22

To obtain the state |1, 0⟩, we can operate the lowering operator 𝐽− on |1, 1⟩

1 1 1 1
𝐽− |1, 1⟩ = (𝐽1− + 𝐽2− ) | , ⟩ | , ⟩
2 21 2 22

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐽− |1, 1⟩ = 𝐽1− | , ⟩ | , ⟩ + 𝐽2− | , ⟩ | , ⟩
2 21 2 22 2 21 2 22

ℏ√1 × 2 − 1 × 0|1, 0⟩
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ℏ√ × − × (− ) | , − ⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 21 2 22

1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ ℏ√ × − × (− ) | , ⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 21 2 22

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
√2|1, 0⟩ = | , − ⟩ | , ⟩ + | , ⟩ | , − ⟩
2 21 2 22 2 21 2 22

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|1, 0⟩ = | ,− ⟩ | , ⟩ + | , ⟩ | ,− ⟩ = {↓↑ +↑↓}
√2 2 2 1 2 2 2 √2 2 2 1 2 2 2 √2
To obtain the form of |0, 0⟩, we use the orthogonal condition of |0, 0⟩ to |1, 0⟩ i.e.,⟨1,0|0,0⟩ = 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
let |0, 0⟩ = 𝑐 | , − ⟩ | , ⟩ + 𝑑 | , ⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 22 1 2

⟨1,0|0,0⟩ = 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⟹{ ⟨ ,− | ⟨ , | + ⟨ , | ⟨ , − | } {𝑐 | , − ⟩ | , ⟩ + 𝑑 | , ⟩ | , − ⟩ }
√2 2 2 1 2 2 2 √2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 21 2 22 2 21 2 22

1 1
⟹ 𝑐+0+0+ 𝑑=0 ⟹ 𝑐 = −𝑑
√2 √2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|0, 0⟩ = 𝑐 | , − ⟩ | , ⟩ − 𝑐 | , ⟩ | , − ⟩
2 21 2 22 2 21 2 22
1
Normalization condition leads to 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑐 =
√2

11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|0, 0⟩ = |0, 0⟩ = | ,− ⟩ | , ⟩ − | , ⟩ | ,− ⟩ = {↓↑ −↑↓}
√2 2 2 1 2 2 2 √2 2 2 1 2 2 2 √2
1 1
For the state |1, −1⟩ with m = -1, the only possible combination is 𝑚1 = − 2 and 𝑚2 = − 2 .

So the state |1, −1⟩ can be written as:

1 1 1 1
|1, −1⟩ = | , − ⟩ | , − ⟩ =↓↓
2 21 2 22

To be more conversant with the determination of Clebesch- Gordan coefficient let us

consideranother example of adding two angular momentum vectors with angular
𝟏
momentum quantum numbers 𝒋𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅, 𝒋𝟐 = 𝟐 .

This is physically the case of an electron with spin ½ in the p sub shell.

From triangle rule of vector addition, we know that j can take values between

|𝑗1 − 𝑗2 | ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑗1 + 𝑗2 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠

1 1
|1 − | ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 1 + 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠
2 2
1 3 1 3
Hence the total angular momentum follows 2
≤𝑗≤2 i.e., j = 2 ,2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
j= 2 corresponds to m = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 and have two multiplets described by |2 , 2 ⟩ and|2 , − 2 ⟩.

3 3 1 1 3
j = 2 correspond to m = 2 , 2 , − 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2 and have four multiplets and the states are described
3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3
as |2 , 2 ⟩ , |2 , 2 ⟩ , |2 , − 2 ⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |2 , − 2 ⟩.
These states can be developed from all possible combinations of the initial states
1 1 1 1
|1, 1⟩, |1, 0⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |1, −1⟩ and | , ⟩ , | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2

The possible combination of Six initial states

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
|1, 1⟩ |2 , 2 ⟩ , |1, 1⟩ |2 , − 2 ⟩ , |1, 0⟩ |2 , 2 ⟩ , |1, 0⟩ |2 , − 2 ⟩ , |1, −1⟩ |2 , 2 ⟩ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |1, −1⟩ |2 , − 2 ⟩

|𝑗1 , 𝑚1 ⟩
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
| 1, 1⟩ | , ⟩ | 1, 1⟩ | , − ⟩ | 1, 0⟩ | , ⟩ | 1, 0⟩ | , − ⟩ | 1, −1⟩ | , ⟩ | 1, −1⟩ | , − ⟩
|𝑗2 , 𝑚2 ⟩ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

|𝑗, 𝑚⟩
3 3
| , ⟩ 1 0 0 0 0 0 𝑌11 ↑
2 2
3 1 1 2 1 2
| , ⟩ 0 √ √ 0 0 0 √ 𝑌11 ↓ +√ 𝑌10 ↑
2 2 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 2 1
| , ⟩ 0 2 √ 0 −√ 𝑌11 ↓ +√ 𝑌10 ↑
2 2 −√ 3 0 0 3 3
3

3 1 2 1 1 2
| ,− ⟩ 0 0 0 √ √ 0 √ 𝑌1−1 ↑ +√ 𝑌10 ↓
2 2 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 2 2 1
| ,− ⟩ 0 0 0 -√ √ 0 √ 𝑌1−1 ↑ −√ 𝑌10 ↓
2 2 3 3 3 3
3 3
| ,− ⟩ 0 0 0 0 0 1 𝑌1−1 ↓
2 2

3 3 3 1
For the state | , ⟩ with m = , the only possible combination is 𝑚1 = 1 and 𝑚2 = .
2 2 2 2

3 3
So the state | , ⟩ can be written as:
2 2
3 3 1 1
| , ⟩ = | 1, 1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2
3 1 3 3
To obtain the state |2 , 2⟩, we can operate the lowering operator 𝐽− on |2 , 2⟩

3 3 1 1
𝐽− | , ⟩ = (𝐽1− + 𝐽2− )| 1, 1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2
3 3 1 1 1 1
𝐽− | , ⟩ = 𝐽1− | 1, 1⟩ | , ⟩ + 𝐽2− | 1, 1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 5 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
ℏ√ × − × | , ⟩ = ℏ√1 × 2 − 1 × 0| 1, 0⟩ | , ⟩ + ℏ√ × − (− ) | 1, 1⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1 1
ℏ√3 | , ⟩ = ℏ√2| 1, 0⟩ | , ⟩ + ℏ√1| 1, 1⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2
 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
| , ⟩ = √ | 1, 0⟩ | , ⟩ 𝑥 + √ | 1, 1⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

1 1 3 1 1 1
To obtain |2 , 2⟩, we use the orthogonal condition ⟨2 , 2 | 2 , 2⟩ = 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
Let |2 , 2⟩ = 𝑐| 1, 0⟩ | 2 , 2⟩ + 𝑑| 1, 1⟩ | 2 , − 2⟩

3 1 1 1 2 1
⟨2 , 2 | 2 , 2⟩ = 0 ⟹ 𝑐√3 + 𝑑√3 = 0 ⟹ 𝑑 = −𝑐√2

Normalization condition

1 1 1 1 1 1 2
⟨2 , 2 | 2 , 2⟩ = 1 ⟹ 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑐 2 + 2𝑐 2 = 1 ⟹ 𝑐 2 = 3 ⟹ 𝑐 = ± ⟹ 𝑑 = ∓√3
√3

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
∴ | , ⟩ = √ | 1, 0⟩ | , ⟩ − √ | 1, 1⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

3 3 1 1
Now |2 , − 2⟩ = | 1, −1⟩ | 2 , − 2⟩

3 1 3 3
To obtain the state | , − ⟩, we can operate the raising operator 𝐽+ on | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2

3 3 1 1
𝐽+ | , − ⟩ = (𝐽1+ + 𝐽2+ )| 1, −1⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2
3 3 1 1 1 1
𝐽+ | , − ⟩ = 𝐽1+ | 1, −1⟩ | , − ⟩ + 𝐽2+ | 1, −1⟩ | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 5 3 1 3 1
ℏ√ × − (− ) × (− ) | , − ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1
= ℏ√1 × 2 − (−1) × 0| 1, 0⟩ | , − ⟩ + ℏ√ × − (− ) ( ) | 1, −1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1 1
ℏ√3 | , − ⟩ = ℏ√2| 1, 0⟩ | , − ⟩ + ℏ√1| 1, −1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 2 2 2 2

3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
| , − ⟩ = √ | 1, 0⟩ | , − ⟩ + √ | 1, −1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

1 1 3 1 1 1
Similarly | , − ⟩, we we use the orthogonal condition ⟨ , − | , − ⟩ = 0 and then normalization
2 2 2 2 2 2
condition
 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
| , − ⟩ = √ | 1, 0⟩ | , − ⟩ − √ | 1, −1⟩ | , ⟩
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2