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Culinary Arts Academy
Thesis · December 2020

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DAH CULINARY ARTS ACADEMY
DAH CULINARY ARTS ACADMEY
Senior Capstone Research, IDSG 4301, Section 1
by
Najla S. Alghamdi
A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Interior Design Department of
Dar Al-Hekma University in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Interior Design
2020
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

© 2020
NAJLA SAEED ABDULLAH ALGHAMDI
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

This thesis for the course Capstone Research is by
Najla S. Alghamdi
Has been approved for the
Capstone I: Interior Design Thesis Course
By
Dr. Alaa Al-Ban
Date: December. 16,2020

Najla S. Alghamdi Interior Design, Dar Al-Hekma University
Abstract of Bachelor Thesis, Submitted December 2020:
Culinary Arts Academy
Abstract
The aim of the thesis is the importance of having a space for people who are passionate
and want to learn more about culinary arts school and get a degree. Also, research methodology
was conducted in order to gain enough information on Culinary Arts Academy, as the research
methodology was achieved through interviews and a survey distributed through the social media
to identify the needs of the project.
Furthermore, the literature review that contains two subject major and minor studies the
major study on Interior Design Specialized in Restaurants while the minor study focused on
Culinary Arts. Moreover, precedent studies were done in order to showcase the living example
with the same approach.
Culinary Arts Academy it is highly needed in order to benefit the society according to
2030 vision the Quality of Life Program is one of the Saudi Vision 2030 realization programs
with a general aim of improving the individual’s lifestyle in the Kingdom.
Keywords: Culinary, culinary arts academy, Dar Alhekma.
The form and content of this abstract are approved.
Approved. Dr. Alaa Al-Ban

DEDICATION
To my parents, Saeed Alghamdi and Tahani ALmais, for their love, care, and support.
To my sisters Nouf and Noura Alghamdi.

Table Contents
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... 13
Project Outline ........................................................................................................................................ 13
CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAMING DOCUMENT ...... 15
Project Statement .................................................................................................................................... 15
Research Questions................................................................................................................................. 15
Research Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 16
Rational................................................................................................................................................... 16
Target Audience ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Client ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Site and Shell: ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 30
Major: Interior design specialized in Restaurants. ........................................................................ 30
Minor: Culinary Arts School ........................................................................................................ 39
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 42
Quantitative Research method (survey).................................................................................................. 42
Qualitative Method (Interviews)............................................................................................................. 51
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 54
CHAPTER FPOUR: PRECEDENT STUDIES ....................................................................... 55
Precedent study 1: Culinary Arts School ................................................................................................ 55
Precedent study 2: The culinary village.................................................................................................. 61
Precedent study 3: Institute for the Culinary Arts .................................................................................. 67
Local Existing project: Zadk Culinary Academy. .................................................................................. 75
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 78
CHAPTER FIVE: DETAILS FOR INTERIOR DESIGN...................................................... 79
Criteria matrix......................................................................................................................................... 80
Design Program ...................................................................................................................................... 81
Relationship Diagram ............................................................................................................................. 85
Finishes Schedule ................................................................................................................................... 87
Saudi Building Codes ............................................................................................................................. 91
CHAPTER SIX: DESIGN IMPLEMETATION ................................................................... 135
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 136
Contribution .......................................................................................................................................... 136

Observation........................................................................................................................................... 136
WORK CITED .......................................................................................................................... 137
List of figures
Figure 1.1 Dar Alhekma Logo ...................................................................................................... 17
Figure 1.2 Dar Alhekma Interior .................................................................................................. 18
Figure 1.5 Dar Alhekma Interior Image ....................................................................................... 19
Figure 1.6 Dar Alkema Interior Image ......................................................................................... 20
Figure 1.10 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 23
Figure 1.17 Dar Alkema Kitchen and around Plan ....................................................................... 28
Figure 1.18 Dar Alkema Bits and Bites and around Area plan .................................................... 28
Figure 3.1 Data collection for survey Q1...................................................................................... 43

Figure 3.5 Data Collection for survey Q5 ..................................................................................... 47
Figure 3.9 Data Collection for survey Q9 ..................................................................................... 51
Figure 4.1 Site Analysis of PS 1 ................................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.2 Surrounding of PS1 ..................................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.3 Ground Floor Plan of PS1 ........................................................................................... 57
Figure 4.4 Ground Floor Zoning of PS1 ....................................................................................... 57
Figure 4.5 Ground Floor Circulation of PS1 ................................................................................ 58
Figure 4.6 Interior Images of PS1 ................................................................................................. 59
Figure 4.7 Interior Images of PS1 ................................................................................................. 60
Figure 4.8 Exterior Images of PS1 ................................................................................................ 61
Figure 4.9 Site Analysis of PS2 .................................................................................................... 62
Figure 4.10 Ground Floor plan of PS2.......................................................................................... 63
Figure 4.11 Ground Floor Zoning of PS1 ..................................................................................... 63
Figure 4.12 Ground Floor Circulation of PS2 .............................................................................. 64
Figure 4.13 Interior Images of PS2 ............................................................................................... 65
Figure 4.14 Exterior of PS2 .......................................................................................................... 66
Figure 4.15 Site Analysis of PS3 .................................................................................................. 67
Figure 4.16 Surrounding of PS3 ................................................................................................... 68
Figure 4.17 Ground Floor of PS3 ................................................................................................. 69

Figure 4.18 Ground Floor Zoning of PS3 ..................................................................................... 70
Figure 4.19 Ground Floor Circulation of PS3 .............................................................................. 71
Figure 4.20 Interior Images Of PS3 .............................................................................................. 72
Figure 4.21 Interior Images of PS3 ............................................................................................... 73
Figure 4.22 Exterior Image of PS3 ............................................................................................... 74
Figure 4.23 Exterior Image of Local Existing Competitor ........................................................... 75
Figure 4.24 Interior Image of Local Existing Competitor ............................................................ 76
Figure 4.25 Interior Images of Local Existing competitor ........................................................... 77
Figure 5.1 Criteria Matrix Diagram .............................................................................................. 80
Figure 5.2 Ground Floor Relationship Diagram ........................................................................... 85
Figure 5.3 First Relationship Diagram ......................................................................................... 86
Figure 5.4 Ground Floor Blocking Diagram................................................................................. 89
Figure 5.5 First Floor Blocking Diagram ..................................................................................... 89
Figure 5.6 Ground Floor Zoning Diagram .................................................................................... 90
Figure 5.7 First Floor Zoning Diagram......................................................................................... 90

List of Tables
Table 1.4 Programming Table of PS1........................................................................................... 58
Table 1.5 Programming Table.......................................................................................................80
Table 2.5 Finishes Schedule Table................................................................................................84

CULINARY ARTS ACADEMY
PREFACE
‘’Being a chef never seems like a job it becomes a true passion’’ (Gordon Ramsi). People
in the Culinary Arts Academy will practice their hobby and passion.
The aim of this Culinary Arts Academy is to teach culinary arts skills to female and male.
Doing a project like this will improve the cooking environment and catering better life food.
Also, this project will help in leading the youth’s focus to the hospitality sector which will make
Saudi Arabia’s economy from hospitality and leisure flourish.
Project Outline
The thesis includes five chapters, and each chapter will highlight on a different
perspective in the project. Chapter one of the thesis is a Synopsis of Research Programming
Document which provides an overview on the project statement, rational, research questions,
objectives, client profile, and site & shell. Chapter two highlights on the major study which is
about the design of the interior specialized in restaurants design and the minor study which is a
scientific study in culinary arts. Chapter three talks about the Research Methodology which is
about quantitative and qualitative research methods as it is essential to know if the targeted
audience in the Saudi society support the idea of having a culinary arts academy or not also, to
interview professionals that are specialized in cooking since the topic is culinary arts academy.
Moreover, it will help to get more information about the project. Chapter four examines three
international precedent studies and one competitor as it will help in understanding the project
more from investigating similar projects. Chapter five highlights on the design and the
requirements of the space and it involves the use of Saudi Building Codes.
CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAMING DOCUMENT
The synopsis of the research programing document chapter is the first chapter in the
thesis it contains project statement, research question and objective, rational, target audience,
client, site and shell. This chapter will explain the project in detail.
Project Statement
Culinary arts school is a place for people who have a passion for cooking and also to
learn the technique of cooking. Culinary arts school will help to expand the horizons in many
ways not only to become a professional chef it will give a deeper appreciation for foods as
culture food, food art, health and more. Around the world the concept of culinary arts school
grew through time until it became one of the most important professions nowadays. Doing a
project like this will improve the cooking environment and catering better life food. Also
increase the number of chefs in the Kingdom. The Quality of Life Program is one of the Saudi
Vision 2030 realization programs with a general aim of improving the individual’s lifestyle in
the Kingdom. The improvements include developing an ecosystem to support the participation of
citizens and residents in cultural, environment, and sports activities. The client for this project
will be Dar Al Hekma University.
Research Questions
By the completion of this thesis, the question below will be answer:
1. What benefits will the users have from the culinary arts academy?
2. What impact would it have on a society if the culinary arts academy was built?
3. How the project will contribute with the vision of 2030?
Research Objectives
1. Designing a space that It will give those passionate about cooking to practice and learn
professionally their hobby.
2. To increase the numbers of Saudi chefs in our society.
3. The quality of life program is one of the Saudi vision 2030 realization programs with a
generalaim of improving the individual’s lifestyle in the Kingdom.
Rational
Vision 2030
The Quality of Life Program is one of the Saudi Vision 2030 realization programs with a
general aim of improving the individual’s lifestyle in the Kingdom. The improvements include
developing an ecosystem to support the participation of citizens and residents in cultural,
environment, and sports activities.
Statistics:
The percentage of youth in Saudi Arabia from the age of 15 to 24 is 18.75% (The World
Factbook: SAUDI ARABIA, 2018). This means that the youth can and will lead Saudi Arabia’s
hospitality sector to thrive. Furthermore, in 2022, Saudi Arabia is expecting yearly increase of
13.5% in the hospitality sector (Sreenivas, 2018).
Value to the Community:

Culinary arts academy project is needed in Saudi Arabia because there are many people
who are interested and passionate about cooking. If there were a culinary school in Jeddah that
gave the knowledge, many people will not be traveled across the world to learn cooking. The
project will help in leading the youth’s focus to the hospitality sector which will make Saudi
Arabia’s economy from hospitality and leisure flourish.
Target Audience
The target audience for this project from aged 18 to 45 for both gender females and males
who want to learn at the culinary arts academy. Selecting certain ages to this project because
those ages will have more passion to learn about cooking.
Client
The client of this project is Dar Al Hekma University
providing state of the art higher educational facilities and
services through academic institutions such as colleges and

Figure 1.1 Dar Alhekma Logo
universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Dar Al-
Hekma University is a leading non-profit institution of
higher education for women in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and a
leading model of teaching and learning, nationally and Figure 1.1 Dar Alhekma Logo
internationally.
Company Mission:
‘’The university mission is to Graduate Accomplished Women, Leaders and Entrepreneurs.’’
Company Vision:
‘’Dar Al-Hekma University serves as a leading institution of higher education for women in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and a model of teaching and learning. Our graduates will be capable of
bringing about positive change for the betterment of self, society and humanity with the aim of
pleasing the Creator.’’
Site and Shell:
The Culinary Arts academy will be located in Dar Alhekma University, Prince Majid,
AlFayha’a, Jeddah. Its near King Abdulaziz University.
Site Interior views
Figure 1.2 Dar

3.2
Figure 2.1 Dar Alhekma
Alhekma Interior
Interior (2020)
(2020) by
by Author
Author Najla
Najla
Alghamdi retrieved at 25 Oct 2020
Figure 1.3
4.4 Dar Alhekma
Alkema Interior
Interior1
Figure 3.1 Dar Alhekma Interior (2020) by Author Najla Alghamdi
retrieved at 25 Oct 2020
Figure 5.5 Dar Alhekma Interior Image

Figure 6.6 Dar Alkema Interior Image








(This image was used for educational purpose and is blurred due to copyrights)
Existing floor plan
Figure 17.1 Dar Alkema Kitchen and around Plan
Figure 1.19 Dar Alhekma Main Kitchen and around area floor plan (2020) by Author Najla Alghamdi
Figure 18.1 Dar Alkema Bits and Bites and around Area plan
Figure 1.20 Dar Alhekma Bits and Bites and around area floor plan (2020) by Author Najla Alghamdi

Conclusion
To conclude, this chapter explain the importance of having a culinary arts
academy in Jeddah and how this project will benefit the community and the target
audience. The following chapter is literature review which is the second chapter in the
thesis.
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review part is to enrich the project by including many information about
the topic. The literature review is divided into two parts the major and minor study. The major
study is in interior design focused on restaurant design and this topic focus on Color,
Lighting, Sound and Acoustics, Material, Flooring, Circulation, Safety, Furniture and Space
Planning. The minor study will include subject such as, Culinary Arts, Culinary and
restaurants Management, Baking and pastry arts, Hospitality management.
Major: Interior design specialized in Restaurants.
The main purpose for conducting a research on restaurant design is to know how to
design the space properly to enhance the user’s experience and physical and psychological well-
being through different elements such as color, material, lighting, furniture, sound and acoustic
design, furniture, space planning, circulation, safety and flooring.
Color
The color psychology study and analyze how certain colors affect people’s mood,
actions, and feelings in the space they are in ( Katsigris & Tomas, 2014 ). Also, Katsigri &
Thomas mentioned in their book that the use of light tones and cool colors make the small spaces
look larger. Using darker tones and warm colors to “shrink” rooms, creating a greater sense of
intimacy in a large space, but dark colors also can be used to mask structural features, such as
ductwork, that may otherwise interfere with the design of a room. Bright, primary colors can be
combined in contrasting combinations for a super modern feel ( Katigris & Thomas, 2014) .
Think bright blue or lime green and white, or black and red. Muted colors have a soothing effect
on a room. If more than one color is used for walls, one must be dominant and the other
subordinate ( Katigris & Thomas 2014). According to Richard Taylor (2019) mentioned that
blue is a color that most restaurants should avoid. It's not commonly found naturally in food, and
it can cause the customers to lose their appetites. Additionally, if you have bright blue walls, the
shade of blue can reflect onto your food and make it look less appetizing. Blue reduces
customers' appetites, but it makes them thirsty. Architect and designers should choose proper
colour to create pleasant atmosphere and satisfy both restaurant customers and owners. Before
choosing the colours, designer should choose the mood that wants to express in the space
(Kerrigone, 1992). Kopacz (2004) in her book colour in three-dimensional design mentioned
that: colour can have influence on the length of stay beside the contrast, in other words: higher
contrast could decrease the average of stay.
Result: Colors can affect the people psyche and the restaurants atmosphere. Using lights
color is an excellent choice for upscale restaurants and gives the restaurant a relaxing feel and
make the space bigger. In addition, the most color that should avoided is the blue because it does
not give a good impression to the restaurant in terms of design and also affects the customer
appetite.
Lighting
According to ( Katsigris & Tomas, 2014 ) mentioned that lighting is the single most
important environmental consideration in foodservice. Kitchen lighting must be bright and long-
lasting, and should be selected to give off the least possible amount of heat.Correct lighting
enhances the mood of a dining area, the appeal of the food, and the efficiency of a kitchen (
Katsigris & Tomas, 2014 ). According to Raimundo Gaby, associate professor of business
management at the Culinary Institute of America (2107) mentioned that restaurant should have
warm-colored, low-intensity lighting. This creates a leisurely, intimate, and relaxed atmosphere.
Gaby explained that a pleasant mood is created using wall lighting, instead of light coming down
directly from the ceiling. To make a space seem spacious, evenly distribute high-intensity lights.
Lighting can help reinforce branding but using too many colors will put the restaurant at risk of
looking like a nightclub or circus. Also, Katsigris & Tomas mentioned the use of large windows
for natural light will decrease the electricity bill amount during the day because no artificial
lighting will be needed. Big windows take advantage of daylight to lower utility bills and give
customers the impression of a quick, casual meal, almost like eating on a patio ( Katsigris &
Tomas, 2014). Light also can be used to cast shadows, adding texture to an otherwise dull or
underutilized space ( Katsigris & Tomas, 2014). In a kitchen setting, a dimmer can be used to
adjust light in work surface areas; in a dining room, lights can be adjusted to full output to assist
the cleaning staff. In the dining room, the lighting system and color scheme must work together
to enhance the environment also. (Katsigris & Tomas, 2014). Durocher (2010), in their book
Successful Restaurant Designed mentions that: Lighting that is too homogeneous make the
environment seem dull. Furthermore, Lighting that is too harsh can make food too look
unappetizing Lighting level in restaurant design depends on the activity in that area, which is
minimum 5-15 foot-candles in dining area and 75-100 foot-candle maximum in fast food
restaurant. Entrance, dining area and bar should have more control on lighting during day and
night (Piotrowski, 2007).
Result: Choosing the correct lighting enhances the whole space mood even the food
appeal. Also, good lighting can change people’s mood and actions. The lighting system and color
scheme must work together to enhance the environment. Furthermore, to decrease the electricity
bill amount during the day the designer must use large windows for natural light.
Sound and Acoustic Design

Sound is an essential part of all environments, and ability to control it is a science. Noise
shows It is importance while people are working and living closely together. Specialist in
acoustic design concept and consult on task related issue, that involves conference rooms,
concert halls, offices, residences, restaurants etc. Teleconferencing and video rooms needs the
sound to be adjustable. Moreover, a particular amount of noise is needed in a residential area and
restaurants, so it is possible to say in all kind of spaces there can be sound suitable to the hearing
or disturbing from residential to the outer-most part of the technologically demanding
environments. (Knackstedt, 2012). Restaurant is a very noisy place, fast food and fast casual
restaurants are in top of this list while fine dining restaurant has less noise compared to them. It
is realistic to say everything that happening in restaurant are making a noise, from cutting,
washing and cooking in kitchen section to chair moving, guest traffic, food delivering, eating and
talking in dining area, and more over there is background music and entertainment that
increasing the noise. Controlling all these sounds is impossible, unless using acoustic and sound
absorbance material in restaurant design. According to Kent Ballast (2010) each space has
different noise criteria while the preference for restaurant is between 35-40 Decibel. The acoustic
materials can be use in ceiling as sound absorbance or in floor as carpet. Dividing and separating
the dining area into smaller parts by using partition can reduce the sound also using chair and
tablecloths and acoustic panels in the wall and other sound absorbance will control the sound as
well (Piotrowski, 2007).
Result: In the restaurant will be annoying sound so to avoid these sounds there are
materials that can make the space less noisy such as the acoustical tile, cushioned fiberglass
panels, and wood. Furthermore, all restaurants should have acoustic control system because
without this system the atmosphere of the restaurant may affect the productivity.
Material
Using same and common materials creates a unity and shows the circulation in whole
space, while different materials can separate spaces from each other and divides functions.
Generally, materials are used to covers the floors, walls and as a finisher (Ozay, 1998). Although
the finishes and materials that use in front of the house (front of the house is referred to, as the
dining and public area) are different from the materials that are used in back of the house (back
of the house is referred to, as the support spaces and kitchen), but they should be chosen in a way
to support the quality level and try to follow the general concepts of the restaurant (Binggeli,
2011). Wall material and finishes can have effects on atmosphere, interior areas and entire design
in the restaurants. They can be wood, stone, plaster, brick, glass, concrete, metal, plastic or
wallpaper; these materials can have different colours, pattern and texture (Ozay, 1998). Fast food
restaurants tend to use hard surface materials and vinyl because they are low in price; however,
fine dining restaurants will commonly use fabrics and textiles as a material (Piotrowski, 2016).
Hard surface materials for flooring should not be slippery (Piotrowski, 2016). Textiles offers a
wide range of color, pattern, finishing and texture as well (Baraban & Durocher 2001, p. 105).
Silk and wool can be blended together with nylon to give it a luxurious finish and quality
(Baraban & Durocher 2001, p. 105). Piotrowski stated that there are broad selections for
finishing materials for restaurant design (2016). Tabletops that are made out of stone are hard to
clean and stains can show through them easily; however, they are very durable (Baraban &
Durocher 2001, p. 109).
Result: The materials should be chosen in a way to support the quality level and try to
follow the general concepts of the restaurant. All materials should be easy to clean. Also, wall
material and finishes can have effects on atmosphere, interior areas and entire design in the
restaurants.
Flooring
Restaurant floor is more than a pattern for covering the surface. Floor can work as a
directional signal; elegancy, comfort ability, work as sofa and either reflect or absorb sound
(Durocher, 2010). According to Ozay (1998), function of the building, the using conditions of
the interior and the users are three aspects that help designer to choose acceptable material for
space; at the same time making harmony between materials are important and needs to be
considered. It is essential to choose appropriate cover for restaurant floor, aside from being easy
to clean it should not get dirty fast as well, also it should not be slippery but be smooth at same
time, and it is better to be sound absorbance and does not cause much sound while chairs are
moving and people are walking in top of it (Durocher, 2010).
Result: The flooring material should be easy to clean it should not get dirty fast as well.
Also it should be non-slippery but be smooth at same time, and it is better to be sound
absorbance and does not cause much sound. Furthermore, flooring can be a directional single.
Circulation
The circulation between the tables depends on the table’s shape, size, and arrangement
(Piotrowski, 2016). According to Piotrowski, an activity space is the location where the person is
standing at the table and not in the circulation space (2016). According to John C. Birchfield and
John Birchfield, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is law that made commercial and
public facilities accessible for people with disabilities in order for them to be comfortable in
public spaces (2008). Piotrowski stated that the restaurant circulation, depending on the space
and restaurant concept, should be between (91.4 cm- 152.4 cm) in width (2016). John C.
Birchfield and John Birchfield stated that in order for the restaurant’s aisle to be accessible, the
dimensions from the edge of the table to the wall and from the table edge to the other edge
should be (91.5 cm) (2008). John C. Birchfield and John Birchfield also explained that
foodservice lines should have a clear width of (91.5 cm) and a width of (106.5 cm) for people in
wheelchair (2008).
Result: There are certain dimensions for restaurants circulation and the designer must
know that there are disabled people will visit the place so it’s necessary to provide for them a
clear and comfort circulation. Also, the circulation will reflect the concept of the space.
Safety
Non- slippery flooring should be located under the bar area because it will prevent
injuries (Piotrowski, 2016). Flooring should reflect the restaurant’s concept and style in a safe
and in an aesthetically pleasing way (Piotrowski, 2016). Safety in design, in addition to the
safety codes, is the designer’s responsibility (Piotrowski, 2016). Glossy or polished flooring
should be avoided because it will cause the guests and staff to slip and get injured (Piotrowski,
2016). Patterned carpet should be avoided in the circulation area because it will cause confusion
(Baucom & Grosch, 1996, p.190). Hard surface flooring such as rubber should be used in the
kitchen for safety reasons to prevent accidents and injuries (Piotrowski, 2016). Wall materials
should be fire resistant and easy to clean (Piotrowski, 2016). In addition, the aisles should be
wide and out of furniture (Baucom & Grosch 1996, p.190). Cameras should also be installed in
restaurants to avoid stealing (Piotrowski, 2016). Baucom and Grosch stated that signage and
emergency lights should be clear to guide guests to exit doors (1996, p.190). Carpet flooring is
safe; however, the designer should consider the cleaning process of the carpet (Piotrowski,
2016).
Result: Safety must include in resultants, and the designers should take it into
consecration by selecting the good and safe materials.
Furniture
The table’s color, texture, and material are important as it is what makes people come in
direct contact with the food (Baraban&Durocher, 2001, p.108). In the restaurant dining area,
different furniture and seating arrangements can be proposed in order for the guests to choose
from the options and feel comfortable (Piotrowski, 2016). According to Piotrowski, the most
commonly used waiting area seats are benches because it can seat more people than regular
chairs do (2016). In the dining area, tables whether they were round, square, or rectangular can
accommodate different number of people depending on the size (2016). Baraban and Durocher
stated that designers usually choose round and square tables in the dining area (2001, p.108). The
oval dining table can be used with curved banquets (Baraban & Durocher, 2001, p.108).
Furthermore, long, rectangular tables can accommodate a large number of people (Baraban &
Durocher, 2001, p.108). The table’s color, texture, and material are important as it is what makes
people come in direct contact with the food (Baraban&Durocher, 2001, p.108). According to
Piotrowski, the height of the table is usually (76.2 cm) (2016). The best table shape, according to
Piotrowski, is the rectangular and square table as it can carry large group of people (2016). The
table’s dimension that can hold guests from one to two guests are (61 cm by 76.2 cm), (61 cm by
91.4 cm), (106.7 cm by 121.9 cm) rectangular tables, and (76.2 cm by 91.4 cm) round table
according to Piotrowski (2016). In addition, the table’s dimension that can accommodate guests
from three to four guests are (91.4 cm by 91.4 cm), (101.6 cm by 101.6 cm) square tables, (76.2
cm by 121.9 cm), (91.4 cm by 121.9 cm) rectangular tables, and a (106.7 cm by 121.9 cm) round
table according to Piotrowski (2016). Baraban and Durocher stated that the base of the table
should match the tabletop (2001, p. 109). The two bases that can be use are the four legs and
pedestal base (Baraban & Durocher, 2001, p.109). The pedestal base is very useful because it
does not block the chairs when moving them towards the table and it also does not bother the
guests’ legs when they are seated (Baraban & Durocher, 2001, p.109). The seating in the
restaurant should be comfortable to sit on (Piotrowski, 2016). Armchairs, although they are
comfortable, they take from the space (Piotrowski, 2016). The seating size, shape, and comfort
varies depending on the facility (Piotrowski, 2016). Fine dining restaurants usually have big
scale chairs that are comfortable for the guests to sit in (Piotrowski, 2016). However, casual or
fast food dining has stool and movable chairs for people to eat and leave or order for pickup
(Piotrowski, 2016). Baraban and Durocher stated that booths can give a feeling of privacy;
however, booths are static they cannot be moved forwards or inwards (2001, 105). The chair
dimension, according to Piotrowski, should not exceed (86.4 cm) from the top of the chair to the
floor level, and a (45.7 cm) seat height (2016).
Result: The furniture should be very comfortable because one of the factors that affect
the restaurant's ambience is the furniture so selecting comfortable furniture will make the visitors
enjoy their meals and the atmosphere.
Space Planning
According to Baraban and Durocher, the space should be organized, and it should guide
the users through the space from the entrance until they reach the dining area in a smooth flow
(2001, p.71). The waiting area should be located at the restaurant’s entrance (Baucom & Grosch,
1996, p.180). There are two main elements that divide the space which are the barriers and fields
(Baraban & Durocher ,2001, p.71). The barriers are dividers such as walls and screens to give the
users privacy while fields are stated as they are an architectural plan by itself because they
include forms, sizes, and placements as well (Baraban & Durocher ,2001, p.71). Depending on
the food and beverage facility, the designer can determine whether the seating arrangement will
support interaction between the users or not (Baraban & Durocher, 2001, p.72). The seating area
should have multiple arrangements as it will give visual interest and comfort for the users
(Baucom & Grosch, 1996, p.181). When the restaurant’s layout is neat and the furniture is placed
in a straight line, the restaurant will feel formal unlike if the furniture were placed randomly
equidistant and it had different shapes and sizes, then the restaurant will feel informal (Baraban
& Durocher ,2001, p.73). Baucom and Grosch stated that the seating area should flexible and
easy to move (1996, p. 178). The cashier should be separated from the dining area as it will
cause struggles in the movement (Baucom & Grosch, 1996, p.180). Baraban and Durocher stated
that in order to create an experience in the restaurant, an interaction between the exterior and the
interior, between the functions, and between the kitchen and the dining area should take place
(2001, p.72)
Minor: Culinary Arts School
According to Bachelor of Culinary Arts School hospitality professionals, at the
Bachelor’s Degree level include subject such as, Culinary Arts, Culinary and restaurants
Management, Baking and pastry arts, Hospitality management.
Culinary Arts
Attending a culinary arts program will allow you to learn the skills and knowledge that
are required of a chef in the kitchen, which includes not only knowing how to cook but also how
to create new dishes, how to keep the kitchen safe, how to run the kitchen efficiently and more.
According to Stephen Jones, G. (2010, April 11), Culinary arts programs are what most of us
think when it comes to cooking as a professional. These courses are all about food science,
ranging from understanding the nutritional quality of raw materials to mixing flavors and
mastering tricky culinary techniques. Much of the culinary arts experts work in some kind of
kitchen. While well-rounded culinary arts programs will include some workshops on restaurant
management, food safety, and more technical aspects of kitchen maintenance, the main emphasis
is on food: how to prepare it, how to cook it, and how to make it look like a work of art.
Baking and Pastry Arts
It is mentioned in the website Ecpi Blog (Daren, 2014), Bakers and pastry chefs produce
complex sweets, wedding cakes, crafted breads, cupcakes, candies, and more.
Culinary and Science
Culinary science is the study about the chemical composition of food and food
ingredients, their physical, biological and biochemical properties and the interaction of food
constituents with each other and their environment. Molecular Gastronomy is centred on
scientific principles and its use and improvement on micro level food preparation. The term was
invented by the Hungarian physicist Nicholas Kurti in a 1969 with his French collaborator Herve
this at the Royal Institution called “The Physicist in the kitchen.” Molecular gastronomy is blend
of social and artistic mechanism; it is based on the principles of heat transference (conduction
and convection) and physical characteristics of food/liquid interface, stability of taste, dispersion,
and texture/ flavors relationship.
Culinary and Restaurants Management
According to Stephen Jones, G. (2010, April 11), Culinary management goes beyond
food preparation to include restaurant management, human resources concerns, kitchen safety,
menu creation and front-of-the-house concerns.
Hospitality Management
According to the website Concordia University (Paul, 2018), Graduates with a Bachelor
of Arts in Hospitality Management are ready to become or continue to be successful supervisors
and managers in this field. This includes the ability to succeed in a career in hotels, restaurants,
resorts, gaming businesses, attractions and tourism or entertainment institutes.
Conclusion
The literature review part is to understand the project deep and valuable by including
many information about the topic. The literature review is divided into two parts the major
and minor study. The major study is in interior design focused on restaurant design and this
topic focus on Color, Lighting, Sound and Acoustics, Material, Flooring, Circulation, Safety,
Furniture and Space Planning. The minor study will include subject such as, Culinary Arts,
Culinary and restaurants Management, Baking and pastry arts, Hospitality management.
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Types of Research Methodology
Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify,
select,process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology
section allowsthe reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability. Online
surveys allow surveycreators to reach large amounts of people or smaller focus groups for
different types of research thatmeet different goals. Survey respondents can receive surveys on
mobile phones, in emails, or cansimply use the internet to access surveys ( QuestionsPro, 2019)
Quantitative Research method (survey)
According to Alfieri, D. Quantitative analysis is a systematic investigation phenomenon,
used in obtaining quantifiable data from the existing respondents and performing statistical, or
computational technique (ScienceDirect, 2015). The survey that was done for the quantitative
research it’s made up of nine questions to know how many people in the community supported
the idea of having a culinary arts school in Jeddah. In addition, it was to know the targeted
audience’s interests and opinions as well. The answer of the questionnaire enhances and support
the project idea to serve the community positively.
The survey was given to people online via social media to different age groups and
interests to know the society’s need for this project. The survey questions were written in English
and Arabic because Arabic is the official language in Saudi Arabia and English is the language
of the thesis project and the country’s second language.

Quantitative Method (Survey Analysis)
Questions 1
‫ ما هو جنسك؟‬What's your gender
o Male ‫ذكر‬
o Female ‫انثى‬
Justification:
To identify the target audience
Answer
Figure 3.1 Data collection for the survey Q1. Retrieved at 25 Oct 2020. From Figure
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1SO5UNtcqxPUogcn3Z8Dyxe6tA1C8wfbNpollQ0_Ciq8/edit#responses 19.3 Data
collection
for survey
Q1
Result: The results showed that females are more than males in percentage which means that the
expected majority of target audience in the school will be females.
Question 2
‫ كم عمرك؟‬How old are you

o 18-25
o 26-35
o 36-45
o 46+
Justification:
To identify the target audience, it helps to know the specific age who passionate about
having culinary arts school.
Answer
Figure 20.3 Data collection for survey Q2
Figure 3.2 Data collection for the survey Q2. Retrieved at 25 Oct 2020. From
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1SO5UNtcqxPUogcn3Z8Dyxe6tA1C8wfbNpollQ0_Ciq8/edit#responses
Result: the results showed that the age of the target audience will mainly start from the age of 18
until 35.
Question 3
‫ هل لديك اهتمامات حول الطبخ؟‬Are you Interested in cooking
o Yes ‫نعم‬
o No ‫ل‬
Justification:
Because the project revolves around the culinary arts, the number of people who
are interested about the topic is important.
Answer
Result: Because the project revolves around the culinary arts, the number of people who
are interested about the topic is important and if the answer was no the survey will end for
them.
Question 4
Are you a member of Dar Al-Hekma University ‫هل أنت عضو في جامعة دار الحكمة؟‬
o Yes ‫نعم‬
o No ‫ل‬
Justification
Since the project expected to be located in Dar Alhekma college so it’s important to
know if the student at Dar Alhekma are willing and interested to have culinary arts school.
Answer
Result: only 26.6% answer yes was from of Dar Alhekma student and the majority are no.
Question 5
‫ هل تعتقد اننا بحاجة الى مدرسة تعليم فنون الطهي في مجتمعنا؟‬Do you think we need a culinary art
school in our society
o Yes ‫نعم‬
o No ‫ل‬
Justification
It is important to know if people need such a project like culinary arts school in our
society and the results will support topic.

Answer
Figure 23.3 Data Collection for survey Q5
Result: The results showed that 95% are interested in the idea of having culinary arts school and
they think that we need such a project while only 5% of the respondents don’t think that we need
this project our society.
Question 6
‫ هل تؤيد فكرة افتتاح مدرسة تعليم فنون الطبخ؟‬Do you support the idea of opening a culinary arts
school.
o Yes ‫نعم‬
o No ‫ل‬
Justification
To make sure that the idea of having culinary is needed.
Answer
Result: 99.1% responded that they support the idea of having a culinary arts school which is
a good indication that this project will be successful and 1% responded with no.
Question 7
‫ هل سبق وقمت بزيارة مدرسة لتعليم فنون الطهي؟‬Have you ever visited a cooking academy before
o Yes ‫نعم‬
o No ‫ل‬
Justification
To know how many people who responded have background culinary school.
Answer
Result: The majority responded with no while only 28.3% responded with yes.
Question 8
‫ إذا تم افتتاح مدرسة لتعليم فنون الطهي هل ستقوم بالتسجيل؟‬If the culinary art school opened would
you register
o Yes ‫نعم‬
o No ‫ل‬
o Maybe ‫ربما‬
Justification
It is important to know how willing people are to come and learn about culinary
arts school in the city.
Answer
Result: 67.9% responded with yes and only 6.6% responded with no and the rest answered
with maybe and this will support the project also.
Question 9
‫ ماهي القسام التي تفضل تعلمها بمدرسة تعليم فنون الطهي؟‬What are the courses that you prefer to learn
in culinary art school
o ‫ الخبز‬Baking
o ‫ التغذية‬Nutrition
o ‫ الطبخ العالمي‬World cuisine
o ‫ فنون التقطيع واستخدام السكين‬The art of cuttingand using knives
o ‫ الحلويات الفرنسية‬French pastry
o ‫ جميع ما ذكر‬All the above
Justification
To know the requirements of the space, it is important to know what type
of courses people are interested in taking.
Answer
Figure 27.3 Data Collection for survey Q9
Result: 38.5% responded that they want to learn world cuisine while the 23.1% want to learn all
the choices and 15.4% chose baking. Other answers included nutrition, the art of cutting and
using knives and French pastry.
Qualitative Method (Interviews)
Qualitative method is used to interview professionals that are specialized in cooking since the
topic is culinary arts school. Moreover, it will help to get more information about the topic.
Interview 1
Chef M.A
Chef M.A studying and graduated from Cordon Bleu holds a certificate grand diploma
(French pastry and French cuisine. After he graduated, he works in Arab tower in Dubai he
also works with Chef Nathien Autolo who wined tow Mechlin star chef. Participate in Top
Chef program.
Question 1
Since you were studying in Cordon bleu tell me about how the interior of the kitchen how it
was in terms of layout, functions, equipment, colors and the lighting system?
Justification
To get more information and know more about how the culinary should be in terms of
interior design.
Answer
Chef M.A answered:
First the kitchen is not like the standard kitchen its professional kitchen, the induction must
be electric and magnetic it well not turned until you put something above there is no gas
induction in terms of safety, and for the lighting it was white artificial light and there’s no
nature lighting source because some of the food should not being front of the sun light so all
the lighting system was artificial. And the colors of the kitchen were all white and for the
floor it was epoxy because if some food falls on the floor it’s easy to clean.
Question 2
Are there differences between cuisine kitchen and pastry kitchen?
Justification
To know if the cuisine kitchen its different from the pastry kitchen or it can be pastry and
cuisine in one kitchen.
Answer
Chef M.A answered:

Absolutely its different from each other because the hot kitchen which is for the cuisine its
need different material from the pastry kitchen.
Question 3
from your opinion what’s the functions that should include in Culinary arts school except the
classes kitchen and cooking places?
Justification
To get more information about what should include in the Culinary in terms of function.
Answer
Chef M.A answered:
From my opinion its must be a library and common area or cafe where the students can take
rest and have some fun after a long time working in the kitchen.
Question 4
From you own perspective do you think opening a Culinary arts school is needed in our
society?
Justification
To support my project by provide an answer from professionals.
Answer
Chef M.A answered:
diffidently we have a severe shortage of Saudi chefs in our society specially pastry chef and yes,
we need such a project like this.

Conclusion
Research methodology, information was collected in two different way using mixed
method. One by sending survey to the community. The other way was the interview, also types
of question was asked to a professional in culinary. The results of the survey and the interviews
was completely different but totally beneficial. In the survey the results of the survey supported
the idea of having a professional culinary academy in Jeddah. This survey also helped in
understanding the needs of the users in the culinary academy and the activities they want to have
in such a place. In addition, the survey showed that the majority of people in our society were
interested about the culinary academy. Moreover, with the interviews the information conducted
was deep and valuable since it was from professionals. All data and results will be reflected in
the space later on. It will help in fulfilling the needs of the users.
CHAPTER FPOUR: PRECEDENT STUDIES
This chapter includes three international case studies where selected by the author. The
case studies are Culinary Arts School, which is located in Mexico, The Culinary Village which is
located in China and Institute for The Culinary Arts that is located in Omaha, United State. The
reason behind choosing these precedent studies because of their locations, functions and design.
The relationship between the literature review, research methodology and precedent studies, the
literature review it benefits you in terms of different designs for all spaces as well as solutions
while precedent studies makes you see what the project is like in real life and the research
methodology shows what the costumers prefer or want in the space.
Precedent study 1: Culinary Arts School
Client: Culinary Arts School.
Architect: Grcaia Studio
Established: 2010
Locations: Tijuana, Mexico
Area: 894 m2
Targeted audience: adults male and female.
The reason behind choosing this international culinary arts school, is because this project
is located with not very much in its surroundings, which is why the two main volumes face each
other, creating a transition space. The architect characterized not only for solving functionality
and aesthetics, but contributing with creativity in each project, as well as low-cost and use of
new technologies and local materials, which translate into an innovative architecture.
Site analysis:
N LOCATION
WIND
W E
SUN PATH
MAIN ROAD
Figure 4.1. source: google map, illustrated by Najla Alghamdi

“site analysis of precedent study 1”
Figure 28.4 Site Analysis of PS 1
Surrounding:
Figure 29.4 Surrounding of PS1

Figure 4-2 Culinary Arts School Eagle View. In TIJUANA, MEXICO. Retrieved from
google 2020
Programming:
4 4 4 2 1- OFFICES
2- CLASSROM
3- LIBRARY
4- COOKING
STAION
5- CAFETRIA
6 6- SMALL
AUDITORIOM
Figure 30.4 Ground Floor Plan of PS1 7- W/C
1
7 7
5 3
Figure 4-3 Culinary Arts School Floor Plan. In TIJUANA, MEXICO.

https://www.archdaily.com/100778/culinary-art-school-gracia-studio?ad_medium=gallery
Zoning
4 4 4 2 1- OFFICES
2- CLASSROM
3- LIBRARY
4- COOKING
STAION
5- CAFETRIA
6 6- SMALL
AUDITORIOM
7- W/C
1
7 7 PUBLIC
5 3 SEMI PUBLIC
PRIVATE
Figure 31.4 First Floor PS1 Zoning

Circulation
4 4 4 2 1- OFFICES
2- CLASSROM
3- LIBRARY
4- COOKING
STAION
5- CAFETRIA
6 6- SMALL
AUDITORIOM
7- W/C
1
7 7
5 3
Figure 32.4 Ground Floor of ps1 circulation

Programming
Table 1.4 Programming Table of PS1
Space Adjacency Zoning Area
1- Offices 3,7 Semi public 17.5 m2
2- Classroom 4 Semi public 85.76 m2
3- Library 1,7 Semi public 33.75 m2
4- Cooking 2,6 Semi public 106.47 m2

station
5- Cafeteria 6,7 Public 43 m2
6- Small 4,5 Semi public 72.9 m2

auditorium
7- W/C 5,1,3 Private 50 m2
Table 4.1 Source: drawn by Najla Alghamdi, November, 18 “first programming table of case
study 1”
Design Approach
Interior images
Recessed down light
Metal ceiling
Natural light source
Glass
wood
Concrete wall
Figure 33.4 Interior Images of PS1
Figure 4-6 Culinary Arts School. In TIJUANA, MEXICO.

Sun light
ceramic
wood
ceramic

Recessed down light
Glass to give a source

of sun light
Custom made chairs
made of wood and
metallic
epoxy

Exterior
Glass
Polycarbonate black
panels
wood
Entrance Concrete
Figure 35.4 Exterior Images of PS1

This precedent study was useful because of the functions and design and can be used as
inspiration.
Precedent study 2: The culinary village
Client: Culinary Arts School.
Architect: LUKSTUDO
Established: 2017
Locations: JIAXING, CHINA
Area: 1000 m2
Targeted audience: different people from all ages and background.
The reason behind choosing this international case study because its unique in terms of
the location, functions and the design. Also, it shows wonderful inspiration in terms of color
scheme or layout of the space.
Site analysis
N
LOCATION
WIND
E
SUN PATH
MAIN ROAD
W
Figure 36.4 Site Analysis of PS2

Programming
Figure 37.4 Ground Floor plan of PS2
Figure 4-8 The Culinary Village Floor Plan. In JIAXING, CHINA.

https://www.archdaily.com/878216/the-culinary-village-arda-showroom-
lukstudio?ad_medium=gallery
Zoning
PUBLIC
SEMI PUBLIC
PRIVATE
Figure 38.4 Ground Floor Zoning of PS1

Circulation
Figure 39.4 Ground Floor Circulation of PS2

Programming
1- Entrance 1,2,3,4,11 Public 16.31 m2
2- Showroom 1 2,4,7,6,12 Semi public 58.81 m2
3- Showroom 2 2,3,5,12 Semi public 78.90 m2
4- Showroom 3 4,6,12 Semi public 103.8 m2
5- Showroom 4 3,5,12 Semi public 63.78 m2
6- Oven gallery 2,3,8,12 Semi public 56.50 m2
7- Cooking 7,9,10,11 Semi public 179.16 m2

classroom
8- Washroom 8,9 Private 30 m2
study 2”
Design Approach
Track light
Pendant light
Wall cladding
Lighter wood
Concrete
Figure 4-11 The Culinary Village. In JIAXING, CHINA.

plants
Custom made wood

seating
Parquet

Exposed ceiling
Cubicle cooking
classroom
Cove light
Ceramic

Exterior
Wood ceiling
Natural sun light
Glass
Wood
Figure 41.4 Exterior of PS2


This case study was very helpful in terms of knowing the function and the important
elements in this project also it can be used as good source of inspiration.
Precedent study 3: Institute for the Culinary Arts
Client: Metropolitan Community College.
Architect: HDR Architecture
Established: 2009
Locations: Omaha, United State of America
Area: 39,000 m2
Targeted audience: Student who want to learn about cooking and get a degree in culinary
school.
The reason behind choosing this case study because its matching the author upcoming
project. Institute for the Culinary Arts it’s a unique space and amazing environment for the
students to be learn in.
Site Analysis
LOCATION
E
WIND
SUN PATH
W
MAIN ROAD
Figure 42.4 Site Analysis of PS3


Surrounding
Figure 43 Surrounding of PS3
Figure 4-16 Institute for the Culinary Arts Eagle View. In Omaha, United State of America.
Retrieved from google 2020
Programming
Figure 44.4 Ground Floor of PS3
Figure 4-17 Institute for the Culinary Arts Floor Plan. In Omaha, United State of America.
https://www.archdaily.com/121226/institute-for-the-culinary-arts-hdr-
architecture?ad_medium=gallery
Zoning
PUBLIC
SEMI PUBLIC
PRIVATE
Figure 45.4 Ground Floor Zoning
Circulation
Figure 46.4 Ground Floor Circulation of PS3
Programming
1- Student 2,3 Public 74.3 m2

resources
2- Office 1,2,3 Private 76.5
3- Lab 1,4 Public 98.12 m2
4- Ingredient 1,3,5,6 Semi public 95.62 m2

room
5- Dry storage 4,6 Semi public 80.5 m2
6- Bakery 4,5,7 Public 169.82 m2
7- Kitchen 6,8 Public 188.76 m2
8- Bistro 7 Public 110.18 m2
study 3”
Design Approach
Dropped ceiling
Screens
Wood
Stainless steel Table

and seating
Figure 47.4 Interior Images Of PS3
Figure 4-20 Institute for the Culinary Arts. In Omaha, United State of America.
Recessed rectangular
light
Stainless steel
equipment
Ceramic tiles
Recessed down light
Bricks Pendant light
Art work
Wood
Exterior
Bricks
Glass
Stone
Figure 49.4 Exterior Image of PS3
Figure 50.4 Exterior Image of Local Existing Competitor
Figure 4-24 ZADK Culinary Academy. In khobar, Saudi Arabia. Retrived from google 2020
Local Existing project: Zadk Culinary Academy.
Location: The Boardwalk Building Prince Faisal Bin Fahad Street, Al Hada, Al Khobar PO Box
34439
Background
ZADK Culinary Art Ltd is a non-profit and independent Saudi company that will serve as
a vehicle for transformation within the Saudi Arabian food sector by building a top-quality and
best-in-class culinary academy; a base platform to drive social change, support Saudization
efforts and help to eradicate unemployment. ZADC Academy was founded by Mrs. Rania
Mualla, a pioneering Saudi philanthropist in volunteer work. The academy is located in a good
district, but they have marketing issues.
Marketing
Cooking courses are offered with fixed times and limited seats the only way to publish
their courses time is by their website. They don’t do much of these cooking courses, so not
everyone is able to register and not all the courses are available during the week.
Targeted audience
Different people from all ages and background.
Business revenue
The Academy has different pricing for each course for example: the price of the pasta
course is 747.50 Riyal and the cake course coasts 4,025 Riyal so it’s different from course to
another.
Working hours
From Sunday to Thursday 8 am to 5 pm
List of functions
Classrooms, Kitchens, Offices, Reception, Cooking stations, Library, Bakery, Waiting
area
Interior space
Track light
Wood panel partition
Ceramic
Figure 51.4 Interior Image of Local Existing Competitor
Cove light Recessed down light

Glass
Seating
Exposed ceiling
Natural sun light
Table and Seating
Glass
Stainless steel stations
Figure 52.4 Interior Images of Local Existing competitor

Conclusion
Chapter four includes three international case studies. The case studies are Culinary Arts
School, The Culinary Village and Institute for The Culinary Arts. The reason behind choosing
these precedent studies because of their locations, functions and design. World precedent studies
help to involve more knowledge and references on international spaces and the information will
greatly benefit the project in terms of designing and location.

CHAPTER FIVE: DETAILS FOR INTERIOR DESIGN
The major thesis on interior design that specialized on restaurants was outlined in chapter
two, which is the literature review. The specifications of the spaces are shown in this chapter.
Furthermore, all building codes and regulations are based on the Saudi Building Codes. Also,
this chapter will include the finishes schedules of the spaces, the relationship diagram, site
analysis, zoning diagram, blocking diagram and the criteria matrix.

Criteria matrix
The criteria matrix or adjacency matrix is a table that shows what spaces should and should not
be nearto each other on plan.
Figure 53.5 Criteria Matrix Diagram by Author Najla Alghmadi

Design Program
The design programming schedule provides the size of each function, the proxemics between functions, the equipment or furniture
required in each function, the level of acoustics affecting each function, lighting, color, materials, the environmental qualities to
consider, and the future factor.

Space Function Size proxemic furniture Acoustics Lighting Color material Environmental Future
No. qualities factors
1 Entrance 30 1,3,4 Reception Medium - Natural Warm - N/A Welcoming
Reception desk & light colors Durable
chairs Decorative - Non
light slippery
- Easy to
clean
2 Waiting area 20 1,2,3,10 Waiting Medium - Natural Warm - N/A Welcoming
chairs light colors Durable
Decorative - Non
light slippery
- Easy to
clean
3 kitchen 41 5,11,12,8 - Oven High Artificial Natural - Ventilations N\A
- Cooking light cool Durable
station colors - Non
- Utensils slippery
- - Easy to
Refrigerator clean
- Storage - Fire
resistant
4 Market 20 11,12 Shelves Medium Artificial Natural - N/A N\A
Refrigerator light cool Durable
colors - Non
slippery
- Easy to
clean
- Fire
resistant
5 Restaurant/café 38 1,2,3,4,10,14 Bar Dining High - Natural Warm - Ventilations Enjoyable
table light colors Durable
Dining - - Non
chairs decorative slippery
light - Easy to
clean
- Fire
resistant
6 Library 17 5,9,11,12,13 Shelves Medium - Natural Natural - N/A N\A
Tables light cool Durable
Chairs - colors - Non
decorative slippery
light - Easy to
clean
7 Clinic 12 4,11,12 Desk Medium Artificial Natural - N/A N\A
Equipment light cool Durable
Chairs colors - Non
slippery
- Easy to
clean
8 Offices 23- 1,2,3,7,13 Office desk Medium - Natural Natural - N/A N\A
23 Office light cool Durable
chairs - colors - Non
decorative slippery
light - Easy to
clean
9 W/C 17- 3,6,13 Standard High Artificial Natural - Ventilations N\A
14 light cool Durable
colors - Non
slippery
- Easy to
clean
10 Dry storage 14 4,5,6 Shelves Medium Artificial Natural - N/A N\A
light cool Durable
colors
- Non
slippery
- Easy to
clean
- Fire
resistant
11 Bakery 24 4,5,7,8 Shelves High Artificial Natural - Ventilations N\A
Oven light cool Durable
cooking colors - Non
station slippery
Refrigerator - Easy to
clean
- Fire
resistant
12 Classroom 30- 7,9 Tables & High - Natural Natural - Ventilations N\A
23 chairs light cool Durable
Cooking - artificial colors - Non
station light slippery
- Easy to
clean
13 Small 17 6 Cooking High Artificial Warm - N\A Exhibitions
auditorium station light colors Durable
Seating area - Non
slippery
- Easy to
clean
.
Relationship Diagram
Bubbles described the distribution of the functions within the floor plan. Using
relationship diagram to know approximately the distances between each function rather major, or
direct or minor or no relationship.
Figure 54.5 First Floor Relationship Diagram by Author Najla Alghamdi

Figure 55.5 Second Relationship Diagram by Author Najla Alghamdi

Finishes Schedule
Space Room Level Flooring Walls Ceiling Notes

No. name
N S E W
1 Entrance First Marble open Reception wall Entrance Suspended

2 Reception First Marble desk chairs wall entrance Suspended
3 Waiting area First Marble desk Table wall Entrance Suspended
Chairs
Access
4 kitchen Second Ceramic Access open storage open Suspended
or vinyl
5 Market Second Concrete Access Shelving Shelving Shelving Suspended

6 Restaurant/café First Marble & Access open open open Suspended
wood
7 Library First Wood & Access Shelving Shelving Seating Suspended

carpet
8 Clinic First Marble Storage Access Seating Desk Suspended

9 Offices First & Wood & Access Window Shelving Desk Exposed
second carpet
10 W/C First & Marble Wall Access Toilet Mirror Sink Suspended
second
11 Dry storage Second Ceramic Shelving Shelving Shelving Access Suspended

& or vinyl
second
12 Bakery Second Ceramic Open Access Storage Open Suspended

or vinyl
13 Classroom Second Ceramic Access Access Table & Desk & Suspended
or vinyl Window window chairs screen
14 Small auditorium First Marble Window Access Seating Screen Suspended

and carpet
Blocking Diagram
Figure 56.5 First Floor Blocking Diagram by Author Najla Alghamid
Figure 57.5 Second Floor Blocking Diagram by Author Najla Alghamdi

Zoning diagram
Figure 58.5 Ground Floor Zoning Diagram by Author Najla Alghamdi
Figure 59.5 First Floor Zoning Diagram by Author Njla Alghamdi

Saudi Building Codes
The Saudi building code is a set of local laws relating to howbuildings should be
designed or built, such as safety, interior finishes, and standards for the users to feel and be more
comfortable and safer inside the space.
SECTION 106 FLOOR AND ROOF 416.1 General. The provisions of this
DESIGN LOADS 106.1 Live loads posted. section shall apply to the construction,
In commercial or industrial buildings, for installation and use
each floor or portion thereof
of buildings and structures, or parts thereof,
designed for live loads exceeding 2.50 for the application of flammable finishes.
kN/m2 , such design live loads shall be Such
conspicuously
construction and equipment shall comply
posted by the owner or the owner’s with the SBC 801.
authorized agent in that part of each story in
which they 416.2.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of
spray rooms shall be smooth and shall be so
apply, using durable signs. It shall be
unlawful to remove or deface such notices. constructed to permit the free passage of
exhaust air from all parts of the interior and
SECTION 302 to facilitate
CLASSIFICATION washing and cleaning, and shall be so
designed to confine residues within the
303.3 Assembly Group A-2. Group A-2 room. Aluminum
occupancy includes assembly uses intended
for food shall not be used. 416.2.2 Ventilation.
Mechanical ventilation and interlocks with
and/or drink consumption including, but not the spraying
limited to: • Banquet halls • Gaming areas •
operation shall be in accordance with the
Restaurants, cafeterias and similar dining SBC 501. 416.3 Spraying spaces. Spraying
facilities (including associated commercial spaces shall
kitchens)
be ventilated with an exhaust system to
prevent the accumulation of flammable mist
SECTION 416 or vapors in
APPLICATION OF FLAMMABLE
FINISHES
accordance with the SBC 501. Where such 505.2.3 Openness. A mezzanine shall be
spaces are not separately enclosed, open and unobstructed to the room in which
noncombustible such
spray curtains shall be provided to restrict mezzanine is located except for walls not
the spread of flammable vapors. more than 1 m in height, columns and posts.
416.3.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of Exceptions: 1. Mezzanines or portions
spraying spaces shall be smooth and thereof are not required to be open to the
continuous room in which
without edges; shall be so constructed to the mezzanines are located, provided that the
permit the free passage of exhaust air from occupant load of the aggregate area of the
all parts of enclosed
the interior and to facilitate washing and space is not greater than 10. 2. A mezzanine
cleaning; and shall be so designed to confine having two or more exits or access to exits is
residues not
within the spraying space. Aluminum shall required to be open to the room in which the
not be used. mezzanine is located. 3. Mezzanines or
portions
SECTION 505
thereof are not required to be open to the
MEZZANINES AND EQUIPMENT room in which the mezzanines are located,
PLATFORMS provided
505.1 General. Mezzanines shall comply that the aggregate floor area of the enclosed
with Section 505.2. Equipment platforms space is not greater than 10 percent of the
shall comply mezzanine
with Section 505.3. area. 4. In industrial facilities, mezzanines
505.2 Mezzanines. A mezzanine or used for control equipment are permitted to
mezzanines in compliance with Section be glazed
505.2 shall be on all sides. 5. In occupancies other than
considered a portion of the story below. Groups H and I, that are no more than two
Such mezzanines shall not contribute to stories above
either the grade plane and equipped throughout with
building area or number of stories as an automatic sprinkler system in accordance
regulated by Section 503.1. The area of the with
mezzanine shall Section 903.3.1.1, a mezzanine having two
be included in determining the fire area. The or more means of egress shall not be
clear height above and below the mezzanine required to be
floor open to the room in which the mezzanine is
construction shall be not less than 2 m. located.
SECTION 507
UNLIMITED AREA BUILDINGS public ways or yards not less than 18 m in

width.
507.1 General. The area of buildings of the
occupancies and configurations specified in 507.4 Sprinklered, one-story buildings. The
area of a Group A-4 building no more than
Sections 507.1 through 507.12 shall not be one
limited. Basements not more than one story
below story above grade plane of other than Type
V construction, or the area of a Group B, F,
grade plane shall be permitted. M or S
507.1.1 Accessory occupancies. Accessory building no more than one story above grade
occupancies shall be permitted in unlimited plane of any construction type, shall not be
area limited
buildings in accordance with the provisions where the building is provided with an
of Section 508.2, otherwise the requirements automatic sprinkler system throughout in
of accordance with
Sections 507.3 through 507.13 shall be Section 903.3.1.1 and is surrounded and
applied, where applicable. adjoined by public ways or yards not less
507.2 Measurement of open spaces. Where than 18 m in
Sections 507.3 through 507.13 require width. Exceptions: 1. Buildings and
buildings to structures of Type I or II construction for
be surrounded and adjoined by public ways rack storage
and yards, those open spaces shall be facilities that do not have access by the
determined as public shall not be limited in height,
follows: 1. Yards shall be measured from the provided that such
building perimeter in all directions to the buildings conform to the requirements of
closest Sections 507.4 and 903.3.1.1 and Chapter 32
interior lot lines or to the exterior face of an of the
opposing building located on the same lot, SBC 801. 2. The automatic sprinkler system
as shall not be required in areas occupied for
applicable. 2. Where the building fronts on a indoor
public way, the entire width of the public participant sports, such as tennis, skating,
way shall swimming and equestrian activities in
be used. occupancies in
507.3 Nonsprinklered, one-story buildings. Group A-4, provided that both of the
The area of a Group F-2 or S-2 building no following criteria are met: 3. Exit doors
more directly to the
than one story in height shall not be limited outside are provided for occupants of the
where the building is surrounded and participant sports areas. 4. The building is
adjoined by equipped
with a fire alarm system with manual fire SECTION 703

alarm boxes installed in accordance with
Section 907.
507.4.1 Mixed occupancy buildings with FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS AND
Groups A-1 and A-2. Group A-1 and A-2 FIRE TESTS
occupancies of other than Type V 703.2 Fire-resistance ratings. The fire

construction shall be permitted within mixed resistance rating of building elements,
occupancy components or
buildings of unlimited area complying with assemblies shall be determined in

Section 507.4, provided all of the following accordance with the test procedures set forth
criteria in ASTM E 119
are met: 1. Group A-1 and A-2 occupancies or UL 263 or in accordance with Section
are separated from other occupancies as 703.3.
required for The FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION
separated occupancies in Section 508.4.4 FEATURES SBC 201-CR-18 165 fire-
with no reduction allowed in the fire resistance rating of penetrations and
resistance rating fireresistant joint
of the separation based upon the installation systems shall be determined in accordance
of an automatic sprinkler system. 2. Each Sections 714 and 715, respectively.
area ofthe
703.2.2 Combustible components.
portions of the building used for Group A-1 Combustible aggregates are permitted in
or A-2 occupancies shall not exceed the gypsum and
maximum
Portland cement concrete mixtures for fire-
allowable area permitted for such resistance-rated construction. Any
occupancies in Section 503.1. 3. Exit doors component
from Group A-1
material or admixture is permitted in
and A-2 occupancies shall discharge directly assemblies if the resulting tested assembly
to the exterior of the building. meets the fire-
507.5 Two-story buildings. The area of a resistance test requirements of this code.
Group B, F, M or S building no more than
two stories 703.2.3 Restrained classification. Fire-
resistancerated assemblies tested under
above grade plane shall not be limited where ASTM E 119 or
the building is equipped throughout with an
UL 263 shall not be considered to be
automatic sprinkler system in accordance restrained unless evidence satisfactory to the
with Section 903.3.1.1 and is surrounded building
and adjoined
official is furnished by the registered design
by public ways or yards not less than 18 m professional showing that the construction
in width. qualifies
for a restrained classification in accordance Type I, II, III and IV constructions. The term
with ASTM E 119 or UL 263. Restrained “noncombustible” does not apply to the
flame
construction shall be identified on the
construction documents. spread characteristics of interior finish or
trim materials. A material shall not be
703.2.4 Supplemental features. Where classified as a
materials, systems or devices that have not
been tested noncombustible building construction
material if it is subject to an increase in
as part of a fire-resistance-rated assembly combustibility or
are incorporated into the building element,
component flame spread beyond the limitations herein
established FIRE AND SMOKE
or assembly, sufficient data shall be made PROTECTION
available to the building official to show that
the FEATURES SBC 201-CR-18 166 through
the effects of age, moisture or other
required fireresistance rating is not reduced. atmospheric
703.4 Automatic sprinklers. Under the conditions.
prescriptive fire-resistance requirements of
this code, 703.6 Fire-resistance-rated glazing.
Fireresistance-rated glazing, when tested in
the fire-resistance rating of a building accordance
element, component or assembly shall be
established with ASTM E 119 or UL 263 and
complying with the requirements of Section
without the use of automatic sprinklers or 707, shall be
any other fire suppression system being
incorporated permitted. Fire-resistance-rated glazing shall
bear a label marked in accordance with
as part of the assembly tested in accordance Table 716.3
with the fire exposure, procedures and
acceptance issued by an agency and shall be
permanently identified on the glazing
criteria specified in ASTM E 119 or UL 263.
However, this section shall not prohibit or 703.7 Marking and identification. Where
limit the there is an accessible concealed floor, floor-
ceiling or
duties and powers of the building official
allowed by SBC 100. attic space, fire walls, fire barriers, fire
partitions, smoke barriers and smoke
703.5 Noncombustibility tests. The tests partitions or any
indicated in Sections 703.5.1 and 703.5.2
shall serve as other wall required to have protected
openings or penetrations shall be effectively
criteria for acceptance of building materials and
as set forth in Sections 602.2, 602.3 and
602.4 in permanently identified with signs or
stenciling in the concealed space. Such
identification shall:
1. Be located within 4.5 m of the end of each 707.3.3 Enclosures for exit access stairways.
wall and at intervals not exceeding 9 m The fire-resistance rating of the fire barrier
measured
separating building areas from an exit access
horizontally along the wall or partition. 2. stairway or ramp shall comply with Section
Include lettering not less than 75 mm in 713.4.
height with a
707.3.4 Exit passageway. The fire-resistance
minimum 10 mm stroke in a contrasting rating of the fire barrier separating building
color incorporating the suggested wording, areas
“FIRE
AND/OR SMOKE BARRIER—PROTECT
ALL OPENINGS,” or other wording. from an exit passageway shall comply with
Section 1024.3. 707.3.5 Horizontal exit. The
SECTION 707 fire-
FIRE BARRIERS resistance rating of the separation between
building areas connected by a horizontal exit
707.1 General. Fire barriersinstalled as shall
required elsewhere in this code or the SBC-
801 shall
comply with this section. comply with Section 1026.1.
707.2 Materials. Fire barriers shall be of 707.6 Openings. Openings in a fire barrier
materials permitted by the building type of shall be protected in accordance with
Section 716.
construction.
Openings shall be limited to a maximum
707.3 Fire-resistance rating. The fire- aggregate width of 25 percent of the length
resistance rating of fire barriers shall comply of the wall,
with this
and the maximum area of any single opening
section. shall not exceed 15 m2. Openings in
707.3.1 Shaft enclosures. The fire-resistance enclosures for
rating of the fire barrier separating building exit access stairways and ramps, interior exit
areas stairways and ramps and exit passageways
from a shaft shall comply with Section shall
713.4. also comply with Sections 1019, 1023.4 and
707.3.2 Interior exit stairway and ramp 1024.5, respectively. Exceptions: 1.
construction. The fire-resistance rating of Openings shall
the fire not be limited to 15 m2 where adjoining
barrier separating building areas from an floor areas are equipped throughout with an
interior exit stairway or ramp shall comply automatic
withSection sprinkler system in accordance with Section
1023.1. 903.3.1.1. 2. Openings shall not be limited
to 15 m2
or an aggregate width of 25 percent of the installed in or on the intersection for its

length of the wall where the opening entire length so as not to dislodge, loosen or
protective is a otherwise
fire door serving enclosures for exit access impair its ability to accommodate expected
stairways and ramps, and interior exit building movements and to retard the
stairways and passage of fire
ramps. 3. Openings shall not be limited to 15 and hot gases.
m2 or an aggregate width of 25 percent of
the SECTION 708 FIRE PARTITIONS
length of the wall where the opening 708.2 Materials. The walls shall be of
protective has been tested in accordance materials permitted by the building type of
with ASTM E 119 construction.
or UL 263 and has a minimum fire- 708.3 Fire-resistance rating. Fire partitions
resistance rating not less than the fire- shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less
resistance rating of the than 1
wall. 4. Fire window assemblies permitted in hour. Exceptions: 1. Corridor walls

atrium separation walls shall not be limited permitted to have a 1⁄2 hour fire-resistance
to a rating by Table
maximum aggregate width of 25 percent of 1020.1. 2. Dwelling unit and sleeping unit
the length of the wall. 5. Openings shall not separations in buildings of Type IIB, IIIB
be and VB
limited to 15 m2 or an aggregate width of 25 construction shall have fire-resistance

percent of the length of the wall where the ratings of not less than 1⁄2 hour in buildings
opening equipped
protective is a fire door assembly in a fire throughout with an automatic sprinkler

barrierseparating an enclosure for exit system in accordance with Section
accessstairways 903.3.1.1.
and ramps, and interior exit stairways and 708.6 Openings. Openings in a fire partition
ramps from an exit passageway in shall be protected in accordance with
accordance with Section 716.
Section 1023.3.1. 708.7 Penetrations. Penetrations of fire

partitions shall comply with Section 714.
707.9 Voids at intersections. The voids
created at the intersection of a fire barrier 708.8 Joints. Joints made in or between fire
and a partitions shall comply with Section 715.
nonfireresistance-rated roof assembly or a 708.9 Ducts and air transfer openings.

nonfireresistance-rated exterior wall Penetrations in a fire partition by ducts and
assembly shall be airtransfer
filled. An approved material or system shall openings shall comply with Section 717.
be used to fill the void, and shall be securely
SECTION 712 VERTICAL OPENINGS speed of not more than 152.4 150 mm/s and
shall be equipped with a sensitive leading
712.1.3 Escalator openings. Where a edge to
building is equipped throughout with an
automatic arrest its progress where in contact with any
obstacle, and to continue its progress on
sprinkler system in accordance with Section release
903.3.1.1, vertical openings for escalators
shall be there from.
permitted where protected in accordance 712.1.4 Penetrations. Penetrations,
with Section 712.1.3.1 or 712.1.3.2 concealed and unconcealed, shall be
permitted where
712.1.3.1 Opening size. Protection by a draft
curtain and closely spaced sprinklers in protected in accordance with Section 714.
accordance
712.1.5 Joints. Joints shall be permitted
with NFPA 13 shall be permitted where the where complying with Section 712.1.5.1 or
area of the vertical opening between stories 712.1.5.2, as
does not
applicable.
exceed twice the horizontal projected area of
the escalator. In other than Groups B and M, 712.1.5.1 Joints in or between horizontal
this assemblies. Joints made in or between
horizontal
application is limited to openings that do not
connect more than four stories. assemblies shall comply with Section 715.
The void created at the intersection of a
712.1.3.2 Automatic shutters. Protection of floor/ceiling
the vertical opening by approved shutters at
every assembly and an exterior curtain wall
assembly shall be permitted where protected
penetrated floor shall be permitted in inaccordance
accordance with this section. The shutters
shall be of with Section 715.4.
noncombustible construction and have a 712.1.6 Ducts and air transfer openings.
fireresistance rating of not less than 1.5 Penetrations by ducts and air transfer
hours. The openings shall
shutter shall be so constructed as to close be protected in accordance with Section 717.

immediately upon the actuation of a smoke Grease ducts shall be protected in
detector accordancewith
installed in accordance with Section 907.3.1 the Saudi Mechanical Code (SBC 501).
and shall completely shut off the well 712.1.9 Two-story openings. In other than
opening. Groups I-2 and I-3, a vertical opening that is
Escalators shall cease operation when the not used
shutter begins to close. The shutter shall as one of the applications listed in this
operate at a section shall be permitted if the opening
complies with all
of the items below: 1. Does not connect 712.1.13 Openings. Vertical openings for
more than two stories. 2. Does not penetrate floor fire doors and access doors shall be
a horizontal permitted
assembly that separates fire areas or smoke where protected by Section 712.1.13.1 or
barriers that separate smoke compartments. 712.1.13.2.
3. Is not
712.1.13.2 Access doors. Access doors shall
concealed within the construction of a wall be permitted in ceilings of fire-resistance-
or a floor/ceiling assembly. 4. Is not open to rated
a
floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies,
corridor in Group I and R occupancies. 5. Is provided such doors are tested in accordance
not open to a corridor on nonsprinklered with
floors. 6. Is
ASTM E 119 or UL 263 as horizontal
separated from floor openings and air assemblies and labeled by an approved
transfer openings serving other floors by agency for such
construction
purpose.
conforming to required shaft enclosures.
712.1.15 Skylights. Skylights and other
712.1.10.1 Automobile ramps. Vertical penetrations through a fire-resistance-rated
openings for automobile ramps in open and roof deck or
enclosed
parking garages shall be permitted where
FIRE AND SMOKE PROTECTION slab are permitted to be unprotected,
FEATURES SBC provided that the structural integrity of the
fireresistance-
201-CR-18 182 constructed in accordance
with Sections 406.5 and 406.6, respectively. rated roof assembly is maintained.
Unprotected skylights shall not be permitted
712.1.10.2 Elevators. Vertical openings for in roof assemblies required to be fire-
elevator hoistways in open or enclosed resistance rated in accordance with Section
parking 705.8.6. The supporting construction shall
be protected to afford the required fire-
garages that serve only the parking garage, resistance rating of the
and complying with Sections 406
horizontal assembly supported.
712.1.11 Mezzanine. Vertical openings
between a mezzanine complying with 716.5.9.3 Smoke-activated doors.
Section 505, and Automatic-closing doors installed in the
following locations
the floor below shall be permitted.
shall be automatic-closing by the actuation
712.1.12 Exit access stairways and ramps. of smoke detectors installed in accordance
Vertical openings containing exit with
accessstairways
Section 907.3 or by loss of power to the
or ramps in accordance with Section 1019 smoke detector or hold-open device. Doors
shall be permitted. that are
automatic-closing by smoke detection shall 405.4.3. 12. Doors installed in smoke

not have more than a 10-second delay before partitions in accordance with
the door starts to close after the smoke
detector is actuated: 2. Doors installed in the Section 710.5.2.3.
enclosures of exit access stairways and
ramps in accordance with Sections 1019 and
1023, respectively. 3. SECTION 717 DUCTS AND AIR
TRANSFER OPENINGS
Doors that protect openings in exits or
corridors required to be of fire- 717.1.1 Ducts and air transfer openings.
resistancerated Ducts transitioning horizontally between
construction. 4. Doors that protect openings shafts shall not require a shaft enclosure
in walls that are capable of resisting the provided that the duct penetration into each
passage of associated
smoke in accordance with Section 509.4. 5. shaft is protected with dampers complying
Doors installed in smoke barriers in with this section.
accordance with 717.2.1 Smoke control system. Where the
Section 709.5. 6. Doors installed in fire installation of a fire damper will interfere
partitions in accordance with Section 708.6. with the
7. Doors operation of a required smoke control
installed in a fire wall in accordance with system in accordance with Section 909,
Section 706.8. 8. Doors installed in shaft approved
enclosures in alternative protection shall be utilized.
accordance with Section 713.7. 9. Doors Where mechanical systems including ducts
installed in waste and linen chutes, discharge and dampers
openings utilized for normal building ventilation serve
and access and discharge rooms in as part of the smoke control system, the
accordance with Section 713.13. Loading expected
doors installed in performance of these systems in smoke
waste and linen chutes shall meet the control mode shall be addressed in the
requirements of Sections 716.5.9 and rational analysis
716.5.9.1.1. 10. required by Section 909.4.
Doors installed in the walls for 717.5.4.1 Corridors. Duct and air transfer
compartmentation of underground buildings openings that penetrate corridors shall be
in accordance with protected
Section 405.4.2. 11. with dampers as follows: 1. A corridor
Doors installed in the elevator lobby walls of damper shall be provided where corridor
underground buildings in ceilings,
accordance with Section constructed as required for the corridor walls

as permitted in Section 708.4, Exception 3,
are
penetrated. 2. A ceiling radiation damper one of the following applies: 1. Tests in

shall be provided where the ceiling accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL 263
membrane of a have shown
fireresistance-rated floor-ceiling or roof- that ceiling radiation dampers are not
ceiling assembly, constructed as permitted in necessary in order to maintain the fire-
Section resistance rating of
708.4, Exception 2, is penetrated. 3. A listed the assembly. 2. Where exhaust duct
smoke damper designed to resist the passage penetrations are protected in accordance
of with Section
smoke shall be provided at each point a duct 714.4.2, are located within the cavity of a
or air transfer opening penetrates a corridor wall and do not pass through another
dwelling unit or
enclosure required to have smoke and draft
control doors in accordance with Section tenant space. 3. Where duct and air transfer
716.5.3. openings are protected with a duct outlet
protection
Exceptions: 1. Smoke dampers are not
required where the building is equipped system tested as part of a fire-resistance-
throughout with rated assembly in accordance with ASTM E
119 or UL
an approved smoke control system in
accordance with Section 909, and smoke 263.
dampers are not
718.2.4 Stairways. Fireblocking shall be
necessary for the operation and control of provided in concealed spaces between stair
the system. 2. Smoke dampers are not stringers at
required in
the top and bottom of the run. Enclosed
corridor penetrations where the duct is spaces under stairways shall comply with
constructed of steel not less than 0.48 mm in Section
thickness
1011.7.3.
and there are no openings serving the
corridor. 718.2.5 Ceiling and floor openings. Where
required by Section 712.1.8, Exception 1 of
717.6.2.1 Ceiling radiation dampers. Section
Ceiling radiation dampers shall be tested in
accordance with Section 717.3.1. Ceiling 714.4.1.2 or Section 714.5, fireblocking of
radiation dampers the annular space around vents, pipes, ducts,
shall be installed in accordance with the chimneys and fireplaces at ceilings and floor
details listed in the fire-resistance-rated levels shall be installed with a material
assembly and specifically
the manufacturer’s instructions and the tested in the form and manner intended for
listing. Ceiling radiation dampers are not use to demonstrate its ability to remain in
required where place and
resist the free passage of flame and the 801.4 Decorative materials and trim.
products of combustion. Decorative materials and trim shall be
restricted by
SECTION 720 THERMAL- AND
SOUND-INSULATING MATERIALS combustibility, fire performance or flame
propagation performance criteria in
720.3 Exposed installation. Insulating accordancewith
materials, where exposed as installed in
buildings of any Section 806.
type of construction, shall have a flame 801.6 Application. Combustible materials
spread index of not more than 25 and a shall be permitted to be used as finish for
smoke-developed walls,
index of not more than 450. Exception: ceilings, floors and other interior surfaces of
Cellulosic fiber loose-fill insulation buildings.
complying with the
801.7 Windows. Show windows in the
requirements of Section 720.6 shall not be exterior walls of the first story above grade
required to meet a flame spread index plane shall be
requirement but
permitted to be of wood or of unprotected
shall be required to meet a smokedeveloped metal framing.
index of not more than 450 when tested in
801.8 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not
accordance with CAN/ULC S102.2. be used as interior finish except as provided
in Section 803.4. Foam plastics shall not be
720.5 Roof insulation. The use of used as interior trim except as provided in
combustible roof insulation not complying Section 806.5 or 2604.2. This section shall
with Sections apply both to exposed foam plastics and to
720.2 and 720.3 shall be permitted in any foam plastics used
type of construction provided that insulation in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing
is covered or cover.
with app SECTION 803 WALL AND CEILING
801.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish. The FINISHES
provisions of Section 803 shall limit the 803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish
allowable materials. Interior wall and ceiling finish
fire performance and smoke development of materials
interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be classified in accordance with ASTM
based on E84 or UL 723. Such interior finish
occupancy classification. materials shall
801.3 Interior floor finish. The provisions of be grouped in the following classes in
Section 804 shall limit the allowable fire accordance with their flame spread and
smoke-developed
performance of interior floor finish materials
based on occupancy classification.
indexes. Class A: = Flame spread index 0- in conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing
25; smokedeveloped index 0-450. Class B: = or cover.
Flame
803.5 Textile wall coverings. Where used as
spread index 26-75; smokedeveloped index interior wall finish materials, textile wall
0-450. Class C: = Flame spread index 76- coverings,
200;
803.5 Textile wall coverings. Where used as
smokedeveloped index 0-450. Exception: interior wall finish materials, textile wall
Materials tested in accordance with Section
803.1.2. coverings, including materials having woven
or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or
803.1.2 Room corner similar
803.1.2 Room corner test for interior wall or surface and carpet and similar textile
ceiling finish materials. Interior wall or materials, shall be tested in the manner
ceiling intended for use,
finish materials shall be permitted to be using the product mounting system,
tested in accordance with NFPA 286. including adhesive, and shall comply with
Interior wall or the requirements
ceiling finish materials tested in accordance of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4.
with NFPA 286 shall comply with Section
803.6 Textile ceiling coverings. Where used
803.1.2.1. as interior ceiling finish materials, textile
ceiling
803.2 Thickness exemption. Materials
having a thickness less than 0.9 mm applied coverings, including materials having woven
directly to or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped or
similar
the surface of walls or ceilings shall not be
required to be tested. surface and carpet and similar textile
materials, shall be tested in the manner
803.3 Heavy timber exemption. Exposed intended for use,
portions of building elements complying
with the using the product mounting system,
including adhesive, and shall comply with
requirements for buildings of Type IV the requirements
construction in Section 602.4 shall not be
subject to of Section 803.1.2 or 803.1.4.
interior finish requirements. 803.7 Expanded vinyl wall coverings.
Where used as interior wall finish materials,
803.4 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall not expanded
be used as interior finish except as provided
in vinyl wall coverings shall be tested in the
manner intended for use, using the product
Section 2603.9. This section shall apply both mounting
to exposed foam plastics and to foam
plastics used
system, including adhesive, and shall meeting the acceptance criteria of Section
comply with the requirements of Section 803.1.2.1, shall be permitted to be used
803.1.2, 803.1.3 where a Class
or 803.1.4. A classification INTERIOR FINISHES SBC
201-CR-18 317 in accordance with ASTM
803.8 Expanded vinyl ceiling coverings. E84 or
Where used as interior ceiling finish
materials, UL 723 is required.
expanded vinyl ceiling coverings shall be 803.12 Stability. Interior finish materials
tested in the manner intended for use, using regulated by this chapter shall be applied or
the otherwise
product mounting system, including fastened in such a manner that such
adhesive, and shall comply with the materials will not readily become detached
requirements of Section where subjected
803.1.2 or 803.1.4. to room temperatures of 93°C for not less
than 30 minutes.
803.10 Site-fabricated stretch systems.
Where used as interior wall or interior 803.13 Application of interior finish
ceiling finish materials to fireresistance-rated or
noncombustible
materials, site-fabricated stretch systems
containing all three components described in building elements. Where interior finish
the materials are applied on walls, ceilings or
structural
definition in Chapter 2 shall be tested in the
manner intended for use, and shall comply elements required to have a fire-resistance
with the rating or to be of noncombustible
construction, these
requirements of Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2.
If the materials are tested in accordance with finish materials shall comply with the
ASTM provisions of this section.
E84 or UL 723, specimen preparation and SECTION 804 INTERIOR FLOOR
mounting shall be in accordance with ASTM FINISH
E2573.
804.1 General. Interior floor finish and floor
803.11 Interior finish requirements based on covering materials shall comply with
group. Interior wall and ceiling finish shall Sections 804.2 through 804.4.2. Exception:
have Floor finishes and coverings of a traditional
type, such as
a flame spread index not greater than that
specified in Table 803.11 for the group and wood, vinyl, linoleum or terrazzo, and
location resilient floor co vering materials that are
not comprised
designated. Interior wall and ceiling finish
materials tested in accordance with NFPA of fibers.
286 and
804.2 Classification. Interior floor finish and SECTION 806 DECORATIVE

floor covering materials required by Section MATERIALS AND TRIM
804.4.2 to be of Class I or II materials shall
be classified in accordance with NFPA 253.
The 806.2 Noncombustible materials. The
permissible amount of noncombustible
classification referred to herein corresponds materials shall
to the classifications determined by NFPA
253 as not be limited.
follows: Class I, 0.45 watts/cm2 or greater; 806.3 Combustible decorative materials. In

Class II, 0.22 watts/cm2 or greater. other than Group I-3, curtains, draperies,
fabric
804.4 Interior floor finish requirements.
Interior floor covering materials shall hangings and similar combustible decorative
comply with materials suspended from walls or ceilings
shall
Sections 804.4.1 and 804.4.2 and interior
floor finish materials shall comply with comply with Section 806.4 and shall not
Section 804.4.2. exceed 10 percent of the specific wall or
ceiling area to
804.4.1 Test requirement. In all occupancies,
interior floor covering materials shall which such materials are attached. Fixed or
comply movable walls and partitions, paneling, wall
pads
with ASTM D2859.
and crash pads applied structurally or for
805.1.2 Wood finish flooring. Wood finish decoration, acoustical correction, surface
flooring is permitted to be attached directly insulation or
to the
other purposes shall be considered interior
embedded or fireblocked wood sleepers and finish shall comply with Section 803 and
shall be permitted where cemented directly shall not be
to the
considered decorative materials or
top surface of fire-resistance-rated floor furnishings. Exceptions: 1. In auditoriums in
assemblies or directly to a wood subfloor Group A, the
attached to
permissible amount of curtains, draperies,
sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1. fabric hangings and similar combustible
decorative
805.1.3 Insulating boards. Combustible
insulating boards not more than 12.5 mm materials suspended from walls or ceilings
thick and shall not exceed 75 percent of the aggregate
wall area
covered with finish flooring are permitted
where attached directly to a noncombustible where the building is equipped throughout
floor with an approved automatic sprinkler system
in
assembly or to wood subflooring attached to
sleepers as provided for in Section 805.1.1.
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, and and guardrails, shall not exceed 10 percent
where the material is installed in accordance of the specific wall or ceiling area in which
with it is
Section 803.13 of this code. 2. In Group R-2 attached.
dormitories, within sleeping units and
dwelling 806.8 Interior floor-wall base. Interior
floorwall base that is 150 mm or less in
units, the permissible amount of curtains, height shall be
draperies, fabric hangings and similar
decorative tested in accordance with Section 804.2 and
shall be not less than Class II. Where a Class
materials suspended from walls or ceiling I floor
shall not exceed 50 percent of the aggregate
wall areas finish is required, the floor-wall base shall
be Class I. Exception: Interior trim materials
where the building is equipped throughout that
with an approved automatic sprinkler
systeminstalled in accordance with Section comply with Section806.7.
903.3.1. 3. In Group B and M occupancies, SECTION 808 ACOUSTICAL CEILING
the amount of SYSTEMS
combustible fabric partitions suspended 808.1 Acoustical ceiling systems. The
from the ceiling and not supported by the quality, design, fabrication and erection of
floor shall metal
comply with Section 806.4 and shall not be suspension systems for acoustical tile and
limited. lay-in panel ceilings in buildings or
806.5 Foam plastic. Foam plastic used as structuresshall
trim in any occupancy shall comply with conform to generally accepted engineering
Section 2604.2. practice, the provisions of this chapter and
806.6 Pyroxylin plastic. Imitation leather or other
other material consisting of or coated with a applicable requirements of this code.
pyroxylin or similarly hazardous base shall 808.1.1 Materials and installation.
not be used in Group A occupancies. Acoustical materials complying with the
806.7 Interior trim. Material, other than interior finish
foam plastic used as interior trim, shall have requirements of Section 803 shall be
a installed in accordance with the
minimum Class C flame spread and smoke- manufacturer’s
developed index when tested in accordance recommendations and applicable provisions
with for applying interior finish.
ASTM E84 or UL 723, as described in 808.1.1.1 Suspended acoustical ceilings.
Section 803.1.1. Combustible trim, Suspended acoustical ceiling systems shall
excluding handrails be installed
in accordance with the provisions of ASTM system riser roomsshall be designed with
C635 and ASTM C636. adequate space for all equipment necessary
for the
901.2 Fire protection systems. Fire
protection systems shall be installed, installation, as defined by the manufacturer,
repaired, operated and with sufficient working room around the
stationary
maintained in accordance with this code and
the Saudi Fire Code (SBC 801). Any fire equipment. Clearances around equipment to
protection elements of permanent construction,
including other
system for which an exception or reduction
to the provisions of this code has been installed equipment and appliances, shall be
granted shall sufficient to allow inspection, service, repair
or
be considered to be a required system.
Exception: Any fire protection system or replacement without removing such
portion thereof elements of permanent construction or
disabling the function
not required by this code shall be permitted
to be installed for partial or complete of a required fire resistance-rated assembly.
protection Fire pump and automatic sprinkler system
riser
provided that such system meets the
requirements of this code. rooms shall be provided with a door(s) and
unobstructed passageway large enough to
901.7 Fire areas. Where buildings, or allow
portions thereof, are divided into fire areas
so as not to removal of the largest piece of equipment.
exceed the limits established for requiring a 903.2.1 Group A. An automatic sprinkler
fire protection system in accordance with system shall be provided throughout
this chapter, such fire areas shall be buildings and
separated by fire barriers constructed in
accordance withSection portions thereof used as Group A
occupancies as provided in this section. For
707 or horizontal assemblies constructed in Group A-1, A-2,
accordance with Section 711, or both,
having a fire- A-3 and A-4 occupancies, the automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided
resistance FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS throughout the story
SBC 201-CR-18 324 rating of not less than
that where the fire area containing the Group A-
1, A-2, A-3 or A-4 occupancy is located, and
determined in accordance with Section
707.3.10. throughout all stories from the Group A
occupancy to, and including, the levels of
901.8 Pump and riser room size. Where exit discharge
provided, fire pump rooms and automatic
sprinkler serving the Group A occupancy. For Group
A-5 occupancies, the automatic sprinkler
system
shall be provided in the spaces indicated in 906.9.3 Floor clearance. The clearance
Section 903.2.1.5. between the floor and the bottom of installed
hand-held
903.2.1.2 Group A-2. An automatic
sprinkler system shall be provided for fire portable fire extinguishers shall be not less
areas containing than 100 mm.
Group A-2 occupancies and intervening 907.2.1 Group A. A manual fire alarm
floors of the building where one of the system that activates the occupant
following notification system in
conditions exists: 1. The fire area exceeds accordance with Section 907.5 shall be
464.5m2 . 2. The fire area has an occupant installed in Group A occupancies where the
load of 100 occupant
or more. 3. The fire area is located on a floor load due to the assembly occupancy is 300
other than a level of exit discharge serving or more. Group A occupancies not separated
such occupancies. from
903.2.1.7 Multiple fire areas. An automatic one another in accordance with Section
sprinkler system shall be provided where 707.3.10 shall be considered as a single
multiple occupancy for
fire areas of Group A-1, A2, A-3 or A-4 the purposes of applying this section.
occupancies share exit or exit access Portions of Group E occupancies occupied
components and for assembly
the combined occupant load of theses fire purposes shall be provided with a fire alarm
areas is 300 or more. system as required for the Group E
occupancy.
903.3.1.2.2 Open-ended corridors. Sprinkler
protection shall be provided in open-ended Exception: Manual fire alarm boxes are not
required where the building is equipped
corridors and associated exterior stairways throughout
and ramps as specified in Section 1027.6,
Exception 3.903.3.8.1 Number of sprinklers. with an automatic sprinkler system installed
Limited area sprinkler systems shall not in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 and the
exceed six sprinklers in any single fire area.
occupant notification appliances will
906.7 Hangers and brackets. Hand-held activate throughout the notification zones
portable fire extinguishers, not housed in upon sprinkler
cabinets,
water flow
shall be installed on the hangers or brackets
supplied. Hangers or brackets shall be 907.2.9.2 Smoke alarms. Singleand
securely multiple-station smoke alarms shall be
installed in
anchored to the mounting surface in
accordance with the manufacturer’s accordance with Section 907.2.11.
installation instructions.
907.2.10.2 Automatic smoke detection an alarmsilencing switch shall not be

system. An automatic smoke detection installed less than 3 m horizontally from a
system that permanently
activates the occupant notification system in installed cooking appliance. 3. Photoelectric
accordance with Section 907.5 shall be smoke alarms shall not be installed less than
installed in 1.8 m
corridors, waiting areas open to corridors horizontally from a permanently installed
and habitable spaces other than sleeping cooking appliance.
units and
907.2.11.4 Installation near bathrooms.
kitchens. Exceptions: 1. Smoke detection in Smoke alarms shall be installed not less than
habitable spaces is not required where the 900 mm
facility is
horizontally from the door or opening of a
equipped throughout with an automatic bathroom that contains a bath-tub or shower
sprinkler system installed in accordance with unless
Section 903.3.1.1. 2. An automatic smoke
detection system is not required in buildings this would prevent placement of a smoke
that do not have alarm required by Section 907.2.11.1 or
907.2.11.2.
interior corridors serving sleeping units and
where each sleeping unit has a means of 907.4.2 Manual fire alarm boxes. Where a
egress door manual fire alarm system is required by
another
opening directly to an exit or to an exterior
exit access that leads directly to an exit. section of this code, it shall be activated by
fire alarm boxes installed in accordance with
907.2.10.3 Smoke alarms. Singleand
multiple-station smoke alarms shall be Sections 907.4.2.1 through 907.4.2.6.
installed in 907.4.2.1 Location. Manual fire alarm boxes
accordance with Section 907.2.11. shall be located not more than 1.5 m from
the
907.2.11.3 Installation near cooking
appliances. Smoke alarms shall not be entrance to each exit. In buildings not
installed in the protected by an automatic sprinkler system
inaccordance
following locations unless this would
prevent placement of a smoke alarm in a with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2,
location required additional manual fire alarm boxes shall be
located so that
by Section 907.2.11.1 or 907.2.11.2: 1.
Ionization smoke alarms shall not be the exit access travel distance to the nearest
installed less than 6 box does not exceed 60 m.
m horizontally from a permanently installed 907.4.2.2 Height. The height of the manual
cooking appliance. 2. Ionization smoke fire alarm boxes shall be not less than 1.05
alarms with m and
not more than 1.2 m measured vertically, 907.4.3.1 Automatic sprinkler system. For
from the floor level to the activating handle conditions other than specific fire safety
or lever of functions
the box. noted in Section 907.3, in areas where
ambient conditions prohibit the installation
907.4.2.3 Color. Manual fire alarm boxes of smoke
shall be red in color.
detectors, an automatic sprinkler system
907.4.2.4 Signs. Where fire alarm systems installed in such areas in accordance with
are not monitored by a supervising station, Section
an
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and that is connected
approved permanent sign shall be installed to the fire alarm system shall be approved as
adjacent to each manual fire alarm box that
reads: automatic heat detection.
WHEN ALARM SOUNDS CALL CIVIL 907.5.2.1 Audible alarms. Audible alarm
DEFENCE. Exception: Where the notification appliances shall be provided and
manufacturer has emit a
permanently provided this information on distinctive sound that is not to be used for
the manual fire alarm box. any purpose other than that of a fire alarm.
907.4.2.5 Protective covers. The building 907.5.2.1.1 Average sound pressure. The
official is authorized to require the audible alarm notification appliances shall
installation of provide a
listed manual fire alarm box protective sound pressure level of 15 decibels (dBA)
covers to prevent malicious false alarms or above the average ambient sound level or 5
to provide the dBA
manual fire alarm box with protection from above the maximum sound level having a
physical damage. The protective cover shall duration of not less than 60 seconds,
be whichever is
transparent or red in color with a transparent greater, in every occupiable space within the
face to permit visibility of the manual fire building.
alarm
907.5.2.1.2 Maximum sound pressure. The
box. Each cover shall include proper maximum sound pressure level for audible
operating instructions. A protective cover alarm
that emits a local
notification appliances shall be 110 dBA at
alarm signal shall not be installed unless the minimum hearing distance from the
approved. Protective covers shall not project audible
more than
appliance. Where the average ambient noise
that permitted by Section 1003.3.3. is greater than 95 dBA, visible alarm
notification
appliances shall be provided in accordance 907.5.2.2.2 Live voice messages. The

with NFPA 72 and audible alarm emergency voice/ alarm communication
notification system shall have
appliances shall not be required. the capability to broadcast live voice
messages by paging zones on a selective and
907.5.2.2 Emergency voice/alarm all-call basis.
communication systems. Emergency
voice/alarm 907.5.2.2.3 Alternate uses. The emergency
voice/alarm communication system shall be
communication systems required by this allowed
code shall be designed and installed in
accordance with to be used for other announcements,
provided the manual fire alarm use takes
NFPA 72. The operation of any automatic precedence over
fire detector, sprinkler waterflow device or
manual any other use.
fire alarm box shall automatically sound an 907.5.2.2.4 Emergency voice/alarm
alert tone followed by voice instructions communication captions. Where stadiums,
giving arenas and
approved information and directions for a grandstands are required to caption audible
general or staged evacuation in accordance public announcements in accordance with
with the Section
building’s fire safety and evacuation plans 1108.2.7.3, the emergency/voice alarm
required by Section 404 of the SBC 801. In communication system shall be captioned.
high-rise Prerecorded or live emergency captions shall
be from an approved location constantly
buildings, the system shall operate on at attended by personnel
least the alarming floor, the floor above and
the floor trained to respond to an emergency.
below. Speakers shall be provided 907.5.2.2.5 Emergency power. Emergency
throughout the building by paging zones. At voice/alarm communications systems shall
a minimum, be
paging zones shall be provided as follows: 1. provided with emergency power in
Elevator groups. 2. Interior exit stairways. 3. accordance with Section 2702. The system
Each shall be capable
floor. 4. Areas of refuge as defined in of powering the required load for a duration
Chapter 2. Exception: In Group I-1 and I-2 of not less than 24 hours, as required in
occupancies, NFPA 72.
the alarm shall sound in a constantly 907.5.2.3 Visible alarms. Visible alarm
attended area and a general occupant notification appliances shall be provided in
notification shall be accordance
broadcast over the overhead page. with Sections 907.5.2.3.1 through
907.5.2.3.3.
907.6 Installation and monitoring. A fire 909.2 General design requirements.

alarm system shall be installed and Buildings, structures or parts thereof
monitored in required by this code
accordance with Sections 907.6.1 through to have a smoke control system or systems
907.6.6.2 and NFPA 72. shall have such systems designed in
accordance with
907.6.1 Wiring. Wiring shall comply with
the requirements of SBC 401 and NFPA 72. the applicable requirements of Section 909
Wireless and the generally accepted and well-
established
protection systems utilizing radio-frequency
transmitting devices shall comply with the principles of engineering relevant to the
special design. The construction documents shall
include
requirements for supervision of lowpower
wireless systems in NFPA 72. sufficient information and detail to
adequately describe the elements of the
907.6.2 Power supply. The primary and design necessary for
secondary power supply for the fire alarm
system shall the proper implementation of the smoke
control systems. These documents shall be
be provided in accordance with NFPA 72. accompanied
Exception: Back-up power for single-station
and by sufficient information and analysis to
demonstrate compliance with these
multiple-station smoke alarms as required in provisions.
Section 907.2.11.6.
909.3 Special inspection and test
907.6.4.2 High-rise buildings. In high-rise requirements. In addition to the ordinary
buildings, a separate zone by floor shall be inspection and test
provided
requirements that buildings, structures and
for each of the following types of alarm- parts thereof are required to undergo, smoke
initiating devices where provided: 1. Smoke control
detectors.
systems subject to the provisions of Section
2. Sprinkler waterflow devices. 3. Manual 909 shall undergo special inspections and
fire alarm boxes. 4. Other approved types of tests
automatic
sufficient to verify the proper
fire detection devices or suppression commissioning of the smoke control design
systems. in its final installed
907.6.5 Access. Access shall be provided to condition. The design submission
each fire alarm device and notification accompanying the construction documents
appliance for shall clearly detail
periodic inspection, maintenance and procedures and methods to be used and the
testing. items subject to such inspections and tests.
SECTION 909 SMOKE CONTROL Such
commissioning shall be in accordance with 909.4.7 Smoke control system interaction.

generally accepted engineering practice and, The design shall consider the interaction
where effects of
possible, based on published standards for the operation of multiple smoke control
the particular testing involved. The special systems for all design scenarios.
inspections
909.8.1 Smoke layer. The height of the
and tests required by this section shall be lowest horizontal surface of the smoke layer
conducted under the same terms in Section interface
1704.
shall be maintained not less than 1.8 m
909.4.3 Wind effect. The design shall above a walking surface that forms a portion
consider the adverse effects of wind. Such of a
consideration
required egress system within the smoke
shall be consistent with the wind-loading zone.
provisions of Chapter 16.
909.9 Design fire. The design fire shall be
909.4.4 HVAC systems. The design shall based on a rational analysis performed by
consider the effects of the heating, the
ventilating and
registered design professional and approved
airconditioning (HVAC) systems on both by the building official. The design fire shall
smoke and fire transport. The analysis shall be
include all
based on the analysis in accordance with
permutations of systems status. The design Section 909.4 and this section.
shall consider the effects of the fire on the
HVAC 909.9.1 Factors considered. The engineering
analysis shall include the characteristics of
systems. the
909.4.5 Climate. The design shall consider fuel, fuel load, effects included by the fire
the effects of low temperatures on systems, and whether the fire is likely to be steady or
property unsteady.
and occupants. Air inlets and exhausts shall 909.9.4 Sprinkler effectiveness assumptions.
be located so as to prevent snow or ice A documented engineering analysis shall be
blockage.
provided for conditions that assume fire
909.4.6 Duration of operation. All portions growth is halted at the time of sprinkler
of active or engineered smoke control activation.
systems shall
909.10 Equipment. Equipment including,
be capable of continued operation after but not limited to, fans, ducts, automatic
detection of the fire event for a period of not dampers and
less than
balance dampers, shall be suitable for its
either 20 minutes or 1.5 times the calculated intended use, suitable for the probable
egress time, whichever is greater. exposure
temperatures that the rational analysis installed within the smoke control system,
indicates and as approved by the building shall be listed and conform to the
official. requirements of
909.10.2 Ducts. Duct materials and joints approved, recognized standards.
shall be capable of withstanding the
probable 909.10.5 Fans. In addition to other
requirements, beltdriven fans shall have 1.5
temperatures and pressures to which they are times the number
exposed as determined in accordance with
Section 909.10.1. Ducts shall be constructed of belts required for the design duty, with
and supported in accordance with SBC 501. the minimum number of belts being two.
Ducts shall be Fans shall be
leak tested to 1.5 times the maximum design selected for stable performance based on
pressure in accordance with nationally normal temperature and, where applicable,
accepted elevated
practices. Measured leakage shall not exceed temperature. Calculations and

5 percent of design flow. Results of such manufacturer’s fan curves shall be part of
testing the documentation
shall be a part of the documentation procedures. Fans shall be supported and

procedure. Ducts shall be supported directly restrained by noncombustible devices in
from fire- accordance
resistance-rated structural elements of the with the requirements of Chapter 16. Motors
building by substantial, noncombustible driving fans shall not be operated beyond
supports. their
909.10.3 Equipment, inlets and outlets. nameplate horsepower (kilowatts), as

Equipment shall be located so as to not determined from measurement of actual
expose current draw, and
uninvolved portions of the building to an shall have a minimum service factor of 1.15.
additional fire hazard. Outside air inlets shall 909.20.2.1 Door closers. Doors in a
be located smokeproof enclosure shall be selfor
so as to minimize the potential for automatic closing by
introducing smoke or flame into the actuation of a smoke detector in accordance
building. Exhaust outlets with Section 716.5.9.3 and shall be installed
shall be so located as to minimize at the
reintroduction of smoke into the building floor-side entrance to the smokeproof
and to limit exposure enclosure. The actuation of the smoke
of the building or adjacent buildings to an detector on any
additional fire hazard. door shall activate the closing devices on all
909.10.4 Automatic dampers. Automatic doors in the smokeproof enclosure at all
dampers, regardless of the purpose for which levels.
they are
Smoke detectors shall be installed in 909.20.5 Stairway and ramp pressurization

accordance with Section 907.3. alternative. Where the building is equipped
909.20.3 Natural ventilation alternative. The throughout with an automatic sprinkler
provisions of Sections 909.20.3.1 through system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1, the
909.20.3.3 shall apply to ventilation of
smokeproof enclosures by naturalmeans. vestibule is not required, provided each
interior exit stairway or ramp is pressurized
909.20.3.1 Balcony doors. Where access to to not less
the stairway or ramp is by way of an open
exterior than 25 Pa of water and not more than 87 Pa
of water in the shaft relative to the building
balcony, the door assembly into the
enclosure shall be a fire door assembly in measured with all interior exit stairway and
accordance with Section 716.5. ramp doors closed under maximum
anticipated
909.20.3.2 Vestibule doors. Where access to
the stairway or ramp is by way of a conditions of stack effect and wind effect.
vestibule, the
909.20.6 Ventilating equipment. The
door assembly into the vestibule shall be a activation of ventilating equipment required
fire door assembly complying with Section by the
716.5.
alternatives in Sections 909.20.4 and
The door assembly from the vestibule to the 909.20.5 shall be by smoke detectors
stairway shall have not less than a 20-minute installed at each floor
fire
level at an approved location at the entrance
protection rating complying with Section to the smokeproof enclosure. When the
716.5. closing
909.20.4 Mechanical ventilation alternative. device for the stairway and ramp shaft and
The provisions of Sections 909.20.4.1 vestibule doors is activated by smoke
through detection or
909.20.4.4 shall apply to ventilation of power failure, the mechanical equipment
smokeproof enclosures by mechanical shall activate and operate at the required
means. performance
909.20.4.4 Stairway or ramp shaft air levels. Smoke detectors shall be installed in
movement system. The stairway or ramp accordance withSection 907.3.
shaft shall be
909.20.6.1 Ventilation systems. Smokeproof
provided with a dampered relief opening and enclosure ventilation systems shall be
supplied with sufficient air to maintain a independent
minimum
of other building ventilation systems. The
positive pressure of 25 Pa of water in the equipment, control wiring, power wiring and
shaft relative to the vestibule with all doors ductwork
closed.
shall comply with one of the following: 1. with Sections 909.21.1 through 909.21.11.
Equipment, control wiring, power wiring
and 909.21.1.1 Use of ventilation systems.
Ventilation systems, other than hoistway
ductwork shall be located exterior to the supply air
building and directly connected to the
smokeproof systems, are permitted to be used to exhaust
air from adjacent spaces on the fire floor,
enclosure or connected to the smokeproof two floors
enclosure by ductwork enclosed by not less
than 2- immediately below and one floor
immediately above the fire floor to the
hour fire barriers constructed in accordance building’s exterior
with Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
where necessary to maintain positive
constructed in accordance with Section 711, pressure relationships as required in Section
or both. 2. Equipment, control wiring, power 909.21.1
wiring
during operation of the elevator shaft
and ductwork shall be located within the pressurization system.
smokeproof enclosure with intake or exhaust
directly 909.21.4 Fan system. The fan system
provided for the pressurization system shall
from and to the outside or through ductwork be as required
enclosed by not less than 2-hour fire barriers
by Sections 909.21.4.1 through 909.21.4.4.
constructed in accordance with Section 707
or horizontal assemblies constructed in 909.21.4.1 Fire resistance. Where located
accordance within the building, the fan system that
provides the
with Section 711, or both. 3. Equipment,
control wiring, power wiring and ductwork pressurization shall be protected with the
shall be same fireresistance rating required for the
elevator
located within the building if separated from
the remainder of the building, including shaft enclosure.
other mechanical equipment, by not less 909.21.4.2 Smoke detection. The fan system
than 2-hour fire barriers constructed in shall be equipped with a smoke detector that
accordance with will
Section 707 or horizontal assemblies automatically shut down the fan system
constructed in accordance with Section 711, when smoke is detected within the system.
or both.
SECTION 910 SMOKE AND HEAT
909.21 Elevator hoistway pressurization REMOVAL
alternative. Where elevator hoistway
pressurization
is provided in lieu of required enclosed 910.3.2 Smoke and heat vent locations.
elevator lobbies, the pressurization system Smoke and heat vents shall be located 6 m
shall comply or more
from adjacent lot lines and fire walls and 3 Exceptions: 1. Sloped ceilings in accordance
m or more from fire barriers. Vents shall be with Section 1208.2. 2. Ceilings of dwelling
units
uniformly located within the roof in the
areas of the building where the vents are and sleeping units within residential
required to be occupancies in accordance with Section
1208.2. 3.
installed by Section 910.2 with
consideration given to roof pitch, sprinkler Allowable projections in accordance with
location and structural Section 1003.3. 4. Stair headroom in
accordance with Section 1011.3. 5. Door
members. height in accordance with Section 1010.1.1.
910.4.1 Automatic sprinklers required. The 6. Ramp headroom in
building shall be equipped throughout with accordance with Section 1012.5.2. 7. The
an clear height of floor levels in vehicular and
approved automatic sprinkler system in pedestrian
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1. traffic areas of public and private parking
SECTION 914 EMERGENCY garages in accordance with Section 406.4.1.
RESPONDER SAFETY FEATURES 8. Areas
914.1.2 Interior access to shaftways. Door or above and below mezzanine floors in
window openings to a hoistway or shaftway accordance with Section 505.2.
from 1003.3.4 Clear width. Protruding objects
the interior of the building shall be plainly shall not reduce the minimum clear width of
marked with the word “SHAFTWAY” in accessible
red letters routes.
not less than 150 mm high on a white 1003.4 Floor surface. Walking surfaces of
background. Such warning signs shall be the means of egress shall have a slip-
placed so as to be resistant surface
readily discernible. Exception: Markings and be securely attached.
shall not be required on shaftway openings
that are 1003.7 Elevators, escalators and moving
walks. Elevators, escalators and moving
readily discernible as openings onto a walks shall
shaftway by the construction or
arrangement. not be used as a component of a required
means of egress from any other part of the
building.
SECTION 1003 GENERAL MEANS OF Exception: Elevators used as an accessible
EGRESS means of egress in accordance with Section
1003.2 Ceiling height. The means of egress 1009.4.
shall have a ceiling height of not less than
2300mm.
SECTION 1004 OCCUPANT LOAD
For areas having fixed seating without

dividing arms, the occupant load shall be not
1004.1 Design occupant load. In less than the
determining means of egress requirements,
the number of number of seats based on one person for
each 450 mm of seating length. The
occupants for whom means of egress occupant load of
facilities are provided shall be determined in
accordance seating booths shall be based on one person
for each 600 mm of booth seat length
with this section. measured at
1004.1.1.2 Adjacent levels for mezzanines. the backrest of the seating booth. 1004.5
That portion of the occupant load of a Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts
mezzanine
SECTION 1005 MEANS OF EGRESS
with required egress through a room, area or SIZING
space on an adjacent level shall be added to
the 1005.3.1 Stairways. The capacity, in
millimeters, of means of egress stairways
occupant load of that room, area or space. shall be
1004.1.1.3 Adjacent stories. Other than for calculated by multiplying the occupant load
the egress components designed for served by such stairways by a means of
convergence in egress
accordance with Section 1005.6, the capacity factor of 7.6 mm per occupant.
occupant load from separate stories shall not Where stairways serve more than one story,
be added. only the
1004.4 Fixed seating. For areas having fixed occupant load of each story considered
seats and aisles, the occupant load shall be individually shall be used in calculating the
determined by the number of fixed seats required
installed therein. The occupant load for areas capacity of the stairways serving that story.
in which Exceptions: 1. For other than Group H and I-
fixed seating is not installed, such as waiting 2
spaces, shall be determined in accordance occupancies, the capacity, in millimeters, of
with Section 1004.1.2 and added to the means of egress stairways shall be
number of fixed seats. The occupant load of calculated by
wheelchair spaces
multiplying the occupant load served by
and the associated companion seat shall be such stairways by a means of egress capacity
based on one occupant for each wheelchair factor of
space and
5.1 mm per occupant in buildings equipped
one occupant for the associated companion throughout with an automatic sprinkler
seat provided in accordance with Section system
1108.2.3.
installed in accordance with Section 1009.2.1 Elevators required. In buildings

903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and an emergency where a required accessible floor is four or
voice/ alarm more
communication system in accordance with stories above or below a level of exit
Section 907.5.2.2. 2. Facilities with smoke- discharge, not less than one required
protected accessible means of
assembly seating shall be permitted to use egress shall be an elevator complying with
the capacity factors in Table 1029.6.2 Section 1009.4. Exceptions: 1. In buildings
indicated for equipped
stepped aisles for exit access or exit
stairways where the entire path for means of
egress from the throughout with an automatic sprinkler
system installed in MEANS OF EGRESS
seating to the exit discharge is provided with SBC 201-CR-
a smoke control system complying with
Section 18 391 accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not be required
909. 3. Facilities with outdoor smoke- on floors provided with a horizontal exit and
protected assembly seating shall be located at or above the levels of exit
permitted to the discharge. 2. In
capacity factors in Section 1029.6.3 buildings equipped throughout with an
indicated for stepped aisles for exit access or automatic sprinkler system installed in
exit stairways accordance with
where the entire path for means of egress Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator
from the seating to the exit discharge is open shall not be required on floors provided with
to the a ramp
outdoors. conforming to the provisions of Section
1012.
SECTION 1006 NUMBER OF EXITS
AND EXIT ACCESS DOORWAYS 1009.3 Stairways. In order to be considered
part of an accessible means of egress, a
1006.2.1.1 Three or more exits or exit access stairway
doorways. Three exits or exit access
doorways between stories shall have a clear width of
1200 mm minimum between handrails and
shall be provided from any space with an shall
occupant load of 501 to 1,000. Four exits or
exit access either incorporate an area of refuge within
an enlarged floor-level landing or shall be
doorways shall be provided from any space accessed
with an occupant load greater than 1,000.
from an area of refuge complying with
SECTION 1009 ACCESSIBLE MEANS Section 1009.6. Exit access stairways that
OF EGRESS connect levels
in the same story are not permitted as part of 1009.4 Elevators. In order to be considered
an accessible means of egress. Exceptions: part of an accessible means of egress, an
1. Exit elevator
access stairways providing means of egress shall comply with the emergency operation
from mezzanines are permitted as part of an and signaling device requirements of Section
2.27 of
accessible means of egress. 2. The clear
width of 1200 mm between handrails is not ASME/CSA B44 A17.1. Standby power
required in shall be provided in accordance with
Chapter 27 and
buildings equipped throughout with an
automatic sprinkler system installed in Section 3003. The elevator shall be accessed
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or from an area of refuge complying with
903.3.1.2. 3. The clear width of 1200 mm Section
between handrails is not required
1009.6. Exceptions: 1. Areas of refuge are
for stairways accessed from a refuge area in not required at the elevator in open parking
conjunction with a horizontal exit. 4. Areas garages.
of
2. Areas of refuge are not required in
refuge are not required at exit access buildings and facilities equipped throughout
stairways where two-way communication is with an
provided atthe
automatic sprinkler system installed in
elevator landing in accordance with Section accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
1009.8. 5. Areas of refuge are not required at 903.3.1.2. 3. Areas
stairways in buildings equipped throughout of refuge are not required at elevators not
with an automatic sprinkler system installed required to be located in a shaft in
in accordance with
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or Section 712. 4. Areas of refuge are not
903.3.1.2. 6. Areas of refuge are not required at elevators serving smoke-
required at stairways protected assembly
serving open parking garages. 7. Areas of seating areas complying with Section
refuge are not required for smokeprotected 1029.6.2. 5. Areas of refuge are not required
assembly for elevators
seating areas complying with Section accessed from a refuge area in conjunction
1029.6.2. 8. Areas of refuge are not required with a horizontal exit.
at stairways
1009.5 Platform lifts. Platform lifts shall be
in Group R-2 occupancies. 9. Areas of permitted to serve as part of an accessible
refuge are not required for stairways means of
accessed from a
egress where allowed as part of a required
refuge area in conjunction with a horizontal accessible route in Section 1109.8 except for
exit. Item 10.
Standby power for the platform lift shall be clear opening width of 800 mm. The
provided in accordance with Chapter 27. maximum width of a swinging door leaf
shall be 1200 mm
SECTION 1010 DOORS, GATES AND
TURNSTILES nominal. Means of egress doors in a Group
I-2 occupancy used for the movement of
beds shall
1010.1 Doors. Means of egress doors shall provide a clear width not less than 1054 mm.
meet the requirements of this section. Doors The height of door openings shall be not less
serving a than
means of egress system shall meet the 2000 mm. Exceptions: 1. The minimum and
requirements of this section and Section maximum width shall not apply to door
1022.2. Doors openings
provided for egress purposes in numbers that are not part of the required means of
greater than required by this code shall meet egress in Group R-2 and R-3 occupancies. 2.
the Door
requirements of this section. Means of openings to resident sleeping units in Group
egress doors shall be readily distinguishable I-3 occupancies shall have a clear width of
from the adjacent construction and finishes not less
such that the doors are easily recognizable as
doors. Mirrors or than 700 mm. 3. Door openings to storage
closets less than 0.93 m2 in area shall not be
similar reflecting materials shall not be used limited
on means of egress doors. Means of egress
doors by the minimum width. 4. Width of door
leaves in revolving doors that comply with
shall not be concealed by curtains, drapes, Section
decorations or similar materials.
1010.1.4.1 shall not be limited. 5. Door
1010.1.1 Size of doors. The required openings within a dwelling unit or sleeping
capacity of each door opening shall be unit shall be
sufficient for the
not less than 1950 mm in height. 6. Exterior
occupant load thereof and shall provide a door openings in dwelling units and sleeping
minimum clear width of 800 mm. Clear units,
openings of
other than the required exit door, shall be not
doorways with swinging doors shall be less than 1900 mm in height. 7. In other than
measured between the face of the door and Group
the stop, with
R-1 occupancies, the minimum widths shall
the door open 90 degrees (1.57 rad). Where not apply to interior egress doors within a
this section requires a minimum clear width dwelling
of 800
unit or sleeping unit that is not required to be
mm and a door opening includes two door an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B
leaves without a mullion, one leaf shall unit.
provide a
9. Doors to walk-in freezers and coolers less 10 or less.

than 93 m2 in area shall have a maximum
width of 1010.1.2.1 Direction of swing. Pivot or
sidehinged swinging doors shall swing in the
1500 mm. 10. In Group R-1 dwelling units direction
or sleeping units not required to be
Accessible units, of egress travel where serving a room or
area containing an occupant load of 50 or
the minimum width shall not apply to doors more persons
for showers or saunas.
or a Group H occupancy.
1010.1.2 Door swing. Egress doors shall be
of the pivoted or side-hinged swinging type. 1010.1.8 Door arrangement. Space between
two doors in a series shall be 1200 mm
Exceptions: 1. Private garages, office areas, minimum
factory and storage areas with an occupant
load of plus the width of a door swinging into the
space. Doors in a series shall swing either in
10 or less. 2. Group I-3 occupancies used as the same
a place of detention. 3. Critical or intensive
care direction or away from the space between
the doors.
patient rooms within suites of health care
facilities. 4. Doors within or serving a single 1010.1.9 Door operations. Except as
dwelling specifically permitted by this section, egress
doors shall be
unit in Groups R-2 and R-3. 5. In other than
Group H occupancies, revolving doors readily openable from the egress side
complying without the use of a key or special
knowledge or effort.
with Section 1010.1.4.1. 6. In other than
Group H occupancies, special purpose 1010.1.9.1 Hardware. Door handles, pulls,
horizontal latches, locks and other operating devices on
doors
required to be accessible by Chapter 11 shall
sliding, accordion or folding door not require tight grasping, tight pinching or
assemblies complying with Section twisting
1010.1.4.3. 7. Power-
of the wrist to operate.
operated doors in accordance with Section
1010.1.4.2. 8. Doors serving a bathroom 1010.1.9.2 Hardware height. Door handles,
within an pulls, latches, locks and other operating
devices
individual sleeping unit in Group R-1. 9. In
other than Group H occupancies, manually shall be installed 850 mm minimum and
operated 1200 mm maximum above the finished
floor. Locks
horizontal sliding doors are permitted in a
means of egress from spaces with an used only for security purposes and not used
occupant load of for normal operation are permitted at any
height.
Exception: Access doors or gates in barrier access shall be provided to the manual
walls and fences protecting pools, spas and unlocking device and the device shall be
hot tubs clearly identified
shall be permitted to have operable parts of by a sign that reads “PUSH TO EXIT.”
the release of latch on selflatching devices at When operated, the manual unlocking
1350 device shall result
mm maximum above the finished floor or in direct interruption of power to the lock—
ground, provided the self-latching devices independent of other electronics—and the
are not also doors
self-locking devices operated by means of a shall remain unlocked for not less than 30
key, electronic opener or integral seconds. 4. Activation of the building fire
combination lock. alarm
1010.1.9.8 Sensor release of electrically system, where provided, shall automatically
locked egress doors. The electric locks on unlock the doors, and the doors shall remain
sensor
unlocked until the fire alarm system has
released doors located in a means of egress been reset. 5. Activation of the building
in buildings with an occupancy in Group A, automatic
B, E, I-1,
sprinkler system or fire detection system,
I-2, I-4, M, R-1 or R-2 and entrance doors to where provided, shall automatically unlock
tenant spaces in occupancies in Group A, B, the doors.
E, I-1,
The doors shall remain unlocked until the
I-2, I4, M, R-1 or R-2 are permitted where fire alarm system has been reset. 6. The door
installed and operated in accordance with all locking
of the
system units shall be listed in accordance
following criteria: 1. The sensor shall be with UL 294.
installed on the egress side, arranged to
detect an 1010.1.10.2 Balanced doors. If balanced
doors are used and panic hardware is
occupant approaching the doors. The doors required, the
shall be arranged to unlock by a signal from
or loss panic hardware shall be the push-pad type
and the pad shall not extend more than one
of power to the sensor. 2. Loss of power to half the
the lock or locking system shall
automatically unlock width of the door measured from the latch
side.
the doors. 3. The doors shall be arranged to
unlock from a manual unlocking device 1010.2 Gates. Gates serving the means of
located 1000 egress system shall comply with the
requirements of
mm to 1200 mm vertically above the floor
and within 1500 mm of the secured doors. this section. Gates used as a component in a
Ready means of egress shall conform to the
applicable
requirements for doors. Exception: in Section 1005.1, but the minimum width
Horizontal sliding or swinging gates shall be not less than 1100 mm. See Section
exceeding the 1200 mm 1009.3
maximum leaf width limitation are permitted for accessible means of egress stairways.
Exceptions: 1. Stairways serving an
occupant load of
SECTION 1011 STAIRWAYS less than 50 shall have a width of not less
1011.2 Width and capacity. The required than 900 mm. 2. Spiral stairways as
capacity of stairways shall be determined as provided for in
specified Section 1011.10. 3. Where an incline
in Section 1005.1, but the minimum width platform lift or stairway chairlift is installed
shall be not less than 1100 mm. See Section on stairways
1009.3 serving occupancies in Group R-3, or within
for accessible means of egress stairways. dwelling units in occupancies in Group R-2,
Exceptions: 1. Stairways serving an a clear
occupant load of passage width not less than 500 mm shall be
less than 50 shall have a width of not less provided. Where the seat and platform can
than 900 mm. 2. Spiral stairways as be
provided for in folded when not in use, the distance shall be
Section 1011.10. 3. Where an incline measured from the folded position.
platform lift or stairway chairlift is installed 011.4 Walkline. The walkline across winder
on stairways treads shall be concentric to the direction of
serving occupancies in Group R-3, or within travel
dwelling through the turn and located 300 mm from
Stairways serving occupied portions of a the side where the winders are narrower.
building shall comply with the requirements The 300 mm
of Sections dimension shall be measured from the
1011.2 through 1011.13. Alternating tread widest point of the clear stair width at the
devices shall comply with Section 1011.14. walking surface
Ship’s of the winder. Where winders are adjacent
ladders shall comply with Section 1011.15. within the flight, the point of the widest
Ladders shall comply with Section 1011.16. clear stair
Exception: Within rooms or spaces used for width of the adjacent winders shall be used.
assembly purposes, stepped aisles shall 1011.5 Stair treads and risers. Stair treads
comply with and risers shall comply with Sections
Section 1029. 1011.5.1
1011.2 Width and capacity. The required through 1011.5.5.3.

capacity of stairways shall be determined as
specified
1011.5.1 Dimension reference surfaces. For depth shall be 250 mm; the minimum
the purpose of this section, all dimensions winder tread depth at the walkline shall be
are 250 mm; and
exclusive of carpets, rugs or runners. the minimum winder tread depth shall be
150 mm. A nosing projection not less than
1011.5.2 Riser height and tread depth. Stair 20 mm but
riser heights shall be 175 mm maximum and
100 not more than 32 mm shall be provided on
stairways with solid risers where the tread
mm minimum. The riser height shall be depth is
measured vertically between the nosings of
adjacent less than 275 mm. 4. See Section 403.1 of
the Saudi Existing Building Code (SBC 901)
treads. Rectangular tread depths shall be 275 for the
mm minimum measured horizontally
between the replacement of existing stairways. 5. In
Group I-3 facilities, stairways providing
vertical planes of the foremost projection of access to guard
adjacent treads and at a right angle to the
tread’s towers, observation stations and control
rooms, not more than 23 m2 in area, shall be
nosing. Winder treads shall have a minimum permitted
tread depth of 275 mm between the vertical
planes to have a maximum riser height of 200 mm
and a minimum tread depth of 225 mm.
of the foremost projection of adjacent treads
at the intersections with the walkline and a 1011.5.5 Nosing and riser profile. Nosings
shall have a curvature or bevel of not less
minimum tread depth of 250 mm within the than 2
clear width of the stair. Exceptions: 1. Spiral
mm but not more than 15 mm from the
stairways in accordance with Section foremost projection of the tread. Risers shall
1011.10. 2. Stairways connecting stepped be solid and
aisles to cross
vertical or sloped under the tread above from
aisles or concourses shall be permitted to use the underside of the nosing above at an
the riser/ tread dimension in Section angle not
1029.13.2. 3.
more than 30 degrees (0.52 rad) from the
In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling vertical.
units in Group R-2 occupancies; and in
Group U 1011.6 Stairway landings. There shall be a
floor or landing at the top and bottom of
occupancies that are accessory to a Group R- each
3 occupancy or accessory to individual
dwelling stairway. The width of landings shall be not
less than the width of stairways served.
units in Group R-2 occupancies; the Every
maximum riser height shall be 197 mm; the
minimum tread
landing shall have a minimum width width or required capacity of the stairway.
measured perpendicular to the direction of Exception: The radius restriction shall not
travel equal to apply to
the width of the stairway. Where the curved stairways in Group R-3 and within
stairway has a straight run the depth need individual dwelling units in Group R-2.
not exceed 1200
1011.10 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways
mm. Doors opening onto a landing shall not are permitted to be used as a component in
reduce the landing to less than one-half the themeans
required
of egress only within dwelling units or from
width. When fully open, the door shall not a space not more than 23 m2 in area and
project more than 175 mm into a landing. serving not
Where
more than five occupants, or from technical
wheelchair spaces are required on the production areas in accordance with Section
stairway landing in accordance with Section 410.6.
1009.6.3, the
A spiral stairway shall have a 190 mm
wheelchair space shall not be located in the minimum clear tread depth at a point 300
required width of the landing and doors shall mm from the
not swing over the wheelchair spaces.
Exception: Where stairways connect stepped narrow edge. The risers shall be sufficient to
aisles to cross provide a headroom of 1950 mm minimum,
but
aisles or concourses, stairway landings are
not required at the transition between riser height shall not be more than 240 mm.
stairways and The minimum stairway clear width at and
below the
stepped aisles constructed in accordance
with Section 1029. handrail shall be 650 mm.
1011.8 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall 1011.11 Handrails. Stairways shall have
not have a vertical rise greater than 3600 handrails on each side and shall comply with
mm Section
between floor levels or landings. Exception: 1014. Where glass is used to provide the
Spiral stairways used as a means of egress handrail, the handrail shall comply with
from Section 2407.
technical production areas. Exceptions: 1. Stairways within dwelling

units and spiral stairways are permitted to
1011.9 Curved stairways. Curved stairways have a
with winder treads shall have treads and
risers in handrail on one side only. 2. Decks, patios
and walkways that have a single change in
accordance with Section 1011.5 and the elevation
smallest radius shall be not less than twice
the minimum where the landing depth on each side of the
change of elevation is greater than what is
required
for a landing do not require handrails. 3. In and outdoor approaches to ramps shall be
Group R-3 occupancies, a change in designed so that water will not accumulate
elevation on walking
consisting of a single riser at an entrance or surfaces.
egress door does not require handrails. 4.
Changes in 1012.8 Handrails. Ramps with a rise greater
than 150 mm shall have handrails on both
room elevations of three or fewer risers sides.
within dwelling units and sleeping units in
Group R- 2 Handrails shall comply with Section 1014.
and R-3 do not require handrails. 1012.9 Guards. Guards shall be provided
where required by Section 1015 and shall be
constructed in accordance with Section
SECTION 1012 RAMPS 1015. 1012.10 Edge protection. Edge
protection
1012.5.1 Width and capacity. The minimum
width and required capacity of a means of complying with Section 1012.10.1 or
egress 1012.10.2 shall be provided on each side of
ramp runs and
ramp shall be not less than that required for
corridors by Section 1020.2. The clear width at each side of ramp landings.
of a
SECTION 1013 EXIT SIGNS 1013.1
ramp between handrails, if provided, or
other permissible projections shall be 900 Where required. Exits and exit access doors
mm minimum. shall be
1012.6.5 Doorways. Where doorways are marked by an approved exit sign readily
located adjacent to a ramp landing, visible from any direction of egress travel.
maneuvering The path of
clearances required by ICC A117.1 are egress travel to exits and within exits shall
permitted to overlap the required landing be marked by readily visible exit signs to
area. clearly
1012.7 Ramp construction. Ramps shall be indicate the direction of egress travel in
built of materials consistent with the types cases where the exit or the path of egress
travel is not
permitted for the type of construction of the
building, except that wood handrails shall be immediately visible to the occupants.
Intervening means of egress doors within
permitted for all types of construction. exits shall be
1012.7.1 Ramp surface. The surface of
ramps shall be of marked by exit signs. Exit sign placement
shall be such that no point in an exit access
slip-resistant materials that are securely corridor or
attached. 1012.7.2 Outdoor conditions.
Outdoor ramps exit passageway is more than 30 m or the
listed viewing distance for the sign,
whichever is less,
from the nearest visible exit sign. shall have an intensity of not less than 55
Exceptions: 1. Exit signs are not required in lux.
rooms or areas
that require only one exit or exit access. 2.
Main exterior exit doors or gates that are SECTION 1014 HANDRAILS
obviously 1014.2 Height. Handrail height, measured
and clearly identifiable as exits need not above stair tread nosings, or finish surface of
have exit signs where approved by the ramp
building official. slope, shall be uniform, not less than 850
1013.6.1 Graphics. Every exit sign and mm and not more than 950 mm. Handrail
directional exit sign shall have plainly height of
legible letters not alternating tread devices and ship’s ladders,
lessthan 150 mm high with the principal measured above tread nosings, shall be
strokes of the letters not less than 20 mm uniform, not
wide. The less than 750 mm and not more than 850
word “EXIT” shall have letters having a mm. Exceptions: 1. Where handrail fittings
width not less than 50 mm wide, except the or bendings
letter “I,” are used to provide continuous transition
and the minimum spacing between letters between flights, the fittings or bendings shall
shall be not less than 10 mm. Signs larger be
than the permitted to exceed the maximum height. 2.
minimum established in this section shall In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling
have letter widths, strokes and spacing in units in
proportion to Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U
their height. The word “EXIT” shall be in occupancies that are associated with a Group
high contrast with the background and shall R-3
be clearly occupancy or associated with individual
discernible when the means of exit sign dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies;
illumination is or is not energized. If a where
chevron handrail fittings or bendings are used to
directional indicator is provided as part of provide continuous transition between
the exit sign, the construction shall be such flights, transition
that the at winder treads, transition from handrail to
direction of the chevron directional indicator guard, or where used at the start of a flight,
cannot be readily changed. the
1013.6.2 Exit sign illumination. The face of handrail height at the fittings or bendings
an exit sign illuminated from an external shall be permitted to exceed the maximum
source height. 3.
Handrails on top of a guard where permitted ramps.

along stepped aisles and ramped aisles in
1014.7 Clearance. Clear space between a
accordance with Section 1029.15. handrail and a wall or other surface shall be
not less
1014.3 Handrail graspability. Required
handrails shall comply with Section than 38 mm. A handrail and a wall or other
1014.3.1 or shall surface adjacent to the handrail shall be free
of any
provide equivalent graspability. Exception:
In Group R-3 occupancies; within dwelling sharp or abrasive elements.
units in
Group R-2 occupancies; and in Group U
occupancies that are accessory to a Group R- SECTION 1018 AISLES
3 1018.1 General. Aisles and aisle accessways
occupancy or accessory to individual serving as a portion of the exit access in the
dwelling units in Group R-2 occupancies; means
handrails shall of egress system shall comply with the
be Type I in accordance with Section requirements of this section. Aisles or aisle
1014.3.1, Type II in accordance with Section accessways
1014.3.2 or shall be provided from all occupied portions
shall provide equivalent graspability. of the exit access that contain seats, tables,
1014.6 Handrail extensions. Handrails shall furnishings, displays and similar fixtures or
return to a wall, guard or the walking surface equipment. The minimum width or required
or capacity
shall be continuous to the handrail of an of aisles shall be unobstructed. Exception:

adjacent flight of stairs or ramp run. Where Encroachments complying with Section
handrails are 1005.7.
not continuous between flights, the handrails 1018.2 Aisles in assembly spaces. Aisles
shall extend horizontally not less than 300 and aisle accessways serving a room or
mm space used for
beyond the top riser and continue to slope assembly purposes shall comply with
for the depth of one tread beyond the bottom Section 1029.
riser. At SECTION 1020
ramps where handrails are not continuous CORRIDORS
between runs, the handrails shall extend
horizontally
above the landing 300 mm minimum beyond 1020.1 Construction. Corridors shall be
the top and bottom of ramp runs. The fireresistance rated in accordance with Table
extensions of handrails shall be in the same 1020.1.
direction of the flights of stairs at stairways
and the ramp runs at
The corridor walls required to be fire- utilization of corridors for conveying return
resistance rated shall comply with Section air is permitted. 4. Incidental air movement
708 for fire from
partitions. pressurized rooms within health care
facilities, provided that the corridor is not
1020.2 Width and capacity. The required the primary
capacity of corridors shall be determined as
specified source of supply or return to the room.
in Section 1005.1, but the minimum width 1020.5.1 Corridor ceiling. Use of the space
shall be not less than that specified in Table between the corridor ceiling and the floor or
1020.2. roof
Exception: In Group I-2 occupancies, structure above as a return air plenum is
corridors are not required to have a clear permitted for one or more of the following
width of 2400 conditions: 1.
mm in areas where there will not be The corridor is not required to be of
stretcher or bed movement for access to care fireresistance rated construction. 2. The
or as part ofthe corridor is separated
defend-in-place strategy. from the plenum by fire-resistance- rated
construction.
1020.5 Air movement in corridors. Corridors
shall not serve as supply, return, exhaust, 3. The air-handling system serving the
relief or corridor is shut down upon activation of the
airhandling
ventilation air ducts. Exceptions: 1. Use of a
corridor as a source of makeup air for unit smoke detectors required by the Saudi
exhaust Mechanical Code. 4. The air-handling
system serving
systems in rooms that open directly onto
such corridors, including toilet rooms, the corridor is shut down upon detection of
bathrooms, sprinkler water flow where the building is
equipped
dressing rooms, smoking lounges and janitor
closets, shall be permitted, provided that throughout with an automatic sprinkler
each such system. 5. The space between the corridor
ceiling and the
corridor is directly supplied with outdoor air
at a rate greater than the rate of makeup air floor or roof structure above the corridor is
taken used as a component of an approved
engineered
from the corridor. 2. Where located within a
dwelling unit, the use of corridors for smoke control system.
conveying
SECTION 1023
return air shall not be prohibited. 3. Where
located within tenant spaces of 93 m2 or less INTERIOR EXIT STAIRWAYS AND
in area, RAMPS
1023.1 General. Interior exit stairways and not exceed 2 hours. Exceptions: 1. Interior
ramps serving as an exit component in a exit stairways and ramps in Group I3
means of occupancies in
egress system shall comply with the accordance with the provisions of Section
requirements of this section. Interior exit 408.3.8. 2. Interior exit stairways within an
stairways and atrium
ramps shall be enclosed and lead directly to enclosed in accordance with Section 404.6.
the exterior of the building or shall be
extended to 1023.5 Penetrations. Penetrations into or
through interior exit stairways and ramps are
the exterior of the building with an exit
passageway conforming to the requirements prohibited except for equipment and
of Section ductwork necessary for independent
ventilation or
1024, except as permitted in Section 1028.1.
An interior exit stairway or ramp shall not pressurization, sprinkler piping, standpipes,
be used electrical raceway for fire department
for any purpose other than as a means of communication systems and electrical
egress and a circulation path. raceway serving the interior exit stairway
and ramp and
1023.2 Construction. Enclosures for interior
exit stairways and ramps shall be terminating at a steel box not exceeding 0.01
constructed as m2 . Such penetrations shall be protected in
fire barriers in accordance with Section 707 accordance with Section 714. There shall not
or horizontal assemblies constructed in be penetrations or communication openings,
accordance whether protected or not, between adjacent
with Section 711, or both. Interior exit interior exit stairways and ramps. Exception:
stairway and ramp enclosures shall have a Membrane penetrations shall be permitted
fire-resistance on the outside of the interior exit stairway
rating of not less than 2 hours where and ramp.
connecting four stories or more and not less Such penetrations shall be protected in
than 1 hour accordance with Section 714.3.2.
where connecting less than four stories. The 1023.6 Ventilation. Equipment and
number of stories connected by the interior ductwork for interior exit stairway and ramp
exit ventilation as
stairways or ramps shall include any permitted by Section 1023.5 shall comply
basements, but not any mezzanines. Interior with one of the following items: 1. Such
exit stairways equipment
and ramps shall have a fireresistance rating and ductwork shall be located exterior to the
not less than the floor assembly penetrated, building and shall be directly connected to
but need the
interior exit stairway and ramp by ductwork not less than 3/4 hour. This construction
enclosed in construction as required for shall extend vertically from the ground to a
shafts. 2. point 3000
Where such equipment and ductwork is mm above the topmost landing of the
located within the interior exit stairway and stairway or ramp, or to the roof line,
ramp, the whichever is lower.
intake air shall be taken directly from the
outdoors and the exhaust air shall be
discharged SECTION 1024
directly to the outdoors, or such air shall be EXIT PASSAGEWAYS

conveyed through ducts enclosed in 1024.1 Exit passageways. Exit passageways
construction as serving as an exit component in a means of
required for shafts. 3. Where located within egress
the building, such equipment and ductwork system shall comply with the requirements
shall be of this section. An exit passageway shall not
separated from the remainder of the be used
building, including other mechanical for any purpose other than as a means of
equipment, with egress and a circulation path. 1024.2 Width.
construction as required for shafts. The
1023.7 Interior exit stairway and ramp required capacity of exit passageways shall
exterior walls. Exterior walls of the interior be determined as specified in Section 1005.1
exit but the
stairway or ramp shall comply with the minimum width shall be not less than 1100
requirements of Section 705 for exterior mm, except that exit passageways serving an
walls. Where occupant load of less than 50 shall be not
nonrated walls or unprotected openings less than 900 mm in width. The minimum
enclose the exterior of the stairway or ramps width or
and the required capacity of exit passageways shall
walls or openings are exposed by other parts be unobstructed. Exception: Encroachments
of the building at an angle of less than 180 complying with Section 1005.7.
degrees
1024.5 Openings. Exit passageway opening
(3.14 rad), the building exterior walls within protectives shall be in accordance with the
3000 mm horizontally of a nonrated wall or
requirements of Section 716. Except as
unprotected opening shall have a fire- permitted in Section 402.8.7, openings in
resistance rating of not less than 1 hour. exit
Openings within
passageways other than unprotected exterior
such exterior walls shall be protected by openings shall be limited to those necessary
opening protectives having a fire protection for exit
rating of
access to the exit passageway from normally located exterior to the building and shall be
occupied spaces and for egress from the exit directly connected to the exit passageway by
passageway. Where an interior exit stairway ductwork enclosed in construction as
or ramp is extended to an exit discharge or a required for shafts.
public
SECTION 1109 OTHER FEATURES
way by an exit passageway, the exit AND FACILITIES
passageway shall comply with Section
1023.3.1. Elevators 1109.4 Kitchens and kitchenettes. Where
kitchens and kitchenettes are provided in
shall not open into an exit passageway. accessible
1024.6 Penetrations. Penetrations into or spaces or rooms, they shall be accessible.
through an exit passageway are prohibited
except for 1109.7 Elevators. Passenger elevators on an
accessible route shall be accessible and
equipment and ductwork necessary for comply
independent pressurization, sprinkler piping,
standpipes, with Chapter 30.
electrical raceway for fire department 1109.8 Lifts. Platform (wheelchair) lifts are
communication and electrical raceway permitted to be a part of a required
serving the exit accessible route
passageway and terminating at a steel box in new construction where indicated in Items
not exceeding 0.01 m2 . Such penetrations 1 through 10. Platform (wheelchair) lifts
shall be shall be
protected in accordance with Section 714. installed in accordance with ASME A18.1.
There shall not be penetrations or 1. An accessible route to a performing area
communicating and
openings, whether protected or not, between speaker platforms. 2. An accessible route to

adjacent exit passageways. Exception: wheelchair spaces required to comply with
Membrane the
penetrations shall be permitted on the wheelchair space dispersion requirements of

outside of the exit passageway. Such Sections 1108.2.2 through 1108.2.6. 3. An
penetrations shall be accessible route to spaces that are not open
protected in accordance with Section to the general public with an occupant load
714.3.2. of not
1024.7 Ventilation. Equipment and more than five. 4. An accessible route within
ductwork for exit passageway ventilation as an individual dwelling unit or sleeping unit
permitted by required to be an Accessible unit, Type A
Section 1024.6 shall comply with one of the unit or Type B unit.
following: 1. The equipment and ductwork 1109.12.4 Food service lines. Food service
shall be lines shall be accessible. Where selfservice
shelves
are provided, at least 50 percent, but not less 1109.12.5 Queue and waiting lines. Queue
than one, of each type provided shall be and waiting lines servicing accessible
accessible. counters or
check-out aisles shall be accessible.
CHAPTER SIX: DESIGN IMPLEMETATION

CONCLUSION
Contribution
This research project brought appreciation and interest to the Culinary Arts School in the
concept of providing an enjoyable and unforgettable culinary experience for the consumers.
Observation
After this study was finished, myriads of knowledge were grasped and appreciated. In
Saudi culture, there is a plurality who are excited about the culinary arts. The result of the survey
showed that people in Saudi society supported and welcomed the concept of this project.
In the future, the Culinary Arts Academy could have separate branches in Jeddah to
begin and then export to other Saudi regions and towns. It may also deliver more lessons based
on feedback and expectations from the audience.

WORK CITED
Katsigris, C., & Thomas, C. (2014). Design and Equipment for Restaurants and Foodservice.
New jersey: John wiley & sons
Corky Binggeli, P. G. (2011). Interior Graphic Standards. New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & sons.
David Kent Ballast, F. (2010). Interior Design Reference Manual: Everything You Need to
Know to Pass the NCIDQ Exam. United States of America: professional publication inc (PPI).
Joseph F Durocher. Regina S, B. (2010). Successful Restaurant Design. Hoboken, New Jersey:
Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ozay, N. (1998). Influence of Stylistic Tendencies on the Interior Design in Cypriot
Architecture. Gazimağusa, T.R.N.C: E.M.U Faculty of architecture
Richards, K. (1999). Retail and Restaurant Spaces. United States of America.
Jones, G. S. (2017, October 31). Culinary School - Cooking School or Cooking Classes.
Baucom, A. H. (1996). Hospitality design for the graying generation. Newyork: John wiley &
sons.
Birchfield, C. J., & Birchfield, J. (2008). Design and Layout of Foodservice Facility. New jersey:
John wiley & sons.
Piotrowski, C. M. (2016). Designing commercial interiors. New jersey: John wiley & sons.
Baraban, R. S., & Durocher, J. F. (2010). Successful restaurant design. New jersey: John wiley &
sons.
Culinary arts programs
https://ezinearticles.com/?Culinary-Arts-Programs&id=326079
Culinary art school

https://www.besthospitalitydegrees.com/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-a-culinary-
and-a-hospitality-degree/
Types of culinary degree
https://www.ecpi.edu/blog
Culinary arts management
https://www.reluctantgourmet.com/culinary-arts-management/
Psychology of color in restaurants
https://totalfood.com/the-psychology-of-color-for-bar-restaurant-design/
Raimundo Gaby
https://www.fohlio.com/blog/the-psychology-of-restaurant-interior-design-part-3-
lighting/
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Culinary Arts Academy

Thesis · December 2020

Najla Sgh Alaa Z. Qadeeb Al-Ban

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DAH CULINARY ARTS ACADMEY

Senior Capstone Research, IDSG 4301, Section 1

A thesis submitted to the

Faculty of the Interior Design Department of

Dar Al-Hekma University in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Interior Design

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

NAJLA SAEED ABDULLAH ALGHAMDI

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

This thesis for the course Capstone Research is by

Has been approved for the

Capstone I: Interior Design Thesis Course

Dr. Alaa Al-Ban

Date: December. 16,2020

Najla S. Alghamdi Interior Design, Dar Al-Hekma University

Abstract of Bachelor Thesis, Submitted December 2020:

Culinary Arts Academy

to identify the needs of the project.

with the same approach.

with a general aim of improving the individual’s lifestyle in the Kingdom.

Keywords: Culinary, culinary arts academy, Dar Alhekma.

The form and content of this abstract are approved.

Approved. Dr. Alaa Al-Ban

To my sisters Nouf and Noura Alghamdi.

Contribution .......................................................................................................................................... 136

Figure 1.1 Dar Alhekma Logo ...................................................................................................... 17

Figure 1.2 Dar Alhekma Interior .................................................................................................. 18

Figure 1.3 Dar Alhekma Interior .................................................................................................. 18

Figure 1.4 Dar Alhekma Interior .................................................................................................. 19

Figure 1.5 Dar Alhekma Interior Image ....................................................................................... 19

Figure 1.6 Dar Alkema Interior Image ......................................................................................... 20

Figure 1.7 Dar Alkema Interior Image ......................................................................................... 22

Figure 1.8 Dar Alkema Interior Image ......................................................................................... 22

Figure 1.9 Dar Alkema Interior Image ......................................................................................... 23

Figure 1.10 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 23

Figure 1.11 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 24

Figure 1.12 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 25

Figure 1.13 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 25

Figure 1.14 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 26

Figure 1.15 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 27

Figure 1.16 Dar Alkema Interior Image ....................................................................................... 27

Figure 1.17 Dar Alkema Kitchen and around Plan ....................................................................... 28

Figure 3.1 Data collection for survey Q1...................................................................................... 43

Figure 3.2 Data collection for survey Q2...................................................................................... 44

Figure 3.3 Data collection for survey Q3...................................................................................... 45

Figure 3.4 Data collection for survey Q4...................................................................................... 46

Figure 3.5 Data Collection for survey Q5 ..................................................................................... 47

Figure 3.6 Data collection for survey Q6...................................................................................... 48

Figure 3.7 Data collection for survey Q7...................................................................................... 49

Figure 3.8 Data collection for survey Q8...................................................................................... 50

Figure 3.9 Data Collection for survey Q9 ..................................................................................... 51

Figure 4.1 Site Analysis of PS 1 ................................................................................................... 56

Figure 4.2 Surrounding of PS1 ..................................................................................................... 56

Figure 4.3 Ground Floor Plan of PS1 ........................................................................................... 57