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BAYDAA: DESERT RESORT AND ENTERTAINMENT CENTER
Thesis · December 2020
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BAYDAA
Desert Resort and Entertainment Center
Senior Capstone Research, IDSG 4301, Section 3
By
Rahaf M. Al Sharief
A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Interior Design Department of
Dar Al-Hekma University in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Architecture and Interior Design
2020
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In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, the most merciful
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This thesis for the course Capstone Research is by

Rahaf Al Sharief
Has been approved for the
Capstone I: Interior Design Thesis Course
By
Ms. N.Merve Goknil
Date: December 16, 2020
3
Rahaf Al Sharief, Interior Design, Dar Al Hekma University

Abstract of Bachelor Thesis, Submitted 16 December 2020:
BAYDAA Desert Resort and Entertainment Center
Abstract
This thesis aims to further highlight the Saudi culture and experiences by implementing a
desert resort and entertainment center to grab tourists and local inhabitants. Also, to improve
Jeddah's entertaining sectors due to a lack of resorts in the middle of the Kingdom's desert.
Currently, there is not any place for people to stay for days of exploring and entertaining in the
selected site, which will be in the new landmark of Jeddah Dhaheyat Murooj in the west.
Creating a resort in the desert, people will no longer have to go there in big groups to pay the
trip's cost like what they do in all safari trips, which means a small family could be able to
make it there.
The interior design of the resort will be inspired by Saudi Arabia's heritage and artistic
culture. However, it will be more modern and straightforward to meet everyone's taste.
Creating a new identity that combines Saudi and contemporary style will be significant since
it will be one of Jeddah's new landmarks, Saudi Arabia.
The Desert Resort and Entertainment Center will also be an excellent destination for people
interested in archaeology. The resort will provide experts in that field to help researchers find
out more about the area and Saudi Arabia. The resort will also have an Arabian botanical
garden, one of the most significant resources to tell people more about different types of plants
originally from our country. It will also carry another international planting. This research is
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significant as it applied the extensive knowledge from Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and its
advancement in the art, culture, music, and heritage sector of the Kingdom. Likewise, the resort
will be more than just a regular place to be relaxed and entertained; it will also have cultural
handcraft workshops, events, tours, Arabian music nights, and more. Designing a fully
equipped resort with various functions and facilities will solve a market gap of having more
alternatives in Jeddah. This will also be reflected in the pricing strategy as it can be more
affordable and reasonable than the level of the resort and services it will provide to visitors.
This desert resort will be one of the new musicals event hosts.
This research is conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A qualitative approach has been
incorporated into the latest research methodology. This strategy included the collection of data
through the use of a survey targeting about 400 participants. This study's literature review was
divided into two major and minor sections, which addressed various aspects of previous
researchers and case studies.
Based on the analysis results, the researcher considered all the material required, the cost
of its effects, and the price that would help to construct a desert resort and entertainment center
that the community, and tourists, need.
Key words: Desert, Resort, Heritage, Archaeology, Tourism, Entertainment
This form and content of this abstract are approved.
Approved: Ms. N.Merve Goknil
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Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah, the Almighty, for his showers of blessings
through my research to complete the research successfully.
Secondly, I am incredibly grateful to my parents for their prayers, love, caring, and sacrifices
to achieve my research goal. And continue supporting me and trust me to complete my
research. Mostly, my father, for his continued support and encouragement through the whole
process of conducting this research.
Thirdly, I would express my deepest thanks to my sisters Jana, Sara, and Samaher for
helping, believing, supporting me throughout my project's method. Also, my brothers, Ahmed,
and Abdulrahman for their support and prayers.
Also, I would like to thank my friends for their support and help. Likewise, my thanks go to
my friend Raseel for her support throughout my project from day one.
Finally, my thanks go to all the people who supported me in completing The Desert Resort
and Entertainment Center research directly or indirectly.
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Table of Content
PERFACE………………………………………………………………….…………..……12
Limitation……………………………………………………………………………….……12
Project Outlines………………………………………………………………………………13
CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMING DOCUMENT…...14
Project Statement……………………………………………..………………………14
Project Rationale…………...……………………………………...…………………15
Research Questions………………………………………………….……………….16
Research Objectives…………………………………………….……………………16
Target Audience……………………………………………………………….……..16
Client Profile…………………………………………………………………………17
Site Selection and shell...……………………………………………...……..………18
Site Analysis…………………………………………………….……………………19
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………..………...26
Introduction……………………………………………………………………..……27
Major Study…………………………………………………………..……....….…...27
Minor Study…………………………………………………………………….……30
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..…….….31
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………..…….………..32
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..………32
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Qualitative Method…………………………………..………………………….……32
Survey Questions………………………………………………………….………….32
CHAPTER FOUR: PRECEDENT STUDY…………………………………..…………..39
Local Precedent Study Competitor………………………………………………….39
Local Precedent Study……………………………………………………………….44
Regional Precedent Study……………………………………………………………47
International Precedent Study……………………………………………………….52
CHAPTER FIVEDETAILS FOR INTERIORS…………………………………………59
Matrix…………………………………………………………………………...……59
Design Program……………………………………………………………….……..60
Relationship Diagram…………………………………………………………..……60
Finish Schedule…………………………………………………………...………….61
Saudi Building Codes………………………………………………...………………62
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…….115
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………...……..116
Contribution………………………………………………………………………116
Observation…………………………………………………………………….…116
WORK CITED……………………………………………………………………………117
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List of Figures
Top View of The Map F1…………………………………………………………………...…8
Top View of The Project.1 F2…………………………………………..……………………..8
3D Shot of The Entertainment Park F3…………...………………………..…...……………..8
3D Shot of The Water Park F4………………………..…………………………………...…..8
Master Plan F9…………………………………………………..……………………...……..9
Survey Question 1 F10………………………………………………………………..…...…18
Survey Question 2 F11……………………………………………………….……..……..…19
Survey Question 3 F12……………………………………………………………...……..…19
Survey Question 4 F13……………………………………………………………...……..…20
Survey Question 5 F14………………………………………………………...…………..…21
Survey Question 6 F15………………………………………...…………………………..…22
Survey Question 7 F16………………………………………………………...…………..…23
Survey Question 8 F17……………………………………………………...……………..…24
Survey Question 9 F18…………………………………………………………...………..…24
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Preface
[‫ ]بَيدَاّء‬BAYDAA is the vast desert. The reason for selecting BAYDAA as the identity of the
desert resort and entertainment center because it will include so many details and facilities
that will make it a unique vast place; in other words, BYADAA is a wordy definition of the
resort’s interior and feel. The project's inspiration is the beauty of the Saudi desert as well as
the identity.
Limitation
Through the development of the desert resort and entertainment center, the author faced a few
problematic limitations in the thesis.
Lack of Similar Existing Projects
The author faced difficulties in finding similar projects in Saudi Arabia that support the idea
further. example
The existing project is still in the process of development.
As the upcoming project of building a resort in Jeddah's desert is still under the design and
space planning process, the author faced a problem with having the finalized floor plan on
time.
Articles that enrich the entertainment sectors in Saudi Arabia
It was a bit hard for the author to find articles that demonstrate the idea of building a desert
resort and providing facilities in the middle of the desert.
Project Outlines
The thesis is about designing a desert resort and entertainment center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The resort targets both genders from all around the world. The project aims to introduce Jeddah
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and Saudi Arabia as a whole to the outside world. Furthermore, to make it one of the most
visited cities in the world.
The research is divided into six chapters to make the thesis completed. The first chapter is the
synopsis of the research-programming document, which will summarize the project and make
this form completed. Consequently, the target audience, client profile, goals, and connection
toward the Kingdom's vision are mentioned. The research methodology will consider the
community's opinion. Hence, a qualitative method was followed to collect data from general
people and interviews with experts. The literature review is separated into major and minor
studies. Major studies will be related to the interior design of the space; as for the minor study,
it will more about the marketing side and the additional facilities that will be provided.
Precedent studies identify similar projects that showcase materials that are best used, and
design development could be implemented and improved in the resort to fulfil all the standards
and the aesthetics that should be followed in such a place due to the selected site's climate.
Details for interiors will be about generating a conceptual idea of the execution of the design.
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CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMING DOCUMENT
Project Statement
The scope of the project is about designing a resort and an entertainment center inspired by
the beauty of the Saudi desert and by Amaala’s approach which is creating a new place that
has an Arabian botanical garden, art centres, and resorts. The project will be located in Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia. This resort and entertainment center will be created due to lack of similar
facilities in the area. The main inspiration of this Desert Resort and Entertainment Center is the
Arabian identity style that will be obvious in the design. Also, the feel of the space will be very
open and connected to nature to allow sunlight and views to be a part of the interior space.
Furthermore, the spaces that are connected to the outside will make the resort visited all year
long. There will be several activities in the resort such as a small Arabian botanical garden,
running workshops on local handcrafted arts, Arabian musical nights, and more. The idea is to
highlight other attractions in the city of Jeddah beside the red sea. This idea will be in line with
the kingdom’s vision 2030 by concentrating and diversifying the economy and put more
emphasis on tourism. Also, local people will enjoy the place due to the facilities and activities
that are going to be held in that resort by utilizing the indoor and outdoor areas to have activities
that are suitable for all seasons. To implement such a project, it will help in introducing the
Saudi culture to the outside world further and showcase the beauty of the desert. Further, this
project will play a big role in increasing the employment opportunities in the hospitality sector.
Also, it will improve the infrastructure by adding support facilities and paved roads. This
project will target all ages and different groups of people from different backgrounds who likes
desert activities, views, and adventures as it will serves all their needs. As for the location, the
selected area will be in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. As well, it is going to be accessible and reachable
by car. Lastly, the client of this project will be the ministry of tourism.
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Project Rationale
The Desert Resort and Entertainment Center will be one of the most visited places in Jeddah,
because of some features, such as, the location where it will be near to the airport and also not
very far from the downtown area and that allows inheritance from inside and outside Jeddah to
go and enjoy the new experience. Also, in Jeddah, there is a lack of hotel, resort, restaurant,
or café located in the beauty of the Saudi desert which made some people ignore going to the
area because they have minimal resources to help to stay there some of them are major
resources such as electricity, water, and mobile connection towers. This project will help the
community in building plenty of entertainment areas that are not common yet not very far and
hard to reach, also it will increase the tourism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that will improve
the economy that is going to affect the country in buildings and investing in new projects in
different sectors. By creating new places, new job opportunities will be available so, which will
enhance the vision 2030.
After the COVID19 pandemic, people could not travel and go to new places around the
world, and at some points even traveling inside Saudi Arabia was prohibited. So, by having a
resort in the desert whoever in Jeddah could go and enjoy a new experience. Creating new
entertainment facilities in Jeddah will help whoever lives in it, mentally since it reduces stress
and gives a new option to have fun with their families and friends.
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Research Questions
This research seeks to give an answer for these questions:
1. How to highlight authentic Saudi experiences and culture with the desert to the
outside world?
2. How does the resort and entertainment center project contribute the experiencing of
Saudi experiences and culture?
Research Objectives
1. Highlighting the impact of authentic Saudi experiences in increasing tourism and

benefiting the kingdom’s economically.
2. Offering locals and tourists’ new experiences and activities in the city of Jeddah that
is in line with vision 2030
Target Audience
The target audience will be broken down into two groups of people of both genders, the
local inhabitants and foreign tourists, and whoever wants to explore new places in Jeddah and
live new experiences and adventures. Furthermore, the age span will be from age 7 to age 65+
to allow all the family members, friends, couples to enjoy the place and experience. This age
span is selected due to the facilities and activities of The Desert Resort and Entertainment
Center where there are parks, pools for kids to enjoy and lounges, restaurants, etc, and more
for adults.
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Client Profile
As this project is multifaceted, full of memorable activities,
the client will be the Ministry of Tourism because their main
goal is to attract tourist and build new places.
Figure 1.1
The Ministry of Tourism Logo of The Ministry of Tourism
The Ministry of Tourism acquires sustainable, successful advancement tourism industry in
the Kingdom by providing a clear path for this industry, as well as working in close partnership
with industry leaders and partners to create an atmosphere which achieves a high level of self-
sufficiency. (mt.got.16)
The Ministry of Tourism Vision
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as the cradle of Islam seeks a value based, distinctive
tourism development with the social, cultural, environmental, and economic benefits
proceeding from the Islamic values, ancient heritage and authenticity of its famed hospitality.
(mt.got.16)
The Ministry of Tourism Mission
In the light of Kingdom’s basic values and distinctive components for a balanced and
sustainable tourism development, Saudi Arabia wants to achieve through tourism,
an economically and socially enriching diversity, generate employment for its citizens and
maintain environmental and cultural authenticity of the land. (mt.got.16)
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Site Selection and Shell
The site selected for this project will be in the middle of the beauty of our desert in Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia. The location name is Dhaheyat Murouj, a desert located in the east of Jeddah.
The area will contain so many facilities and functions to be created, a football stadium, water
park, residential spaces, university, supermarkets, resorts, and hotels that will all be located in
one site. This site is selected since it is going to be a new landmark in Jeddah that contains all
human needs in one place. By placing the Desert Resort and Entertainment Center it will
support sustainability, walkability, and it will create a new environment with new technologies
and trends. The selected site is near to the airport; therefore, it will be a suitable destination for
tourists. Also, because people are already familiar with the location, there are mobile
communication towers, electricity, water, very close to the paved roads, and it has beautiful
dunes and mountains for hiking and off-road activities.
General information about Dhaheyat Murouj upcoming project:
Type of project: Infrastructure, governmental
Budget: 6,000,000,000 SR
Beginning of implementation: 01.01.2014
End of Execution: 31.12.2021
Area: 130,000,000 sqm
Location: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Owner: Jeddah Development & Urban regeneration company
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Site Analysis
Figure 1.2. location of the selected site done by the author by Revit
Figure 1.3. accessibility of the site done by the author by Revit
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Figure 1.4. solid and void of the site done by the author by Revit
Figure 1.5. land use of the site done by the author by Revit
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Figure 1.6. land marks of the site done by the author by Revit
Figure 1.7. noise and density of the site done by the author by Revit
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Figure 1.8. traffic of the site done by the author by Revit
Figure 1.9. sun path of the site done by the author by Revit
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Picture of the selected site
F.1.10. F.1.11.
Top View of The Map Top View of the Project.1
F.1.12. F.1.13.
3D Shot of The Entertainment Park 3D Shot of The Residential Area
F.1.14. F.1.15.
3D Shot of The Water Park 3D Shot of The Gulf Area
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F.1.16. F.1.17.
3D Shot of The Mall Walking Area Top View of The Project.2
Master Plan of The Selected Site and Site Analysis
Figure 1.18. master plan of the selected site and the exact location by Jeddah development and urban co
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Preliminary Floor Plan
Figure 1.19. floor plan of the selected site a desert resort by Jeddah development and urban co
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
One-third of the world’s landmass is arid deserts and Saudi Arabia has one of the biggest
and most remarkable deserts in the world which is Al Rubie Al Khali. Deserts in Saudi Arabia
is one of the most important landmarks that is highly rich with the history of the country and
from where it all starts. Consequently, the desert resort will support the area further in terms of
letting people explore it and visit it from all around the world. However, the desert area has
zero infrastructure until recent times that require studies that support how suitable and safe it
is to build a complete environment there. The Desert Resort and Entertainment Center will
solve the problem of empty and unused lands. The hot climate and arid regions of the desert
pose major challenges that bring difficulties in managing the activities all year long. So, this
resort will have interior activities that support the place all year and make it safe and enjoyable.
All interior activities and spaces will highly rely on the exterior area which will add a lot to
each interior space. Designing a desert resort requires plenty of functions such as:
• Restaurants, cafés, and lounges
• Bedrooms, restrooms, and suites
• Entertainment areas, pools, horse/camel riding area
• Arabian botanical garden
• Service area, housekeeping, laundry, and storage
• Offices, reception, and concierge
• Workshops area
• Spa, hair salon, and barber shop
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Major Study: Interior Design Spatialized in Resorts and Entertainment Centers
This chapter will identify the general guidelines for designing a resort in the desert. The chapter
will cover the colors that are best used in such a place, the lighting, the suitable materials, space
planning, energy sources, and sustainability.
Color
According to the article on the impact of cultural color perception traditions on the interior
design of the hotel (Galtseva, 2016), mentioned that the perception of color in different
regions, countries, and nationalities has a significantly different impact on whether it is
negative or positive. In resorts
and hotel industries, the color selection must be suitable and standard for each visitor to enjoy
the experience of being in a desert resort. Trendy and fashionable colors like royal blue or royal
purple, should not be applied in bedrooms for example; as it has to be relaxing and comfortable
for each visitor. Furthermore, it was mentioned the importance of color selection in the
reception and lobby area since it is the first the customer will see, and to grab their attention
and to make them stay it requires a great selection of colors that make them feel very
comfortable and not bothered with a pop of color.
The article clarifies the importance of using neutral colors and staying away from applying
trendy colors that might be out of season and may be uncomfortable to the visitor. To suit all
visitor's tastes, neutral colors are highly recommended to be used. Also, by using the earthy
and warm tones all the interior spaces will be a part of the exterior areas and the incredible
view of dunes and mountains since there will be plenty of openings and large windows.
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Lighting
Based on the universal lighting network methods and systems, (Kevin, 2007), mentions how
effective smart lighting in resorts and hotels. Because the color of lighting and the illumination
are manageable by the use of sensors. Smart lighting systems and smart lighting networks can
be used for communication, building automation, system control, and many other functions.
On the other hand, natural lighting in resorts is so important since the main concept is to enjoy
both of interior spaces and exterior spaces. So, the design of the resort will have a lot of large
windows to allow sunlight to be part of the interior spaces. In addition, all windows placements
and treatment should not result in having very strong sunlight nor glare.
The selection of lighting in resorts and entertainment centers should be a mix of both natural
and artificial lighting. As for the artificial lighting, it should be able to give the effect of natural
light to maintain the feel inside the resort during day time. Also, all lighting should be
systemized to change the color and intensity based on the time and sunlight.
Materials
According to the Materials for Interior Environment book
The design of the resort must adapt the design shape to the natural environment since it is
highly reliant on it; therefore, the interiors will have organic shapes and organic materials
such as wood to showcase the connection to the exterior spaces. (Ennifar, 1982). Wood in
desert resorts should have a special treatment to make it stay for a longer time in great
condition.
selection of materials should be in coherence with the color scheme and with the concept of
the space as well as the functions and activities to prevent any mistakes.
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Space Planning
Based on the Materials for Interior-Environment book, (Benggili, 2008). It says that
researchers have identified four levels of interpersonal spaces which are the intimate space that
allows physical; contact and any invasion of a stranger could be uncomfortable to the customer,
the personal space, the social space, the public space. Each level has it is on requirements in
terms of space planning. As for the intimate space, in suites, bedrooms, restrooms, and spa each
customer should have privacy while walking for example. On the other hand, the social space
focuses on gathering people and having open spaces therefore this will be translated into space
planning by providing open spaces that have socializing areas.
Space planning should serve all human needs in the resort in each sector and part of the resort
to avoid going bad experience to any of the guests. Also, space planning will help employee to
produce better work by having everything organized and clear for example pathways,
placements of offices and entrances, etc.
Energy Sources and Sustainability
The assessment of a hot desert environment requires many steps to build a place that grabs
the tourist attention and to make the area alive. First of all, a unique physical condition which
will be concentrated on the high temperatures and lack of humidity in arid zones. Since heat
will cause a lack of water, lack of outdoor activities, and many limitations. Thus, before
building a resort in the desert, a remote resource should be applied according to (Ennifar, 1982).
On the other hand, creating a resort in the desert requires huge conditions to maintain the
overall structure of the building so, an electrical remote resource is highly needed as well based
on (Gradus, 1985).
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Designing a resort in the desert requires special treatments and specific materials that can bear
the heat and protect the interiors from sun damage. Four types of energies turn into cooling
systems which are the convective cooling, evaporative cooling, radiant cooling, and the earth
as a cooling resource.
The goal of designing the built environment is to provide comfort while minimizing energy
demand; therefore, solar panels will be part of the built environment along with a sustainable
lighting system that has detectors; according to (Givoni, 1984).
To design a desert resort in high standards while maintaining sustainability and get the best
usage of natural resources in order to operate the resort functions and facilities.
Minor Study: Psychological Effect on Tourism in KSA
Marketing
To grab tourist attention, great marketing is needed to highlight the resort facilities. The desert
resort will have a different approach and new facilities and it will allow the tourist to explore
the area anytime without the need to worry about where to stay. “unless there is some reason
to believe that tourists will indeed be attracted to the desert” (Gradus, 1985)
Designing a desert resort is an attractive idea. Yet, it needs the support of marketing, whether
it was by having influencers or through ads on social media platforms because the location of
the resort is new and it is not next to residential nor commercial places, so some people might
not see it.
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Adventures
Any country should have several sources of adventures in order to full fill human needs in
different sectors. According to (Paul, 200). One of the most attractive features of attracting
tourists is adventures. And those adventures are not only about the sea but also desert
adventures play a big role in tourism.
Promoting and applying different types of adventures will make the resort stands out further.
Also, it will allow different groups of people and ages to participate in different types of
adventures.
Conclusion
Building a resort in the desert requires many steps to make the place livable and suitable for
different activities, types of facilities, the design itself, and materials. Also, special treatment
and conditions for the botanical garden. Therefore, by conducting this research it highlights the
main aspects that should be taken into consideration to create a desert resort in the Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia. Starting with the space planning and how it should be designed in order to
have a clear circulation within each interior space up to the types of materials that are required
to be used to have a safe, unique interiors.
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology is a systematic, theoretical analysis of the techniques used in the
field of study. It consists of a theoretical study of the body of methods and concepts associated
with the information branch. This chapter is placed in the third chapter of the thesis. This
chapter will explain the selected research method to conduct and analyze data to make this
research complete.
Type of Research
This research uses a qualitative method to collect data using survey questionnaires. The survey
contained 9 research questions that contributed to the compilation of people's expectations. The
survey was distributed via various social media platforms such as Twitter, WhatsApp,
Instagram, and Snapchat. A sample of 353 participants was collected.
Qualitative Method
The qualitative research method is one of the generally used methods, which is unstructured
and non-numerical data. A qualitative research method can be done through questionnaires,
interviews, and observations that lead to answering all the research questions and gives it a
clear direction in terms of understanding the necessity of the project and research to the
community. Also, it helps the researcher to analyze the need for the project in reality and from
other people’s perceptions. This type of research methodology was chosen to understand the
community needs, and how effectively the resort will help in improving the economy. The
answers to the survey will help in building the research and modify it further.
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Survey Questions
Question 1: What is your gender?
Justification: to know which gender will visit the place the most
Answer
Figure 3.1. first questions chart developed by the author
Result: the percentage of females is higher than males which will help in designing the resort
and implementing more facilities that serves the female needs.
Question 2: How old are you?
Justification: to identify which group of people will visit the resort
Answer
Figure 3.2. second questions chart developed by the author
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Result: the group of people that are going to the resort are between the age of 19 to 25.
Question 3: Where do you live?
Justification: to know the resort’s visitors are from which country
Answer
Figure 3.3. third questions chart developed by the author

Result: Almost all the participants are living in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Which
means that this project is not only going to target tourist but also people who live in the
city of Jeddah.
Question 4: Have you ever experienced safari trips?
Justification: to understand the background of each visitor about the safari trips.
Answer
Figure 3.4. fourth questions chart developed by the author
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Result: people are almost divided into two parts which will provide a new experience
to the ones who never tried any activity in the desert before.
Question 5: What bothers you the most in safari trips?
Justification: to know what might stop people from visiting a place in a desert
Answer
Figure 3.5. fifth questions schedule developed by the author
Result: most of the responses are unpaved roads and not safe to stay.
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Question 6: Which of the below activities have you tried before?
Justification: to know which activity people are already familiar with
Answer
Figure 3.6. sixth questions schedule developed by the author
Result: most of the responses says horse riding, which will make people visit the
resort more because they will have a chance to try several activities in one place.
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Question 7: Which of the below activities would you like to try?
Justification: to conduct what people want to try, therefore, no activities will be
neglected after designing the resort.
Answer
Figure 3.7. seventh questions schedule developed by the author
Result: all activities are highly wanted from people especially the shooting center.
Question 8: What is your preferred place of stay during a vacation?
Justification: to know whether people likes to stay in a resort or a boutique hotel.
Answer
Figure 3.8. eight questions chart developed by the author
Result: most of the responses are resorts. which highlights how people are willing to
go to such a place.
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Question 9: What is your favorite accommodation interior design?
Justification: to know what style people preferer to stay in.
Answer
Figure 3.9. nineth questions chart developed by the author
Result: more than half of the sample chose to stay in a modern interior design.
Conclusion
As has been noted, selecting this research method and conducting more than 400 responses,
the results show how effectively this project is going to be also it shows that people are
interested in the idea and wanted to explore, entertain, and spend more time in the city of Jeddah
if they had the place that helps in staying.
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CHAPTER FOUR: PRECEDENT STUDY
Chapter four is about selecting precedent studies that help the researcher to explain the
design approach clearly in different ways to the reader and give them a clear image of the
design of the project. In this research phase, six precedent studies were selected to conclude
and full fill the requirements of a capstone interior design thesis. The precedent studies will be
divided into three parts. The first part will be the local case study which will be a resort located
in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia that is considered as a competitor to The Desert Resort and
Entertainment Center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The second part will be the regional case study
that is exactly in the middle east, and this case study was selected due to the similarities of
habits and uses of spaces. The third part will the international case study which will better help
the readers to see the connection between the projects all around the world and how can such
a place serve many people from different backgrounds.
Local Precedent Study#1 – Shaden Desert Resort
Architect: Fl Design Italia
Address: AlUla, Saudi Arabia
Year built: 2018
Client: Royal Commission for AlUla
Area: 12400.0 m²
Target Audience: Tourist, Local Inhabitants
Shaden Desert Resort is selected because of its location and design. Furthermore, Shaden
Desert Resort is a competitor to the Desert Resort and Entertainment Center. Shaden Desert
37
Resort is one of the first and well-known resort in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia that tourist enjoys
spending their time in it. The interior of Shaden Desert Resort design is highly reflecting the
Arabian style and cultural style. Also, the color scheme selected is reflecting the traditional
colours that the Saudi people used to use in all their designs and occasions such as red and blue.
As for the marketing issues of Shaden Desert Resort that they do not have a lot of facilities and
functions other than enjoying the view and some people might get bored especially if they have
kids because there are no kids lounge for example. Also, the company is not promoting well
for the place which might let them lose plenty of customers in comparison to the other places
with the same level.
Site Analysis
Figure 4.1. Location of Shaden Desert Resort in AlUla, Saudi Arabia.
38
Zoning Diagram
Figure 4.2. Top View Master Plan of Shaden Desert Resort in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia.
Functional Diagram
Figure 4.3. Top View Master Plan of Shaden Desert Resort in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia.
39
Functions and Activities
Space Adjacencies Approximate Size Zoning
1. Reception 1–3 50 m² Public
2. Concierge 2–1 7 m² Semi public
3. Waiting Area 3–1 15 m² Semi public
4. Offices 4–1 20 m² Private
5. Pool 5–6 10 m² Semi public
6. Outdoor Café 6-5 25 m² Semi public
7. Lounge 7–1 40 m² Semi private
8. Bedrooms 8 – 14 9 m² Private
9. Spa 9–6 15 m² Private
10. Laundry 10 – 11 7 m² Private
11. Staff Area 11 – 13 5 m² Private
12. Shop 12 – 1 4 m² Public
13. Restrooms 13 – 3 9 m² Private
14. Junior Suites 14 – 15 12 m² Private
15. Executive 15 – 14 14 m² Private
Suites
Total 15.685 m²
Figure 4.4. Table of Functions of Shaden Desert Resort in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia.
40
Design Analysis
Figure 4.5. Interior Spaces of Shaden Desert Resort in Al Ula Saudi Arabia
Figure 4.6. Bedrooms of Shaden Desert Resort in Al Ula Saudi Arabia
41
Local Precedent Study#2 – Desert Hideaway Resort
Architecture Firm: X-Architects
Address: Empty Quarter, Saudi Arabia
Year built: 2020
Client: Royal Commission for AlUla
Area: 240.000 m²
This project was a proposal of X- Architects for a competition that requires to create a very
outstanding resorts in the desert. This competition was done on May 7, 2020. This project was
selected because of the way they connected the interior to the exterior by creating waves in the
overall structure of the resort. Also, the use of neutral colors and warm tones. The lighting of
the interior is highlighting the outside which made a great contrast and it showed the details of
the design further.
Zoning Diagram
Figure 4.5. Small Vila Floor Plan of The Desert Hideaway Resort in Saudi Arabia
42
Design Analysis
Figure 4. 3D Shot of The Main Arrival Hall of The Desert Hideaway Resort in Saudi Arabia.
Figure 4.6. 3D Shots of The Horizontal White Spa of The Desert Hideaway Resort in Saudi
Arabia.
43
Figure 4. Top View of The Exterior Shell of The Desert Hideaway Resort in Saudi Arabia.
Figure 4.7. 3D Shot of The Interior of One of The Bedrooms of The Desert Hideaway
Resort in Saudi Arabia.
44
Regional Precedent Study#3 - Qasr al Sarab
Architecture Firm: TDIC
Address: Al Mirayr - Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates
Year built: 2009
Client: Anantara
Area: 240.000 m²
This precedent study was selected because it is one of the biggest desert resorts in the UAE
it has more than 10 suites and 52 pool villas along with different facilities such as wedding
hall, desert spa, and restaurants. I chose this resort because their strong antique interior design
that is different from any other spaces all around the UAE. All parts of the resort are connected
to nature in terms of using warm colors and having large windows that allows sunlight in.
Site Analysis
Figure 4.8. Location of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort in UAE.
45
Zoning Diagram
Figure 4.9. Master Plan of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort in UAE.
Functional Diagram
Figure 4.10. Master Plan of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort in UAE.
46
12. Shop 12 – 1 40 m² Public
Suites
Total 35.685 m²
Figure 4.11. Table of Functions of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort in UAE
47
Design Analysis
Figure 4.12. Interior design of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort Small Villas’ Bedrooms
Figure 4.13. Interior design of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort Outdoor Restaurant
48
Figure 4.14. Interior design of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort Spa
Figure 4.15. Interior design of Qasr Al Sarab Desert Resort Spa Entrance
49
International Precedent Study#4 - Amangiri
Architecture Firm: Wendell Burnette Architects
Address: Canyon Point, Utah, USA
Year built: 2016
Client: Amangiri
Area: 80.000 m²
Target Audience: Tourist, Couples
This precedent study was selected because it is one of the very well-known resorts all around
the world it noticed to the very luxurious yet modern interior spaces and incredible views of
the mountains and desert that is surrounding the resort. The resort is tucked into a protected
valley with sweeping views towards the Grand Staircase – Escalante National Monument. Built
around a central swimming pool, the resort blends into its dramatic surrounds where deep
canyons and towering plateaus create a raw landscape. (amangiri.com)
Site Analysis
Figure 4.16. Location of The Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA.
50
Zoning Diagram
Figure 4. 17. Floor Plan of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
51
Functional Diagram
Figure 4.18. Floor Plan of The Public Area of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
Figure 4.19. Floor Plan of The Private Area of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
52
12. Shop 12 – 1 22 m² Public
Suites
Total 25.605 m²
Figure 4.20. Table of Functions of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA.
53
Design Analysis
Figure 4.21. Exterior and Interior Spaces of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
Figure 4.22. Interior Design of The Bedrooms of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
54
Figure 4.23. Interior Design of Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
Figure 4.24. Interior Design of Executive Suite Amangiri Desert Resort in Utah, USA
55
Conclusion
To conclude, precedent studies was selected to give a better direction to the reader and the
designer to reach a better destination. Furthermore, each case study has a design element that
will be implemented in the new Desert Resort and Entertainment Center in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia. Also, it showcases the best material that should be used in hot whether climate.
56
CHAPTER 5: DETAILS FOR INTERIORS
Interior design is art and science of interiors building to achieve a functional, beauty, and safe
environment for the people using the space. Also, it is a multifaceted profession that includes
conceptual development, space planning, site inspections, programming, research, communicating
with the stakeholders of a project, construction management, and execution of the design.
Matrix
Table 5.1. criteria matrix by the author made by AutoCAD
57
Design Program
Table 5.2. criteria matrix by the author made by AutoCAD
Relationship Diagram
Figure 5.1. Bubble diagram done by the author

58
Finish Schedule
Table 5.3. Finish Schedule by the author made by AutoCAD
59
Saudi Building Codes 404.3 Automatic sprinkler protection. An
The below materials are retained from the approved automatic sprinkler system shall
original building codes be installed throughout the entire building.
Exceptions:
SECTION 404 ATRIUMS 1. That area of a building adjacent to or
above the atrium need not be sprinklered

404.1 General. In other than Group H
provided that portion of the building is
occupancies, and where permitted by
separated from the atrium portion by not
Section 712.1.7, the provisions of Sections
less than 2-hour fire barriers constructed in
404.1 through 404.10 shall apply to
accordance with Section 707 or horizontal
buildings or structures containing vertical
assemblies constructed in accordance with
openings defined as “Atriums.”
Section 711, or both.
404.1.1 Definition. The following term is

2. Where the ceiling of the atrium is more
defined in Chapter 2: ATRIUM.
than 16 m above the floor, sprinkler
404.2 Use. The floor of the atrium shall not protection at the ceiling of the atrium is not
be used for other than low fire hazard uses required.
and only approved materials and

404.4 Fire alarm system. A fire alarm
decorations in accordance with the SBC
system shall be provided in accordance
801 shall be used in the atrium space.
with Section 907.2.14.
Exception: The atrium floor area is

404.5 Smoke control. A smoke control
permitted to be used for any approved use
system shall be installed in accordance with
where the individual space is provided with
Section 909.
an automatic sprinkler system in
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1.
60
Exception: In other than Group I-2, and 1800 mm. The sprinkler system shall be
Group I-1, Condition 2, smoke control is designed so that the entire surface of the
not required for atriums that connect only glass is wet upon activation of the sprinkler
two stories. system without obstruction;
404.6 Enclosure of atriums. Atrium 1.2. The glass wall shall be installed in a
spaces shall be separated from adjacent

gasketed frame in a manner that the framing
spaces by a 1-hour fire barrier constructed
system deflects without breaking (loading)
in accordance with Section 707 or a
the glass before the sprinkler system
horizontal assembly constructed in
operates; and
accordance with Section 711, or both.
1.3. Where glass doors are provided in the
Exceptions:
glass wall, they shall be either self-closing
1. A fire barrier is not required where a or automatic-closing.
glass wall forming a smoke partition is

2. A fire barrier is not required where a
provided.
glass block wall assembly complying with
The glass wall shall comply with all of the Section 2110 and having a 3/4-hour fire
protection rating is provided.

following:
3. A fire barrier is not required between the

1.1. Automatic sprinklers are provided
atrium and the adjoining spaces of any three
along both sides of the separation wall and
floors of the atrium provided such spaces
doors, or on the room side only if there is
are accounted for in the design of the smoke
not a walkway on the atrium side. The
control system.
sprinklers shall be located between 100 mm
404.7 Standby power. Equipment required
and 300 mm away from the glass and at
to provide smoke control shall be provided
intervals along the glass not greater than
61
with standby power in accordance with of the total permitted exit access travel
Section 909.11. distance that occurs within the atrium shall
be not greater than 60 m.

404.8 Interior finish. The interior finish of
walls and ceilings of the atrium shall be not 404.10 Interior exit stairways. A maximum
less than Class B with no reduction in class of 50 percent of interior exit stairways are
for sprinkler protection. permitted to egress through an atrium on the
level of exit discharge in accordance with

404.9 Exit access travel distance. Exit
Section 1028.
access travel distance for areas open to an
atrium shall comply with the requirements
of this section. SECTION 407 GROUP I-2
404.9.1 Egress not through the atrium.
Where required access to the exits is not

407.1 General. Occupancies in Group I-2
through the atrium, exit access travel
shall comply with the provisions of
distance shall comply with Section 1017.
Sections 407.1 through 407.10 and other
404.9.2 Exit access travel distance at the applicable provisions of this code.
level of exit discharge. Where the path of

407.2 Corridors continuity and
egress travel is through an atrium space,
separation.
exit access travel distance at the level of exit
Corridors in occupancies in Group I-2 shall
discharge shall be determined in
be continuous to the exits and shall be
accordance with Section 1017.
separated from other areas in accordance
404.9.3 Exit access travel distance at other
with Section 407.3 except spaces
than the level of exit discharge. Where the
conforming to Sections 407.2.1 through
path of egress travel is not at the level of
407.2.6.
exit discharge from the atrium, that portion
62
407.2.1 Waiting and similar areas. Waiting doctors’ and nurses’ charting,
areas and similar spaces constructed as communications and related clerical areas
required for corridors shall be permitted to shall be permitted to be open to the corridor,
be open to a corridor, only where all of the where such spaces are constructed as
following criteria are met: required for corridors.
1. The spaces are not occupied as care 407.2.3 Psychiatric treatment areas.
recipient’s sleeping rooms, treatment Areas wherein psychiatric care recipients
rooms, incidental uses in accordance with who are not capable of self-preservation are
Section 509, or hazardous uses. housed, or group meeting or multipurpose
therapeutic spaces other than incidental

2. The open space is protected by an
uses in accordance with Section 509, under
automatic fire detection system installed in
continuous supervision by facility staff,
shall be permitted to be open to the corridor,
3. The corridors onto which the spaces
where the following criteria are met:
open, in the same smoke compartment, are
1. Each area does not exceed 140 m2.
protected by an automatic fire detection
system installed in accordance with Section 2. The area is located to permit supervision
907, or the smoke compartment in which by the facility staff.
the spaces are located is equipped

3. The area is arranged so as not to obstruct
throughout with quick-response sprinklers
any access to the required exits.
in accordance with Section 903.3.2.
4. The area is equipped with an automatic
4. The space is arranged so as not to
fire detection system installed in
obstruct access to the required exits.
accordance with Section 907.2.
407.2.2 Care providers’ stations. Spaces

5. Not more than one such space is
for care providers’, supervisory staff,
permitted in any one smoke compartment.
63
6. The walls and ceilings of the space are SECTION 408 GROUP I-3
constructed as required for corridors.
407.2.4 Gift shops. Gift shops and

408.1 General. Occupancies in Group I-3
associated storage that are less than 46 m2
shall comply with the provisions of
in area shall be permitted to be open to the
Sections 408.1 through 408.11 and other
corridor where such spaces are constructed
applicable provisions of this code (see
as required for corridors.
Section 308.5).
407.3 Corridor wall construction.

408.1.1 Definitions. The following terms
Corridor
are defined in Chapter 2:
walls shall be constructed as smoke

• CELL.
partitions in accordance with Section 710.
• CELL TIER.
407.3.1 Corridor doors. Corridor doors,
• HOUSING UNIT.
other than those in a wall required to be
rated by Section 509.4 or for the enclosure • SALLYPORT.
of a vertical opening or an exit, shall not 408.2 Other occupancies. Buildings or

have a required fire protection rating and portions of buildings in Group I-3
shall not be required to be equipped with occupancies where security operations
selfclosing or automatic-closing devices, necessitate the locking of required means of
but shall provide an effective barrier to limit egress shall be permitted to be classified as
the transfer of smoke and shall be equipped a different occupancy. Occupancies
with positive latching. Roller latches are not classified as other than Group I-3 shall meet
permitted. Other doors shall conform to the applicable requirements of this code for
Section 716.5. that occupancy where provisions are made
for the release of occupants at all times.
64
Means of egress from detention and 220 N with a perpendicular force against
correctional occupancies that traverse other the door of 220 N.
use areas shall, as a minimum, conform to

408.3.3 Guard tower doors. A hatch or trap
requirements for detention and correctional
door not less than 1.5 m2 in area through
occupancies.
the floor and having dimensions of not less
Exception: It is permissible to exit through than 600 mm in any direction shall be
a horizontal exit into other contiguous permitted to be used as a portion of the
occupancies that do not conform to means of egress from guard towers.
detention and correctional occupancy

408.3.4 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways
egress provisions but that do comply with
that conform to the requirements of Section
requirements set forth in the appropriate
1011.10 are permitted for access to and
occupancy, as long as the occupancy is not
between staff locations.
a Group H use.
408.3.5 Ship’s ladders. Ship’s ladders shall
408.3 Means of egress. Except as modified
be permitted for egress from control rooms
or as provided for in this section, the means
or elevated facility observation rooms in
of egress provisions of Chapter 10 shall
apply.
408.3.6 Exit discharge. Exits are permitted
408.3.1 Door width. Doors to resident
to discharge into a fenced or walled
sleeping units shall have a clear width of not
courtyard. Enclosed yards or courts shall be
less than 700 mm.
of a size to accommodate all occupants, be
408.3.2 Sliding doors. Where doors in a located not less than15 m from the building
means of egress are of the horizontal- and have an area of not less than 1.4 m2 per
sliding type, the force to slide the door to its person.
fully open position shall be not greater than
65
408.3.7 Sally ports. A sally port shall be completely the entire surface of any glazing
permitted in a means of egress where there affected by fire when actuated.
are provisions for continuous and

5. The glazing shall be in a gasketed frame
unobstructed passage through the sally port
and installed in such a manner that the
during an emergency egress condition.
framing system will deflect without
408.3.8 Interior exit stairway and ramp breaking (loading) the glass before the
construction. One interior exit stairway or sprinkler system operates.
ramp in each building shall be permitted to

6. Obstructions, such as curtain rods,
have glazing installed in doors and interior
drapery traverse rods, curtains, drapes or
walls at each landing level providing access
similar materials shall not be installed
to the interior exit stairway or ramp,
between the automatic sprinklers and the
provided that the following conditions are
glazing.
met:
1. The interior exit stairway or ramp shall

SECTION 409 MOTION PICTURE
not serve more than four floor levels.
PROJECTION ROOMS
2. Exit doors shall be not less than 3/4-hour
fire door assemblies complying with
Section 716.5. 409.1 General. The provisions of Sections
3. The total area of glazing at each floor 409.1 through 409.5 shall apply to rooms in
level shall not exceed 3.2 m2 and individual which ribbon type cellulose acetate or other
panels of glazing shall not exceed 0.84 m2. safety film is utilized in conjunction with
electric arc, xenon or other light-source

4. The glazing shall be protected on both
projection equipment that develops
sides by an automatic sprinkler system. The
hazardous gases, dust or radiation. Where
sprinkler system shall be designed to wet
66
cellulose nitrate film is utilized or stored, side and at the rear thereof, but only one
such rooms shall comply with NFPA 40. such space shall be required between two
adjacent projectors. The projection room

409.1.1 Projection room required. Every
and the rooms appurtenant thereto shall
motion picture machine projecting film as
have a ceiling height of not less than 2.3 m.
mentioned within the scope of this section
shall be enclosed in a projection room. The aggregate of openings for projection
Appurtenant electrical equipment, such as equipment shall not exceed 25 percent of
rheostats, transformers and generators, the area of the wall between the projection
shall be within the projection room or in an room and the auditorium. Openings shall be
adjacent room of equivalent construction. provided with glass or other approved
material, so as to close completely the

409.2 Construction of projection rooms.
opening.
Every projection room shall be of
permanent construction consistent with the 409.3 Projection room and equipment
construction requirements for the type of ventilation. Ventilation shall be provided
building in which the projection room is in accordance with the SBC 501.
located. Openings are not required to be

409.3.1 Supply air. Each projection room
protected.
shall be provided with adequate air supply
The room shall have a floor area of not less inlets so arranged as to provide well
than 7.5 m2 for a single machine and not distributed air throughout the room. Air
less than 3.75 m2 for each additional inlet ducts shall provide an amount of air
machine. Each motion picture projector, equivalent to the amount of air being
floodlight, spotlight or similar piece of exhausted by projection equipment. Air is
equipment shall have a clear working space permitted to be taken from the outside; from
of not less than 750 mm by 750 mm on each adjacent spaces within the building,
67
provided the volume and infiltration rate is circulation. Such ducts shall be of rigid
sufficient; or from the building air- materials, except for a flexible connector
conditioning system, provided it is so approved for the purpose. The projection
arranged as to provide sufficient air when lamp or projection room exhaust system, or
other systems are not in operation. both, is permitted to be combined but shall
not be interconnected with any other

409.3.2 Exhaust air. Projection rooms are
exhaust or return system, or both, within the
permitted to be exhausted through the lamp
building.
exhaust system. The lamp exhaust system
shall be positively interconnected with the 409.4 Lighting control. Provisions shall be
lamp so that the lamp will not operate made for control of the auditorium lighting
unless there is the required airflow. Exhaust and the means of egress lighting systems of
air ducts shall terminate at the exterior of theaters from inside the projection room
the building in such a location that the and from not less than one other convenient
exhaust air cannot be readily recirculated point in the building.
into any air supply system. The projection

409.5 Miscellaneous equipment. Each
room ventilation system is permitted to also
projection room shall be provided with
serve appurtenant rooms, such as the
rewind and film storage facilities.
generator and rewind rooms.
409.3.3 Projection machines. Each

SECTION 410 STAGES, PLATFORMS
projection machine shall be provided with
AND TECHNICAL PRODUCTION
an exhaust duct that will draw air from each
AREAS
lamp and exhaust it directly to the outside
of the building. The lamp exhaust is
permitted to serve to exhaust air from the 410.1 Applicability. The provisions of
projection room to provide room air Sections 410.1 through 410.8 shall apply to
68
all parts of buildings and structures that that the stage is separated from other areas
contain stages or platforms and similar in accordance with Section 410.3.4.
appurtenances as herein defined.

2. In buildings of Type IIA, IIIA and VA
410.2 Definitions. The following terms are construction, a fire-resistance-rated floor is
defined in Chapter 2: not required, provided the space below the
stage is equipped with an automatic

• PLATFORM.
sprinkler system or fire-extinguishing
• PROSCENIUM WALL.
system in accordance with Section 903 or
• STAGE. 904.
• TECHNICAL PRODUCTION AREA. 3. In all types of construction, the finished
410.3 Stages. Stage construction shall floor shall be constructed of wood or
comply with Sections 410.3.1 through approved noncombustible materials.
410.3.7. Openings through stage floors shall be
equipped with tightfitting, solid wood trap

410.3.1 Stage construction. Stages shall be
doors with approved safety locks.
constructed of materials as required for
floors for the type of construction of the 410.3.1.1 Stage height and area. Stage areas
building in which such stages are located. shall be measured to include the entire
performance area and adjacent backstage

Exception: Stages need not be constructed
and support areas not separated from the
of the same materials as required for the
performance area by fire resistance-rated
type of construction provided the
construction. Stage height shall be
construction complies with one of the
measured from the lowest point on the stage
following:
floor to the highest point of the roof or floor
1. Stages of Type IIB or IV construction
deck above the stage.
with a nominal 50 mm wood deck, provided
69
410.3.2 Technical production areas: occupancy and Sections 411.1 through
galleries, gridirons and catwalks. Beams 411.8.
designed only for the attachment of

Exception: Special amusement buildings or
portable or fixed theater equipment,
portions thereof that are without walls or a
gridirons, galleries and catwalks shall be
roof and constructed to prevent the
constructed of approved materials
accumulation of smoke need not comply
consistent with the requirements for the
with this section.
type of construction of the building; and a
For flammable decorative materials, see the
fire-resistance rating shall not be required.
SBC 801.
These areas shall not be considered to be
floors, stories, mezzanines or levels in 411.2 Definition. The following term is
applying this code. defined in Chapter 2:
• SPECIAL AMUSEMENT BUILDING.
SECTION 411 SPECIAL 411.3 Automatic fire detection. Special

AMUSEMENT BUILDINGS amusement buildings shall be equipped
with an automatic fire detection system in

411.1 General. Special amusement
buildings having an occupant load of 50 or 411.4 Automatic sprinkler system.
more shall comply with the requirements Special amusement buildings shall be
for the appropriate Group A occupancy and equipped throughout with an automatic
Sections 411.1 through 411.8. sprinkler system in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1. Where the special amusement

Special amusement buildings having an
building is temporary, the sprinkler water
occupant load of less than 50 shall comply
supply shall be of an approved temporary
with the requirements for a Group B
means.
70
Exception: Automatic sprinklers are not SECTION 414 HAZARDOUS
required where the total floor area of a

MATERIALS
temporary special amusement building is
less than 93 m2 and the exit access travel
distance from any point to an exit is less 414.1 General. The provisions of Sections
than 15 m. 414.1 through 414.6 shall apply to
buildings and structures occupied for the

411.5 Alarm. Actuation of a single smoke
manufacturing, processing, dispensing, use
detector, the automatic sprinkler system or
or storage of hazardous materials.
other automatic fire detection device shall
immediately sound an alarm at the building 414.1.1 Other provisions. Buildings and
at a constantly attended location from structures with an occupancy in Group H
which emergency action can be initiated shall comply with this section and the
including the capability of manual initiation applicable provisions of Section 415 and
of requirements in Section 907.2.12.2. the SBC 801.
411.6 Emergency voice/alarm 414.1.2 Materials. The safe design of
communications hazardous material occupancies is material
dependent. Individual material

system. An emergency voice/alarm
requirements are also found in Sections 307
communications system shall be provided
and 415, and in the SBC 501 and the SBC
in accordance with Sections 907.2.12 and
801.
907.5.2.2, which is also permitted to serve
as a public address system and shall be 414.1.2.1 Aerosols. Level 2 and 3 aerosol
audible throughout the entire special products shall be stored and displayed in
amusement building. accordance with the SBC 801. See Section
311.2 and the SBC 801 for occupancy
group requirements.
71
414.1.3 Information required. A report shall 414.2 Control areas. Control areas shall
be submitted to the building official comply with Sections 414.2.1 through
identifying the maximum expected 414.2.5 and the SBC 801.
quantities of hazardous materials to be

414.2.1 Construction requirements. Control
stored, used in a closed system and used in
areas shall be separated from each other by
an open system, and subdivided to
fire barriers constructed in accordance with
separately address hazardous material
Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
classification categories based on Tables
constructed in accordance with Section
307.1(1) and 307.1(2).
711, or both.
The methods of protection from such

414.2.2 Percentage of maximum allowable
hazards, including but not limited to control
quantities. The percentage of maximum
areas, fire protection systems and Group H
allowable quantities of hazardous materials
occupancies shall be indicated in the report
per control area permitted at each floor
and on the construction documents. The
level within a building shall be in
opinion and report shall be prepared by a
accordance with Table 414.2.2.
qualified person, firm or corporation
414.2.3 Number. The maximum number of
approved by the building official and
control areas within a building shall be in
provided without charge to the enforcing
accordance with Table 414.2.2.
agency.
414.2.4 Fire-resistance-rating
For buildings and structures with an
requirements. The required fire-resistance
occupancy in Group H, separate floor plans
rating for fire barriers shall be in
shall be submitted identifying the locations
accordance with Table 414.2.2. The floor
of anticipated contents and processes so as
assembly of the control area and the
to reflect the nature of each occupied
construction supporting the floor of the
portion of every building and structure.
72
control area shall have a fire-resistance construction and equipment shall comply
rating of not less than 2 hours. with the SBC 801.
Exception: The floor assembly of the 416.2 Spray rooms. Spray rooms shall be
control area and the construction supporting enclosed with not less than 1-hour fire
the floor of the control area are allowed to barriers constructed in accordance with
be 1-hour fire-resistance rated in buildings Section 707 or horizontal assemblies
of Types IIA, IIIA and VA construction, constructed in accordance with Section
provided that both of the following 711, or both. Floors shall be waterproofed
conditions exist: and drained in an approved manner.
1. The building is equipped throughout with 416.2.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of
an automatic sprinkler system in spray rooms shall be smooth and shall be so
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 constructed to permit the free passage of
exhaust air from all parts of the interior and

2. The building is three or fewer stories
to facilitate washing and cleaning, and shall
above grade plane.
be so designed to confine residues within
the room. Aluminum shall not be used.
SECTION 416 APPLICATION OF

416.2.2 Ventilation. Mechanical ventilation
FLAMMABLE FINISHES and interlocks with the spraying operation
shall be in accordance with the SBC 501.
416.1 General. The provisions of this 416.3 Spraying spaces. Spraying spaces
section shall apply to the construction, shall be ventilated with an exhaust system
installation and use of buildings and to prevent the accumulation of flammable
structures, or parts thereof, for the mist or vapors in accordance with the SBC
application of flammable finishes. Such 501. Where such spaces are not separately
73
enclosed, noncombustible spray curtains 419.1 General. A live/work unit shall
shall be provided to restrict the spread of comply with Sections 419.1 through 419.9.
flammable vapors.
Exception: Dwelling or sleeping units that
416.3.1 Surfaces. The interior surfaces of include an office that is less than 10 percent
spraying spaces shall be smooth and of the area of the dwelling unit are
continuous without edges; shall be so permitted to be classified as dwelling units
constructed to permit the free passage of with accessory occupancies in accordance
exhaust air from all parts of the interior and with Section 508.2.
to facilitate washing and cleaning; and shall

419.1.1 Limitations. The following shall
be so designed to confine residues within
apply to all live/ work areas:
the spraying space. Aluminum shall not be
1. The live/work unit is permitted to be not
used.
greater than 280 m2 in area;
416.4 Spray booths. Spray booths shall be
2. The nonresidential area is permitted to be
designed, constructed and operated in
not more than 50 percent of the area of each
accordance with the SBC 801.
live/work unit;
416.5 Fire protection. An automatic
3. The nonresidential area function shall be
sprinkler system or fire-extinguishing
limited to the first or main floor only of the
system shall be provided in all spray, dip
live/work unit; and
and immersing spaces and storage rooms
and shall be installed in accordance with 4. Not more than five nonresidential
Chapter 9. workers or employees are allowed to
occupy the nonresidential area at any one
time.
SECTION 419 LIVE/WORK UNITS
74
419.2 Occupancies. Live/work units shall the function served in accordance with
be classified as a Group R-2 occupancy. Table 1004.1.2.
Separation requirements found in Sections

419.3.2 Spiral stairways. Spiral stairways
420 and 508 shall not apply within the
that conform to the requirements of Section
live/work unit where the live/work unit is in
1011.10 shall be permitted.
compliance with Section 419.
419.4 Vertical openings. Floor openings
Nonresidential uses that would otherwise
between floor levels of a live/work unit are
be classified as either a Group H or S
permitted without enclosure.
occupancy shall not be permitted in a
419.5 Fire protection. The live/work unit
live/work unit.
shall be provided with a monitored fire
Exception: Storage shall be permitted in the
alarm system where required by Section
live/work unit provided the aggregate area
907.2.9 and an automatic sprinkler system
of storage in the nonresidential portion of
in accordance with Section 903.2.8.
the live/work unit shall be limited to 10
419.6 Structural. Floors within a live/work
percent of the space dedicated to
unit shall be designed for the live loads in
nonresidential activities.
Table 1607.1, based on the function within
419.3 Means of egress. Except as modified
the space.
by this section, the means of egress
419.7 Accessibility. Accessibility shall be
components for a live/work unit shall be
designed in accordance with Chapter 11 for
designed in accordance with Chapter 10 for
the function served.
the function served.
419.8 Ventilation. The applicable

419.3.1 Egress capacity. The egress
ventilation requirements of the SBC 501
capacity for each element of the live/work
shall apply to each area within the live/work
unit shall be based on the occupant load for
unit for the function within that space.
75
419.9 Plumbing facilities. The clear height above and below the
nonresidential area of the live/work unit mezzanine floor construction shall be not
shall be provided with minimum plumbing less than 2 m.
facilities as specified by Chapter 29, based

505.2.1 Area limitation. The aggregate area
on the function of the nonresidential area.
of a mezzanine or mezzanines within a
Where the nonresidential area of the
room shall be not greater than one-third of
live/work unit is required to be accessible
the floor area of that room or space in which
by Section 1107.6.2.1, the plumbing
they are located. The enclosed portion of a
fixtures specified by Chapter 29 shall be
room shall not be included in a
accessible.
determination of the floor area of the room
SECTION 505 MEZZANINES AND in which the mezzanine is located. In
determining the allowable mezzanine area,

EQUIPMENT PLATFORMS
the area of the mezzanine shall not be
included in the floor area of the room.
505.1 General. Mezzanines shall comply Where a room contains both a mezzanine
with Section 505.2. Equipment platforms and an equipment platform, the aggregate
shall comply with Section 505.3. area of the two raised floor levels shall be
505.2 Mezzanines. A mezzanine or not greater than two thirds of the floor area
mezzanines in compliance with Section of that room or space in which they are
505.2 shall be considered a portion of the located.
story below. Such mezzanines shall not Exceptions:
contribute to either the building area or

1. The aggregate area of mezzanines in
number of stories as regulated by Section
buildings and structures of Type I or II
503.1. The area of the mezzanine shall be
included in determining the fire area. The
76
construction for special industrial 1. Mezzanines or portions thereof are not
occupancies in accordance with Section required to be open to the room in which the
mezzanines are located, provided that the

503.1.1 shall be not greater than two-thirds
occupant load of the aggregate area of the
of the floor area of the room.
enclosed space is not greater than 10.
2. The aggregate area of mezzanines in
2. A mezzanine having two or more exits or
buildings and structures of Type I or II
access to exits is not required to be open to
construction shall be not greater than one-
the room in which the mezzanine is located.
half of the floor area of the room in
buildings and structures equipped 3. Mezzanines or portions thereof are not
throughout with an approved automatic required to be open to the room in which the
sprinkler system in accordance with Section mezzanines are located, provided that the
903.3.1.1 and an approved emergency aggregate floor area of the enclosed space
voice/alarm communication system in is not greater than 10 percent of the
accordance with Section 907.5.2.2. mezzanine area.
505.2.2 Means of egress. The means of 4. In industrial facilities, mezzanines used
egress for mezzanines shall comply with for control equipment are permitted to be
the applicable provisions of Chapter 10. glazed on all sides.
505.2.3 Openness. A mezzanine shall be 5. In occupancies other than Groups H and
open and unobstructed to the room in which I, that are no more than two stories above
such mezzanine is located except for walls grade plane and equipped throughout with
not more than 1 m in height, columns and an automatic sprinkler system in
posts. accordance with Section 903.3.1.1, a
mezzanine having two or more means of

Exceptions:
77
egress shall not be required to be open to the Section 505.2.1 and the combined
room in which the mezzanine is located. aggregate area of the equipment platforms
and mezzanines shall be not greater than

505.3 Equipment platforms. Equipment
two-thirds of the room in which they are
platforms in buildings shall not be
located.
considered as a portion of the floor below.
Such equipment platforms shall not 505.3.2 Automatic sprinkler system. Where
contribute to either the building area or the located in a building that is required to be
number of stories as regulated by Section protected by an automatic sprinkler system,
equipment platforms shall be fully

503.1. The area of the equipment platform
protected by sprinklers above and below the
shall not be included in determining the fire
platform, where required by the standards
area in accordance with Section 903.
referenced in Section 903.3.
Equipment platforms shall not be a part of
any mezzanine and such platforms and the 505.3.3 Guards. Equipment platforms shall
walkways, stairways, alternating tread have guards where required by Section
devices and ladders providing access to an 1015.2.
equipment platform shall not serve as a part
of the means of egress from the building.

SECTION 706 FIRE WALLS
505.3.1 Area limitation. The aggregate area
of all equipment platforms within a room
shall be not greater than two-thirds of the 706.1 General. Each portion of a building
area of the room in which they are located. separated by one or more fire walls that
Where an equipment platform is located in comply with the provisions of this section
the same room as a mezzanine, the area of shall be considered a separate building. The
the mezzanine shall be determined by extent and location of such fire walls shall
provide a complete separation. Where a fire
78
wall separates occupancies that are required 706.3 Materials. Fire walls shall be of any
to be separated by a fire barrier wall, the approved noncombustible materials.
most restrictive requirements of each

Exception: Buildings of Type V
separation shall apply.
construction.
706.1.1 Party walls. Any wall located on a

706.4 Fire-resistance rating. Fire walls
lot line between adjacent buildings, which
shall have a fire-resistance rating of not less
is used or adapted for joint service between
than that required by Table 706.4. 706.5
the two buildings, shall be constructed as a
Horizontal continuity. Fire walls shall be
fire wall in accordance with Section 706.
continuous from exterior wall to exterior
Party walls shall be constructed without
wall and shall extend not less than 450 mm
openings and shall create separate
beyond the exterior surface of exterior
buildings.
walls.
Exception: Openings in a party wall

SECTION 801 GENERAL 801.1 Scope.
separating an anchor building and a mall
The provisions of this chapter shall govern
shall be in accordance with Section
the use of materials used as interior
402.4.2.2.1.
finishes, trim and decorative materials.
706.2 Structural stability. Fire walls shall

801.2 Interior wall and ceiling finish.
be designed and constructed to allow
The provisions of Section 803 shall limit
collapse of the structure on either side
the allowable fire performance and smoke
without collapse of the wall under fire
development of interior wall and ceiling
conditions. Fire walls designed and
finish materials based on occupancy
constructed in accordance with NFPA 221
classification.
shall be deemed to comply with this
801.3 Interior floor finish. The provisions
section.
of Section 804 shall limit the allowable fire
79
performance of interior floor finish 801.8 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall
materials based on occupancy not be used as interior finish except as
classification. provided in Section 803.4. Foam plastics
shall not be used as interior trim except as

801.4 Decorative materials and trim.
provided in Section 806.5 or 2604.2. This
Decorative materials and trim shall be
section shall apply both to exposed foam
restricted by combustibility, fire
plastics and to foam plastics used in
performance or flame propagation
conjunction with a textile or vinyl facing or
performance criteria in accordance with
cover.
Section 806.
SECTION 802 DEFINITIONS 802.1

801.5 Applicability. For buildings in
Definitions. The following terms are
flood hazard areas as established in Section
defined in Chapter 2:
1612.3, interior finishes, trim and
decorative materials below the elevation
required by Section 1612 shall be flood-

SECTION 803 WALL AND CEILING
damage-resistant materials.
FINISHES
801.6 Application. Combustible materials

803.1 General. Interior wall and ceiling
shall be permitted to be used as finish for
finish materials shall be classified for fire
walls, ceilings, floors and other interior
performance and smoke development in
surfaces of buildings.
accordance with Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2,
801.7 Windows. Show windows in the except as shown in Sections 803.2 through
exterior walls of the first story above grade 803.13. Materials tested in accordance with
plane shall be permitted to be of wood or of Section 803.1.2 shall not be required to be
unprotected metal framing. tested in accordance with Section 803.1.1.
80
803.1.1 Interior wall and ceiling finish 803.1.2.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA
materials. Interior wall and ceiling finish 286. The interior finish shall comply with
materials shall be classified in accordance the following:
with ASTM E84 or UL 723. Such interior

1. During the 40-kW exposure, flames
finish materials shall be grouped in the
shall not spread to the ceiling.
following classes in accordance with their
2. The flame shall not spread to the outer
flame spread and smoke-developed
extremity of the sample on any wall or
indexes. Class A: = Flame spread index 0-
ceiling.
25; smoke developed index 0-450. Class B:
= Flame spread index 26-75; smoke 3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 286, shall
developed index 0-450. Class C: = Flame not occur.
spread index 76-200; smoke developed 4. The peak heat release rate throughout the
index 0-450. test shall not exceed 800 kW.
Exception: Materials tested in accordance 5. The total smoke released throughout the
with Section 803.1.2. test shall not exceed 1,000 m2.
803.1.2 Room corner test for interior wall 803.1.3 Room corner test for textile wall
or ceiling finish materials. Interior wall or coverings and expanded vinyl wall
ceiling finish materials shall be permitted to coverings. Textile wall coverings and
be tested in accordance with NFPA 286. expanded vinyl wall coverings shall meet
Interior wall or ceiling finish materials the criteria of Section 803.1.3.1 when tested
tested in accordance with NFPA 286 shall in the manner intended for use in
comply with Section 803.1.2.1. accordance with the Method B protocol of
NFPA 265 using the product-mounting
system, including adhesive.
81
preparation and mounting shall be in
accordance with ASTM E2404.

803.1.3.1 Acceptance criteria for NFPA
265. The interior finish shall comply with 803.2 Thickness exemption. Materials
the following: having a thickness less than 0.9 mm applied
directly to the surface of walls or ceilings

1. During the 40-kW exposure, flames shall
shall not be required to be tested.
not spread to the ceiling.
803.3 Heavy timber exemption. Exposed

2. The flame shall not spread to the outer
portions of building elements complying
extremities of the samples on the 2400 by
with the requirements for buildings of Type
3600 mm walls.
IV construction in Section 602.4 shall not
3. Flashover, as defined in NFPA 265, shall
be subject to interior finish requirements.
not occur
803.4 Foam plastics. Foam plastics shall
. 4. The total smoke released throughout the
not be used as interior finish except as
test shall not exceed 1,000 m2.
provided in Section 2603.9. This section
803.1.4 Acceptance criteria for textile and shall apply both to exposed foam plastics
expanded vinyl wall or ceiling coverings and to foam plastics used in conjunction
tested to ASTM E84 or UL 723. Textile with a textile or vinyl facing or cover.
wall and ceiling coverings and expanded

803.5 Textile wall coverings. Where used
vinyl wall and ceiling coverings shall have
as interior wall finish materials, textile wall
a Class A flame spread index in accordance
coverings, including materials having
with ASTM E84 or UL 723 and be
woven or nonwoven, napped, tufted, looped
protected by an automatic sprinkler system
or similar surface and carpet and similar
installed in accordance with Section
textile materials, shall be tested in the
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2. Test specimen
manner intended for use, using the product
82
mounting system, including adhesive, and materials, expanded vinyl ceiling coverings
shall comply with the requirements of shall be tested in the manner intended for
Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or 803.1.4. use, using the product mounting system,
including adhesive, and shall comply with

803.6 Textile ceiling coverings. Where
the requirements of Section 803.1.2 or
used as interior ceiling finish materials,
803.1.4.
textile ceiling coverings, including
materials having woven or nonwoven, 803.9 High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
napped, tufted, looped or similar surface and polypropylene (PP). Where high-
and carpet and similar textile materials, density polyethylene or polypropylene is
shall be tested in the manner intended for used as an interior finish it shall comply
use, using the product mounting system, with Section 803.1.2.
including adhesive, and shall comply with

803.10 Site-fabricated stretch systems.
the requirements of Section 803.1.2 or
Where used as interior wall or interior
803.1.4.
ceiling finish materials, site-fabricated
803.7 Expanded vinyl wall coverings. stretch systems containing all three
Where used as interior wall finish materials, components described in the definition in
expanded vinyl wall coverings shall be Chapter 2 shall be tested in the manner
tested in the manner intended for use, using intended for use, and shall comply with the
the product mounting system, including requirements of Section 803.1.1 or 803.1.2.
adhesive, and shall comply with the If the materials are tested in accordance
requirements of Section 803.1.2, 803.1.3 or with ASTM E84 or UL 723, specimen
803.1.4. preparation and mounting shall be in
accordance with ASTM E2573.

803.8 Expanded vinyl ceiling coverings.
Where used as interior ceiling finish
83
803.11 Interior finish requirements 804.1 General. Interior floor finish and
based on group. Interior wall and ceiling floor covering materials shall comply with
finish shall have a flame spread index not Sections 804.2 through 804.4.2.
greater than that specified in Table 803.11

Exception: Floor finishes and coverings of
for the group and location designated.
a traditional type, such as wood, vinyl,
Interior wall and ceiling finish materials
linoleum or terrazzo, and resilient floor
tested in accordance with NFPA 286 and
covering materials that are not comprised of
meeting the acceptance criteria of Section
fibers.
803.1.2.1, shall be permitted to be used
804.2 Classification. Interior floor finish
where a Class A classification in
and floor covering materials required by
accordance with ASTM E84 or UL 723 is
Section 804.4.2 to be of Class I or II
required.
materials shall be classified in accordance
803.12 Stability. Interior finish materials
with NFPA 253. The classification referred
regulated by this chapter shall be applied or
to herein corresponds to the classifications
otherwise fastened in such a manner that
determined by NFPA 253 as follows: Class
such materials will not readily become
I, 0.45 watts/cm2 or greater; Class II, 0.22
detached where subjected to room
watts/cm2 or greater.
temperatures of 93°C for not less than 30
804.3 Testing and identification. Interior
minutes.
floor finish and floor covering materials
shall be tested by an agency in accordance
SECTION 804 INTERIOR FLOOR with NFPA 253 and identified by a hang tag
FINISH or other suitable method so as to identify
the manufacturer or supplier and style, and
shall indicate the interior floor finish or
84
floor covering classification in accordance The minimum critical radiant flux shall be
with Section 804.2. Carpet-type floor not less than Class I in Groups I-1, I-2 and
coverings shall be tested as proposed for I-3 and not less than Class II in Groups A,
use, including underlayment. Test reports B, E, H, I-4, M, R-1, R-2 and S. Exception:
confirming the information provided in the Where a building is equipped throughout
manufacturer’s product identification shall with an automatic sprinkler system in
be furnished to the building official upon accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
request. 903.3.1.2, Class II materials are permitted
in any area where Class I materials are

804.4 Interior floor finish requirements.
required, and materials complying with
Interior floor covering materials shall
DOC FF-1 “pill test” (CPSC 16 CFR Part
comply with Sections 804.4.1 and 804.4.2
1630) or with ASTM D2859 are permitted
and interior floor finish materials shall
in any area where Class II materials are
comply with Section 804.4.2.
required.
804.4.1 Test requirement. In all
SECTION 805 COMBUSTIBLE
occupancies, interior floor covering
MATERIALS IN TYPES I AND II
materials shall comply with ASTM D2859.
CONSTRUCTION
804.4.2 Minimum critical radiant flux. In
805.1 Application. Combustible materials
all occupancies, interior floor finish and
installed on or embedded in floors of
floor covering materials in enclosures for
buildings of Type I or II construction shall
stairways and ramps, exit passageways,
comply with Sections 805.1.1 through
corridors and rooms or spaces not separated
805.1.3.
from corridors by partitions extending from
the floor to the underside of the ceiling shall
withstand a minimum critical radiant flux.
85
Exception: Stages and platforms 806.1 General. Combustible decorative
constructed in accordance with Sections materials, other than decorative vegetation,
410.3 and 410.4, respectively. shall comply with Sections 806.2 through
806.8.
805.1.1 Subfloor construction. Floor
sleepers, bucks and nailing blocks shall not 806.2 Noncombustible materials. The
be constructed of combustible materials, permissible amount of noncombustible
unless the space between the fire- materials shall not be limited.
resistance-rated floor assembly and the

806.3 Combustible decorative materials.
flooring is either solidly filled with
In other than Group I-3, curtains, draperies,
noncombustible materials or fire blocked in
fabric hangings and similar combustible
accordance with Section 718, and provided
decorative materials suspended from walls
that such open spaces shall not extend under
or ceilings shall comply with Section 806.4
or through permanent partitions or walls.
and shall not exceed 10 percent of the
805.1.2 Wood finish flooring. Wood finish specific wall or ceiling area to which such
flooring is permitted to be attached directly materials are attached. Fixed or movable
to the embedded or fire blocked wood walls and partitions, paneling,
sleepers and shall be permitted where

805.1.3 Insulating boards. Combustible
cemented directly to the top surface of fire-
insulating boards not more than 12.5 mm
resistance-rated floor assemblies or directly
thick and covered with finish flooring are
to a wood subfloor attached to sleepers as
permitted where attached directly to a
provided for in Section 805.1.1.
noncombustible floor assembly or to wood
SECTION 806 DECORATIVE subflooring attached to sleepers as provided
MATERIALS AND TRIM for in Section 805.1.1.
SECTION 807 INSULATION
86
807.1 Insulation. Thermal and acoustical 808.1.1.2 Fire-resistance-rated
insulation shall comply with Section 720. construction. Acoustical ceiling systems
that are part of fire-resistance-rated

SECTION 808 ACOUSTICAL
construction shall be installed in the same
CEILING SYSTEMS
manner used in the assembly tested and
808.1 Acoustical ceiling systems. The
shall comply with the provisions of Chapter
quality, design, fabrication and erection of
7.
metal suspension systems for acoustical tile
SECTION 901 GENERAL
and lay-in panel ceilings in buildings or
structures shall conform to generally 901.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter
accepted engineering practice, the shall specify where fire protection systems
provisions of this chapter and other are required and shall apply to the design,
applicable requirements of this code. installation and operation of fire protection
systems.
808.1.1 Materials and installation.
Acoustical materials complying with the 901.2 Fire protection systems. Fire
interior finish requirements of Section 803 protection systems shall be installed,
shall be installed in accordance with the repaired, operated and maintained in
manufacturer’s recommendations and accordance with this code and the Saudi
applicable provisions for applying interior Fire Code (SBC 801). Any fire protection
finish. system for which an exception or reduction
to the provisions of this code has been

808.1.1.1 Suspended acoustical ceilings.
granted shall be considered to be a required
Suspended acoustical ceiling systems shall
system.
be installed in accordance with the
provisions of ASTM C635 and ASTM
C636.
87
Exception: Any fire protection system or the owner or the owner's authorized agent.
portion thereof not required by this code It shall be unlawful to occupy portions of a
shall be permitted to be installed for partial structure until the required fire protection
or complete protection provided that such systems within that portion of the structure
system meets the requirements of this code. have been tested and approved.
901.3 Modifications. Persons shall not 901.6 Supervisory service. Where
remove or modify any fire protection required, fire protection systems shall be
system installed or maintained under the monitored by an approved supervising
provisions of this code or the SBC 801 station in accordance with NFPA 72.
without approval by the building official.

901.6.1 Automatic sprinkler systems.
901.4 Threads. Threads provided for civil Automatic sprinkler systems shall be
defense connections to sprinkler systems, monitored by an approved supervising
standpipes, yard hydrants or any other fire station. Exceptions: 1. A supervising station
hose connection shall be compatible with is not required for automatic sprinkler
the connections used by the local civil systems protecting one and two-family
defense. dwellings. 2. Limited area systems serving
fewer than 20 sprinklers.

901.5 Acceptance tests. Fire protection
systems shall be tested in accordance with 901.6.2 Fire alarm systems. Fire alarm
the requirements of this code and the SBC systems required by the provisions of
801. When required, the tests shall be Section 907.2 of this code and Sections
conducted in the presence of the building 907.2 and 907.9 of the SBC 801 shall be
official. Tests required by this code, the monitored by an approved supervising
SBC 801 and the standards listed in this station in accordance with Section 907.6.6.
code shall be conducted at the expense of Exceptions:
88
1. Single and multiple-station smoke than that determined in accordance with
alarms required by Section 907.2.11. Section 707.3.10.
2. Smoke detectors in Group I-3 SECTION 1001 ADMINISTRATION
occupancies. 1001.1 General. Buildings or portions
thereof shall be provided with a means of

3. Supervisory service is not required for
egress system as required by this chapter.
automatic sprinkler systems in one and two-
The provisions of this chapter shall control
family dwellings.
the design, construction and arrangement of
901.6.3 Group H. Supervision and
means of egress components required to
monitoring of emergency alarm, detection
provide an approved means of egress from
and automatic fire extinguishing systems in
structures and portions thereof.
Group H occupancies shall be in
1001.2 Minimum requirements. It shall
accordance with the SBC 801.
be unlawful to alter a building or structure
in a manner that will reduce the number of
901.7 Fire areas. Where buildings, or exits or the minimum width or required
portions thereof, are divided into fire areas capacity of the means of egress to less than
so as not to exceed the limits established for required by this code.
requiring a fire protection system in

1001.3 Maintenance. Means of egress
accordance with this chapter, such fire areas
shall be maintained in accordance with the
shall be separated by fire barriers
SBC 801. 1001.4 Fire safety and evacuation
constructed in accordance with Section 707
plans. Fire safety and evacuation plans shall
or horizontal assemblies constructed in
be provided for all occupancies and
accordance with Section 711, or both,
buildings where required by the SBC 801.
having a fire-resistance rating of not less
Such fire safety and evacuation plans shall
89
comply with the applicable provisions of egress is permitted where the common path
Sections 401.2 and 404 of the SBC 801. of egress travel is accessible and meets the
SECTION 1009 ACCESSIBLE MEANS requirements in Section 1029.8.
OF EGRESS
1009.2 Continuity and components. Each
1009.1 Accessible means of egress required accessible means of egress shall be
required. Accessible means of egress shall continuous to a public way and shall consist
comply with this section. Accessible spaces of one or more of the following
shall be provided with not less than one components:
accessible means of egress. Where more

1. Accessible routes complying with
than one means of egress are required by
Section 1104.
Section 1006.2 or 1006.3 from any
2. Interior exit stairways complying with
accessible space, each accessible portion of
Sections 1009.3 and 1023.
the space shall be served by not less than
two accessible means of egress. 3. Exit access stairways complying with
Sections 1009.3 and 1019.3 or 1019.4.

Exceptions:
4. Exterior exit stairways complying with

1. Accessible means of egress are not
Sections 1009.3 and 1027 and serving
required to be provided in existing
levels other than the level of exit discharge.
buildings.
5. Elevators complying with Section

2. One accessible means of egress is
1009.4.
required from an accessible mezzanine
level in accordance with Section 1009.3, 6. Platform lifts complying with Section
1009.4 or 1009.5. 1009.5.
3. In assembly areas with ramped aisles or 7. Horizontal exits complying with Section
stepped aisles, one accessible means of 1026.
90
8. Ramps complying with Section 1012. on floors provided with a ramp conforming
to the provisions of Section 1012.

9. Areas of refuge complying with Section
1009.6. 1009.3 Stairways. In order to be
considered part of an accessible means of

10. Exterior areas for assisted rescue
egress, a stairway between stories shall
complying with Section 1009.7 serving
have a clear width of 1200 mm minimum
exits at the level of exit discharge.
between handrails and shall either
1009.2.1 Elevators required. In
incorporate an area of refuge within an
buildings where a required accessible floor
enlarged floor-level landing or shall be
is four or more stories above or below a
accessed from an area of refuge complying
level of exit discharge, not less than one
with Section 1009.6. Exit access stairways
required accessible means of egress shall be
that connect levels in the same story are not
an elevator complying with Section 1009.4.
permitted as part of an accessible means of
Exceptions: 1. In buildings equipped egress.
throughout with an automatic sprinkler

Exceptions:
system installed in accordance with Section
1. Exit access stairways providing means
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not
of egress from mezzanines are permitted as
be required on floors provided with a
part of an accessible means of egress.
horizontal exit and located at or above the
levels of exit discharge. 2. The clear width of 1200 mm between
handrails is not required in buildings

2. In buildings equipped throughout with an
equipped throughout with an automatic
automatic sprinkler system installed in
sprinkler system installed in accordance
accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or
with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.
903.3.1.2, the elevator shall not be required
91
3. The clear width of 1200 mm between
handrails is not required for stairways

1009.4 Elevators. In order to be considered
accessed from a refuge area in conjunction
part of an accessible means of egress, an
with a horizontal exit.
elevator shall comply with the emergency
4. Areas of refuge are not required at exit operation and signaling device
access stairways where two-way requirements of Section 2.27 of
communication is provided at the elevator ASME/CSA B44 A17.1. Standby power
landing in accordance with Section 1009.8. shall be provided in accordance with
Chapter 27 and Section 3003. The elevator

5. Areas of refuge are not required at
shall be accessed from an area of refuge
stairways in buildings equipped throughout
complying with Section 1009.6.
with an automatic sprinkler system installed
in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or Exceptions:
903.3.1.2.
1. Areas of refuge are not required at the
6. Areas of refuge are not required at elevator in open parking garages.
stairways serving open parking garages.

2. Areas of refuge are not required in
7. Areas of refuge are not required for buildings and facilities equipped
smoke protected assembly seating areas throughout with an automatic sprinkler
complying with Section 1029.6.2. system installed in accordance with Section
903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2.
8.Areas of refuge are not required at
stairways in Group R-2 occupancies. 3. Areas of refuge are not required at
elevators not required to be located in a

9. Areas of refuge are not required for
shaft in accordance with Section 712.
stairways accessed from a refuge area in
conjunction with a horizontal exit. 4. Areas of refuge are not required at
elevators serving smoke-protected
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assembly seating areas complying with 1009.6.2 Stairway or elevator access.
Section 1029.6.2. Every required area of refuge shall have
direct access to a stairway complying with

5. Areas of refuge are not required for
Sections 1009.3 and 1023 or an elevator
elevators accessed from a refuge area in
complying with Section 1009.4.
conjunction with a horizontal exit.
1009.6.3 Size. Each area of refuge shall be
sized to accommodate one wheelchair

1009.5 Platform lifts. Platform lifts shall
space of 750 mm by 1200 mm for each 200
be permitted to serve as part of an
occupants or portion thereof, based on the
accessible means of egress where allowed
occupant load of the area of refuge and
as part of a required accessible route in
areas served by the area of refuge. Such
Section 1109.8 except for Item 10. Standby
wheelchair spaces shall not reduce the
power for the platform lift shall be provided
means of egress minimum width or
in accordance with Chapter 27.
required capacity. Access to any of the
1009.6 Areas of refuge. Every required required wheelchair spaces in an area of
area of refuge shall be accessible from the refuge shall not be obstructed by more than
space it serves by an accessible means of one adjoining wheelchair space.
egress.
1011.6 Stairway landings. There shall be a
1009.6.1 Travel distance. The maximum floor or landing at the top and bottom of
travel distance from any accessible space to each stairway. The width of landings shall
an area of refuge shall not exceed the exit be not less than the width of stairways
access travel distance permitted for the served. Every landing shall have a
occupancy in accordance with Section minimum width measured perpendicular to
1017.1. the direction of travel equal to the width of
the stairway. Where the stairway has a
93
straight run the depth need not exceed 1200 one unit vertical in 48 units horizontal (2-
mm. Doors opening onto a landing shall not percent slope) in any direction. Stairway
reduce the landing to less than one-half the treads and landings shall have a solid
required width. When fully open, the door surface. Finish floor surfaces shall be
shall not project more than 175 mm into a securely attached. Exceptions: 1. Openings
landing. Where wheelchair spaces are in stair walking surfaces shall be a size that
required on the stairway landing in does not permit the passage of 13 mm
accordance with Section 1009.6.3, the sphere. Elongated openings shall be placed
wheelchair space shall not be located in the so that the long dimension is perpendicular
required width of the landing and doors to the direction of travel. 2. In Group F, H
shall not swing over the wheelchair spaces. and S occupancies, other than areas of
Exception: Where stairways connect parking structures accessible to the public,
stepped aisles to cross aisles or concourses, openings in treads and landings shall not be
stairway landings are not required at the prohibited provided a sphere with a
transition between stairways and stepped diameter of 30 mm cannot pass through the
aisles constructed in accordance with opening.
Section 1029. 1011.7 Stairway

1011.11 Handrails. Stairways shall have
construction. Stairways shall be built of
handrails on each side and shall comply
materials consistent with the types
with Section 1014. Where glass is used to
permitted for the type of construction of the
provide the handrail, the handrail shall
building, except that wood handrails shall
comply with Section 2407. Exceptions: 1.
be permitted for all types of construction.
Stairways within dwelling units and spiral
1011.7.1 Stairway walking surface. The stairways are permitted to have a handrail
walking surface of treads and landings of a on one side only. 2. Decks, patios and
stairway shall not be sloped steeper than walkways that have a single change in
94
elevation where the landing depth on each passageway is more than 30 m or the listed
side of the change of elevation is greater viewing distance for the sign, whichever is
than what is required for a landing do not less, from the nearest visible exit sign.
require handrails. 3. In Group R-3 Exceptions: 1. Exit signs are not required in
occupancies, a change in elevation rooms or areas that require only one exit or
consisting of a single riser at an entrance or exit access. 2. Main exterior exit doors or
egress door does not require handrails. 4. gates that are obviously and clearly
Changes in room elevations of three or identifiable as exits need not have exit signs
fewer risers within dwelling units and where approved by the building official.
sleeping units in Group R- 2 and R-3 do not

1013.2 Floor-level exit signs in Group R-
require handrails.
1. Where exit signs are required in Group
SECTION 1013 EXIT SIGNS 1013.1 R-1 occupancies by Section 1013.1,
Where required. Exits and exit access doors additional lowlevel exit signs shall be
shall be marked by an approved exit sign provided in all areas serving guest rooms in
readily visible from any direction of egress Group R-1 occupancies and shall comply
travel. The path of egress travel to exits and with Section 1013.5. The bottom of the sign
within exits shall be marked by readily shall be not less than 250 mm nor more than
visible exit signs to clearly indicate the 300 mm above the floor level. The sign
direction of egress travel in cases where the shall be flush mounted to the door or wall.
exit or the path of egress travel is not Where mounted on the wall, the edge of the
immediately visible to the occupants. sign shall be within 100 mm of the door
Intervening means of egress doors within frame on the latch side.
exits shall be marked by exit signs. Exit

1023.6 Ventilation. Equipment and
sign placement shall be such that no point
ductwork for interior exit stairway and
in an exit access corridor or exit
ramp ventilation as permitted by Section
95
1023.5 shall comply with one of the interior exit stairway and ramp ventilation
following items: 1. Such equipment and systems shall be independent of other
ductwork shall be located exterior to the building ventilation systems.
building and shall be directly connected to

1023.10 Elevator lobby identification
the interior exit stairway and ramp by
signs. At landings in interior exit stairways
ductwork enclosed in construction as
where two or more doors lead to the floor
required for shafts. 2. Where such
level, any door with direct access to an
equipment and ductwork is located within
enclosed elevator lobby shall be identified
the interior exit stairway and ramp, the
by signage located on the door or directly
intake air shall be taken directly from the
adjacent to the door stating “Elevator
outdoors and the exhaust air shall be
Lobby.” Signage shall be in accordance
discharged directly to the outdoors, or such
with Section 1023.9.1, Items 4, 5 and 6.
air shall be conveyed through ducts
1025.2.6.1 Emergency exit symbol. The
enclosed in construction as required for
doors shall be identified by a low-location
shafts. 3. Where located within the
luminous emergency exit symbol
building, such equipment and ductwork
complying with NFPA 170. The exit
shall be separated from the remainder of the
symbol shall be not less than 100 mm in
building, including other mechanical
height and shall be mounted on the door,
equipment, with construction as required
centered horizontally, with the top of the
for shafts. In each case, openings into the
symbol not higher than 450 mm above the
fire-resistance-rated construction shall be
finished floor.
limited to those needed for maintenance
and operation and shall be protected by SECTION 1028 EXIT DISCHARGE
opening protectives in accordance with 1028.1 General. Exits shall discharge
Section 716 for shaft enclosures. The directly to the exterior of the building. The
96
exit discharge shall be at grade or shall protected throughout by an approved
provide a direct path of egress travel to automatic sprinkler system. Portions of the
grade. The exit discharge shall not reenter a level of exit discharge with access to the
building. The combined use of Exceptions egress path shall be either equipped
1 and 2 shall not exceed 50 percent of the throughout with an automatic sprinkler
number and minimum width or required system installed in accordance with Section
capacity of the required exits. Exceptions: 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2, or separated from
the egress path in accordance with the

1. Not more than 50 percent of the number
requirements for the enclosure of interior
and minimum width or required capacity of
exit stairways or ramps.
interior exit stairways and ramps is
permitted to egress through areas on the 1028.5 Access to a public way. The exit
level of discharge provided all of the discharge shall provide a direct and
following conditions are met: 1.1. unobstructed access to a public way.
Discharge of interior exit stairways and Exception: Where access to a public way
ramps shall be provided with a free and cannot be provided, a safe dispersal area
unobstructed path of travel to an exterior shall be provided where all of the following
exit door and such exit is readily visible and are met: 1. The area shall be of a size to
identifiable from the point of termination of accommodate not less than 0.46 m2 for
the enclosure. each person. 2. The area shall be located on
the same lot not less than 15 m away from

1.2. The entire area of the level of exit
the building requiring egress. 3. The area
discharge is separated from areas below by
shall be permanently maintained and
construction conforming to the fire
identified as a safe dispersal area. 4. The
resistance rating for the enclosure. 1.3. The
area shall be provided with a safe and
egress path from the interior exit stairway
and ramp on the level of exit discharge is
97
unobstructed path of travel from the 2. Emergency escape and rescue openings
building. are not required from basements or sleeping
rooms that have an exit door or exit access

SECTION 1030 EMERGENCY
door that opens directly into a public way or
ESCAPE AND RESCUE 1030.1 General.
to a yard, court or exterior exit balcony that
In addition to the means of egress required
opens to a public way.
by this chapter, provisions shall be made for
emergency escape and rescue openings in 3. Basements without habitable spaces and
Group R-2 occupancies in accordance with having not more than 18 m2 in floor area
Tables 1006.3.2(1) and 1006.3.2(2) and shall not be required to have emergency
Group R-3 occupancies. Basements and escape and rescue openings. 1030.2
sleeping rooms below the fourth story

Minimum size. Emergency escape and
above grade plane shall have at least one
rescue openings shall have a minimum net
exterior emergency escape and rescue
clear opening of 0.53 m2 . Exception: The
opening in accordance with this section.
minimum net clear opening for grade floor
Where basements contain one or more
emergency escape and rescue openings
sleeping rooms, emergency escape and
shall be 0.46 m2 .
rescue openings shall be required in each
1030.2.1 Minimum dimensions. The
sleeping room, but shall not be required in
minimum net clear opening height
adjoining areas of the basement. Such
dimension shall be 600 mm. The minimum
openings shall open directly into a public
net clear opening width dimension shall be
way or to a yard or court that opens to a
500 mm. The net clear opening dimensions
public way. Exceptions:
shall be the result of normal operation of the
1. Basements with a ceiling height of less
opening. 1030.3
than 2000 mm shall not be required to have
emergency escape and rescue openings.
98
Maximum height from floor. Emergency below the adjacent ground level shall be
escape and rescue openings shall have the provided with a window well in accordance
bottom of the clear opening not greater than with Sections 1030.5.1 and 1030.5.2.
1100 mm measured from the floor. 1030.4

1030.5.1 Minimum size. The minimum
Operational constraints. Emergency escape
horizontal area of the window well shall be
and rescue openings shall be operational
0.84 m2 , with a minimum dimension of
from the inside of the room without the use
900 mm. The area of the window well shall
of keys or tools. Bars, grilles, grates or
allow the emergency escape and rescue
similar devices are permitted to be placed
opening to be fully opened.
over emergency escape and rescue
1030.5.2 Ladders or steps. Window wells
openings provided the minimum net clear
with a vertical depth of more than 1100 mm
opening size complies with Section 1030.2
shall be equipped with an approved
and such devices shall be releasable or
permanently affixed ladder or steps.
removable from the inside without the use
Ladders or rungs shall have an inside width
of a key, tool or force greater than that
of at least 300 mm, shall project at least 75
which is required for normal operation of
mm from the wall and shall be spaced not
the emergency escape and rescue opening.
more than 450 mm on center (o.c.)
Where such bars, grilles, grates or similar
vertically for the full height of the window
devices are installed in existing buildings,
well. The ladder or steps shall not encroach
smoke alarms shall be installed in
into the required dimensions of the window
accordance with Section 907.2.11
well by more than 150 mm. The ladder or
regardless of the valuation of the alteration.
steps shall not be obstructed by the
1030.5
emergency escape and rescue opening.
Window wells. An emergency escape and
Ladders or steps required by this section are
rescue opening with a finished sill height
99
exempt from the stairway requirements of 1103.2.1 Specific requirements.
Section 1011. Accessibility is not required in buildings
and facilities, or portions thereof, to the

SECTION 1101 GENERAL 1101.
extent permitted by Sections 1104 through
1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter
1111.
shall control the design and construction of
1103.2.2 Employee work areas. Spaces
facilities for accessibility for individuals
and elements within employee work areas
with disabilities.
shall only be required to comply with
1101.2 Design. Buildings and facilities
Sections 907.5.2.3.1, 1009 and 1104.3.1
shall be designed and constructed to be
and shall be designed and constructed so
accessible in accordance with this code and
that individuals with disabilities can
ICC A117.1.
approach, enter and exit the work area.
SECTION 1103 SCOPING Work areas, or portions of work areas, other
REQUIREMENTS 1103. than raised courtroom stations in
1 Where required. Sites, buildings, accordance with Section 1108.4.1.4, that
structures, facilities, elements and spaces, are less than 28 m2 in area and located 180
temporary or permanent, shall be accessible mm or more above or below the ground or
to individuals with disabilities. finished floor where the change in elevation
is essential to the function of the space shall

1103.2 General exceptions. Sites,
be exempt from all requirements. 1103.2.3
buildings, structures, facilities, elements
Detached dwellings. Detached one- and
and spaces shall be exempt from this
two-family dwellings, their accessory
chapter to the extent specified in this
structures and their associated sites and
section.
facilities are not required to comply with
this chapter. 1103.2.4 Utility buildings.
100
Group U occupancies are not required to buildings or facility entrances shall be
comply with this chapter other than the accessible.
following:
1105.1.2 Entrances from tunnels or
1. In agricultural buildings, access is elevated walkways. Where direct access is
required to paved work areas and areas provided for pedestrians from a pedestrian
open to the general public. tunnel or elevated walkway to a building or
facility, at least one entrance to the building

2. Private garages or carports that contain
or facility from each tunnel or walkway
required accessible parking.
shall be accessible.
SECTION 1105 ACCESSIBLE
1105.1.3 Restricted entrances. Where
ENTRANCES
restricted entrances are provided to a
1105.1 Public entrances. In addition to
building or facility, at least one restricted
accessible entrances required by Sections
entrance to the building or facility shall be
1105.1.1 through 1105.1.7, at least 60
accessible.
percent of all public entrances shall be
1105.1.4 Entrances for inmates or
accessible. Exceptions:
detainees. Where entrances used only by
1. An accessible entrance is not required to
inmates or detainees and security personnel
areas not required to be accessible.
are provided at judicial facilities, detention
2. Loading and service entrances that are facilities or correctional facilities, at least
not the only entrance to a tenant space. one such entrance shall be accessible.
1105.1.1 Parking garage entrances. 1105.1.5 Service entrances. If a service
Where provided, direct access for entrance is the only entrance to a building
pedestrians from parking structures to or a tenant space in a facility, that entrance
shall be accessible.
101
SECTION 1108 SPECIAL 1108.3 Self-service storage facilities. Self-
OCCUPANCIES service storage facilities shall provide
accessible individual self-storage spaces in

1108.1 General. In addition to the other
accordance with Table 1108.3.
requirements of this chapter, the
requirements of Sections 1108.2 through 1109.2 Toilet and bathing facilities. Each
1108.4 shall apply to specific occupancies. toilet room and bathing room shall be
accessible. Where a floor level is not

1108.2 Assembly area seating. A building,
required to be connected by an accessible
room or space used for assembly purposes
route, the only toilet rooms or bathing
with fixed seating shall comply with
rooms provided within the facility shall not
Sections 1108.2.1 through 1108.2.5. Lawn
be located on the inaccessible floor. Except
seating shall comply with Section 1108.2.6.
as provided for in Sections 1109.2.2 and
Assistive listening systems shall comply
1109.2.3, at least one of each type of
with Section 1108.2.7. Performance areas
fixture, element, control or dispenser in
viewed from assembly seating areas shall
each accessible toilet room and bathing
comply with Section 1108.2.8. Dining areas
room shall be accessible. Exceptions:
shall comply with Section 1108.2.9.
1. Toilet rooms or bathing rooms accessed

1108.2.9.1 Dining surfaces. Where dining
only through a private office, not for
surfaces for the consumption of food or
common or public use and intended for use
drink are provided, at least 5 percent, but
by a single occupant, shall be permitted to
not less than one, of the dining surfaces for
comply with the specific exceptions in ICC
the seating and standing spaces shall be
A117.1.
accessible and be distributed throughout the
facility and located on a level accessed by 2. This section is not applicable to toilet
an accessible route. and bathing rooms that serve dwelling units
102
or sleeping units that are not required to be closets, toilet compartments and lavatories
accessible by Section 1107. shall be permitted to comply.
3. Where multiple single-user toilet rooms 1109.8 Lifts. Platform (wheelchair) lifts are
or bathing rooms are clustered at a single permitted to be a part of a required
location, at least 50 percent but not less than accessible route in new construction where
one room for each use at each cluster shall indicated in Items 1 through 10. Platform
be accessible. (wheelchair) lifts shall be installed in
accordance with ASME A18.1.

4. Where no more than one urinal is
provided in a toilet room or bathing room, 1. An accessible route to a performing area
the urinal is not required to be accessible. and speaker platforms.
5. Toilet rooms or bathing rooms that are 2. An accessible route to wheelchair spaces
part of critical care or intensive care patient required to comply with the wheelchair
sleeping rooms serving Accessible units are space dispersion requirements of Sections
not required to be accessible. 1108.2.2 through 1108.2.6.
6. Toilet rooms or bathing rooms designed 3. An accessible route to spaces that are not
for bariatrics patients are not required to open to the general public with an occupant
comply with the toilet room and bathing load of not more than five.
room requirement in ICC A117.1. The

4. An accessible route within an individual
sleeping units served by bariatrics toilet or
dwelling unit or sleeping unit required to be
bathing rooms shall not count toward the
an Accessible unit, Type A unit or Type B
required number of Accessible sleeping
unit.
units.
5. An accessible route to jury boxes and
7. Where toilet facilities are primarily for
witness stands; raised courtroom stations
children’s use, required accessible water
including judges’ benches, clerks’ stations,
103
bailiffs’ stations, deputy clerks’ stations CHAPTER 12 : INTERIOR
and court reporters’ stations; and to ENVIRONMENT
depressed areas such as the well of the

SECTION 1203 VENTILATION 1203.1
court.
General. Buildings shall be provided with
6. An accessible route to load and unload natural ventilation in accordance with
areas serving amusement rides. Section 1203.4, or mechanical ventilation
in accordance with SBC 501. Where the air

7. An accessible route to play components
infiltration rate in a dwelling unit is less
or soft contained play structures.
than 5 air changes per hour when tested
8. An accessible route to team or player
with a blower door at a pressure 50 Pa in
seating areas serving areas of sport activity.
accordance with Section
9. An accessible route instead of gangways

402.4.1.2 of International Energy
serving recreational boating facilities and
Conservation Code—Residential
fishing piers and platforms.
Provisions (or its equivalent in SBC 602),
10. An accessible route where existing the dwelling unit shall be ventilated by
exterior site constraints make use of a ramp mechanical means in accordance with
or elevator infeasible. Section 403 of SBC 501. Ambulatory care
1109.9 Storage. Where fixed or built-in facilities and Group I-2 occupancies shall
storage elements such as cabinets, coat be ventilated by mechanical means in
hooks, shelves, medicine cabinets, lockers, accordance with Section 407 of SBC 501.
closets and drawers are provided in 1203.2 Ventilation required. Enclosed
required accessible spaces, at least 5 attics and enclosed rafter spaces formed
percent, but not less than one of each type where ceilings are applied directly to the
shall be accessible. underside of roof framing members shall
104
have cross ventilation for each separate maintaining an indoor temperature of not
space by ventilation openings protected less than 20°C at a point 900 mm above the
against the entrance of rain and snow. floor on the design heating day. Exceptions:
Blocking and bridging shall be arranged so Space heating systems are not required for:
as not to interfere with the movement of air. 1. Interior spaces where the primary
An airspace of not less than 25 mm shall be purpose of the space is not associated with
provided between the insulation and the human comfort. 2. Group F, H, S or U
roof sheathing. The net free ventilating area occupancies. SECTION 1205
shall be not less than 1/150 of the area of

LIGHTING 1205.1 General. Every space
the space ventilated. Ventilators shall be
intended for human occupancy shall be
installed in accordance with manufacturer’s
provided with natural light by means of
installation instructions.
exterior glazed openings in accordance with
1203.5 Natural ventilation. Natural Section 1205.2 or shall be provided with
ventilation of an occupied space shall be artificial light in accordance with Section
through windows, doors, louvers or other 1205.3. Exterior glazed openings shall open
openings to the outdoors. The operating directly onto a public way or onto a yard or
mechanism for such openings shall be court in accordance with Section 1206.
provided with ready access so that the

1205.2 Natural light. The minimum net
openings are readily controllable by the
glazed area shall be not less than 8 percent
building occupants.
of the floor area of the room served.
SECTION 1204 TEMPERATURE 1205.2.1 Adjoining spaces. For the purpose
CONTROL 1204.1 Equipment and of natural lighting, any room is permitted to
systems. Interior spaces intended for human be considered as a portion of an adjoining
occupancy shall be provided with active or room where one-half of the area of the
passive space heating systems capable of common wall is open and unobstructed and
105
provides an opening of not less than one- 1205.3 Artificial light. Artificial light shall
tenth of the floor area of the interior room be provided that is adequate to provide an
or 2.3 m2 , whichever is greater. Exception: average illumination of 107 lux over the
Openings required for natural light shall be area of the room at a height of 760 mm
permitted to open into a sunroom with above the floor level.
thermal isolation or a patio cover where the

1205.4 Stairway illumination. Stairways
common wall provides a glazed area of not
within dwelling units and exterior stairways
less than one-tenth of the floor area of the
serving a dwelling unit shall have an
interior room or 1.86 m2 , whichever is
illumination level on tread runs of not less
greater.
than 11 lux. Stairways in other occupancies
1205.2.2 Exterior openings. Exterior shall be governed by Chapter 10. 1205.4.1
openings required by Section 1205.2 for Controls. The control for activation of the
natural light shall open directly onto a required stairway lighting shall be in
public way, yard or court, as set forth in accordance with SBC 401.
Section 1206. Exceptions: 1. Required

1205.5Emergency egress lighting. The
exterior openings are permitted to open into
means of egress shall be illuminated in
a roofed porch where the porch meets all of
the following criteria: 1.1. Abuts a public
SECTION 1206 YARDS OR COURTS
way, yard or court. 1.2. Has a ceiling height
1206.1 General. This section shall apply to
of not less than 2.1 m. 1.3. Has a longer side
yards and courts adjacent to exterior
at least 65 percent open and unobstructed?
openings that provide natural light or
2. Skylights are not required to open
ventilation. Such yards and courts shall be
directly onto a public way, yard or court.
on the same lot as the building.
106
1206.2 Yards. Yards shall be not less than 1206.3.1 Court access. Access shall be
900 mm in width for buildings two stories provided to the bottom of courts for
or less above grade plane. For buildings cleaning purposes.
more than two stories above grade plane,

1206.3.2 Air intake. Courts more than two
the minimum width of the yard shall be
stories in height shall be provided with a
increased at the rate of 300 mm for each
horizontal air intake at the bottom not less
additional story. For buildings exceeding
than 0.93 m2 in area and leading to the
14 stories above grade plane, the required
exterior of the building unless abutting a
width of the yard shall be computed on the
yard or public way. 1206.3.3 Court
basis of 14 stories above grade plane.
drainage. The bottom of every court shall
1206.3 Courts. Courts shall be not less than be properly graded and drained to a public
900 mm in width. Courts having windows sewer or other approved disposal system
opening on opposite sides shall be not less complying with SBC 701.
than 1800 mm in width. Courts shall be not

SECTION 1210 TOILET AND
less than 3000 mm in length unless bounded
BATHROOM REQUIREMENTS
on one end by a public way or yard. For
1210.1 Required fixtures. The number and
buildings more than two stories above
type of plumbing fixtures provided in any
grade plane, the court shall be increased
occupancy shall comply with Chapter 29.
300 mm in width and 600 mm in length for
1210.2 Finish materials. Walls, floors and
each additional story. For buildings
partitions in toilet and bathrooms shall
exceeding 14 stories above grade plane, the
comply with Sections 1210.2.1 through
required dimensions shall be computed on
1210.2.4.
the basis of 14 stories above grade plane.
1210.2.1 Floors and wall bases. In other
than dwelling units, toilet, bathing and
107
shower room floor finish materials shall 1210.2.3 Showers. Shower compartments
have a smooth, hard, nonabsorbent surface. and walls above bathtubs with installed
The intersections of such floors with walls shower heads shall be finished with a
shall have a smooth, hard, nonabsorbent smooth, nonabsorbent surface to a height
vertical base that extends upward onto the not less than 1800 mm above the drain inlet.
walls not less than 100 mm. 1210.2.2 Walls

1210.2.4 Waterproof joints. Built-in tubs
and partitions. Walls and partitions within
with showers shall have waterproof joints
600 mm of service sinks, urinals and water
between the tub and adjacent wall. 1210.3
closets shall have a smooth, hard,
Privacy. Privacy at water closets and urinals
nonabsorbent surface, to a height of not less
shall be provided in accordance with
than 1200 mm above the floor, and except
Sections 1210.3.1 and 1210.3.2.
for structural elements, the materials used
1210.3.1 Water closet compartment.
in such walls shall be of a type that is not
Each water closet utilized by the public or
adversely affected by moisture. Exception:
employees shall occupy a separate
This section does not apply to the following
compartment with walls or partitions and a
buildings and spaces:
door enclosing the fixtures to ensure
1. Dwelling units and sleeping units.
privacy. Exceptions:
2. Toilet rooms that are not accessible to the

1. Water closet compartments shall not be
public and that have not more than one
required in a single-occupant toilet room
water closet. Accessories such as grab bars,
with a lockable door.
towel bars, paper dispensers and soap
2. Toilet rooms located in child day care
dishes, provided on or within walls, shall be
facilities and containing two or more water
installed and sealed to protect structural
closets shall be permitted to have one water
elements from moisture.
closet without an enclosing compartment.
108
3. This provision is not applicable to toilet 1407.2 Exterior wall finish. MCM used as
areas located within Group I-3 occupancy exterior wall finish or as elements of
housing areas. balconies and similar projections and bay
and oriel windows to provide cladding or

1210.3.2 Urinal partitions. Each urinal
weather resistance shall comply with
utilized by the public or employees shall
Sections 1407.4 through 1407.14.
occupy a separate area with walls or
partitions to provide privacy. The walls or 1407.3 Architectural trim and
partitions shall begin at a height not more embellishments. MCM used as
than 300 mm from and extend not less than architectural trim or embellishments shall
1500 mm above the finished floor surface. comply with Sections 1407.7 through
The walls or partitions shall extend from the 1407.14.
wall surface at each side of the urinal not

1407.4 Structural design. MCM systems
less than 450 mm or to a point not less than
shall be designed and constructed to resist
150 mm beyond the outermost front lip of
wind loads as required by Chapter 16 for
the urinal measured from the finished
components and cladding.
backwall surface, whichever is greater.
1407.5 Approval. Results of approved tests
SECTION 1407 METAL COMPOSITE
or an engineering analysis shall be
MATERIALS (MCM)
submitted to the building official to verify
1407.1 General. The provisions of this compliance with the requirements of
section shall govern the materials, Chapter 16 for wind loads.
construction and quality of metal composite

1407.6 Weather resistance. MCM systems
materials (MCM) for use as exterior wall
shall comply with Section 1403 and shall be
coverings in addition to other applicable
designed and constructed to resist wind and
requirements of Chapters 14 and 16.
109
rain in accordance with this section and the 1901.1 Scope. The provisions of this
manufacturer’s installation instructions. chapter shall govern the materials, quality
control, design and construction of concrete

1407.7 Durability. MCM systems shall be
used in structures.
constructed of approved materials that
maintain the performance characteristics 1901.2 Plain and reinforced concrete.
required in Section 1407 for the duration of Structural concrete shall be designed and
use. constructed in accordance with the
requirements of this chapter and SBC 304.

1407.8 Fire-resistance rating. Where
Except for the provisions of Sections 19.4
MCM systems are used on exterior walls
and 19.7, the design and construction of
required to have a fire-resistance rating in
slabs on grade shall not be governed by this
accordance with Section 705, evidence
chapter unless they transmit vertical loads
shall be submitted to the building official
or lateral forces from other parts of the
that the required fire-resistance rating is
structure to the soil.
maintained.
1901.3 Anchoring to concrete. Anchoring

Exception: MCM systems not containing
to concrete shall be in accordance with SBC
foam plastic insulation, which are installed
304, and applies to cast-in (headed bolts,
on the outer surface of a fire-resistance-
headed studs and hooked J- or L-bolts),
rated exterior wall in a manner such that the
post-installed expansion (torque-controlled
attachments do not penetrate through the
and displacement-controlled), undercut and
entire exterior wall assembly, shall not be
adhesive anchors.
required to comply with this section.
SECTION 1904 DURABILITY

CHAPTER 19 CONCRETE
REQUIREMENTS
SECTION 1901 GENERAL
110
1904.1 Structural concrete. Structural 3. Conventional light-frame construction in
concrete shall conform to the durability accordance with Sections 2304 and 2308.
requirements of SBC 304.

4. AWC WFCM in accordance with Section
1904.2 Nonstructural concrete. The 2309.
registered design professional shall assign

5. The design and construction of log
appropriate durability requirements for
structures in accordance with the provisions
nonstructural concrete.
of ICC 400.
CHAPTER 20 WOODS
SECTION 2303 MINIMUM
SECTION 2301 GENERAL STANDARDS AND QUALITY
2301.1 Scope. The provisions of this 2303.1 General. Structural sawn lumber;
chapter shall govern the materials, design, end joined lumber; prefabricated wood I-
construction and quality of wood members joists; structural glued-laminated timber;
and their fasteners. wood structural panels; fiberboard
sheathing (when used structurally);

2301.2 General design requirements. The
hardboard siding (when used structurally);
design of structural elements or systems,
particleboard; preservative-treated wood;
constructed partially or wholly of wood or
structural log members; structural
wood-based products, shall be in
composite lumber; round timber poles and
accordance with one of the following
piles; fire-retardant treated wood;
methods:
hardwood plywood; wood trusses; joist
1. Allowable stress design in accordance
hangers; nails; and staples shall conform to
with Sections 2304, 2305 and 2306.
the applicable provisions of this section.
2. Load and resistance factor design in
2303.1.6.3 Wall insulation. Where
accordance with Sections 2304, 2305 and
installed and fire blocked to comply with
2307.
111
Chapter 7, fiberboards are permitted as wall for the species, product, preservative and
insulation in all types of construction. In end.
fire walls and fire barriers, unless treated to
comply with Section 803.1 for Class A
materials, the boards shall be cemented
directly to the concrete, masonry or other
noncombustible base and shall be protected
with an approved noncombustible veneer
anchored to the base without intervening
airspaces.
2303.1.8.1 Floor underlayment.
Particleboard floor underlayment shall
conform to Type PBU of ANSI A208.1.
Type PBU underlayment shall not be less
than 6.5 mm thick and shall be installed in
accordance with the instructions of the
Composite Panel Association.
2303.1.9 Preservative-treated wood.
Lumber, timber, plywood, piles and poles
supporting permanent structures required
by Section 2304.12 to be preservative
treated shall conform to the requirements of
the applicable AWPA Standard U1 and M4
112
Conclusion
To sum up, the last part of the research included all the necessary details to make this project
successful. Additionally, the author has found a preliminary design that fulfils a desert resort's
need by following the standard dimension provided by the Saudi building codes. The criteria
matrix, design program, relationship diagrams, and finish schedules are developed to clarify
the project further.
113
Conclusion
Contribution
In conclusion, the desert and entertainment center will add more to the community since it
will include plenty of different facilities in one space. Additionally, it will highlight the Art and
heritage in Saudi Arabia, making it noticeable further. On the other hand, by completing this
project, people will have more entertainment opportunities in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and they
will invest more in the Kingdom’s economy rather than traveling outside.
Observation
This research helped the author to shed further light on domestic tourism. Also, to announce
more about the number of activities that one place could have in the desert. Additionally, this
research made the interior design of a desert resort and entertainment center clearer and more
reachable. The project will add to the community and the Kingdom since it will follow the
vision of 2030 by increasing the tourism number and arts sector in general. The future of this
project is to highlight new destinations all around Saudi Arabia and make people visit it as a
unique tourist destination.
114
Work Sited
The Ministry of Culture. (2018). The Ministry of Culture.
https://www.moc.gov.sa/en/About#:~:text=Vision%202030%20states%20that%20cul
ture,will%20deliver%20on%20both%20counts.
The Ministry of Tourisim. (2016). The Ministry of Tourism.
https://www.my.gov.sa/wps/portal/snp/pages/saudivision
Krakover S. (1985) Development of Tourism Resort Areas in Arid Regions. In: Gradus Y.
(eds) Desert Development. The GeoJournal Library, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5396-3_17
Гальцева, И. А., & Уткина, Д. Г. (2016). The impact of cultural colors perception
traditions on the interior design of the hotel. Язык в сфере профессиональной
коммуникации. Екатеринбург, 2016, 176-179.
Lam, J. C., & Chan, W. W. (2001). Life cycle and green cost analysis of energy-efficient
lighting for hotels. Architectural Science Review, 44(2), 135-138.
Wendell Burnette Architects
https://wendellburnettearchitects.com/resort-spa/amangiri/
115
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BAYDAA: DESERT RESORT AND ENTERTAINMENT CENTER

Thesis · December 2020

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Desert Resort and Entertainment Center

Senior Capstone Research, IDSG 4301, Section 3

A thesis submitted to the

Faculty of the Interior Design Department of

Dar Al-Hekma University in partial fulfilment

of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Architecture and Interior Design

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, the most merciful

This thesis for the course Capstone Research is by

Ms. N.Merve Goknil

Date: December 16, 2020

Rahaf Al Sharief, Interior Design, Dar Al Hekma University

it will be one of Jeddah's new landmarks, Saudi Arabia.

researchers and case studies.

that the community, and tourists, need.

Key words: Desert, Resort, Heritage, Archaeology, Tourism, Entertainment

This form and content of this abstract are approved.

Approved: Ms. N.Merve Goknil

through my research to complete the research successfully.

to achieve my research goal. And continue supporting me and trust me to complete my

process of conducting this research.

helping, believing, supporting me throughout my project's method. Also, my brothers, Ahmed,

and Abdulrahman for their support and prayers.

and Entertainment Center research directly or indirectly.

CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMING DOCUMENT…...14

Site Selection and shell...……………………………………………...……..………18

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………..………...26

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………..…….………..32

CHAPTER FOUR: PRECEDENT STUDY…………………………………..…………..39

Local Precedent Study Competitor………………………………………………….39

Local Precedent Study……………………………………………………………….44

Regional Precedent Study……………………………………………………………47

International Precedent Study……………………………………………………….52

CHAPTER FIVEDETAILS FOR INTERIORS…………………………………………59

Saudi Building Codes………………………………………………...………………62

Top View of The Project.1 F2…………………………………………..……………………..8

3D Shot of The Entertainment Park F3…………...………………………..…...……………..8

3D Shot of The Water Park F4………………………..…………………………………...…..8

Master Plan F9…………………………………………………..……………………...……..9

Survey Question 1 F10………………………………………………………………..…...…18

Survey Question 2 F11……………………………………………………….……..……..…19

Survey Question 3 F12……………………………………………………………...……..…19

Survey Question 4 F13……………………………………………………………...……..…20

Survey Question 5 F14………………………………………………………...…………..…21

Survey Question 6 F15………………………………………...…………………………..…22

Survey Question 7 F16………………………………………………………...…………..…23

Survey Question 8 F17……………………………………………………...……………..…24

Survey Question 9 F18…………………………………………………………...………..…24

problematic limitations in the thesis.

Lack of Similar Existing Projects

The existing project is still in the process of development.

Articles that enrich the entertainment sectors in Saudi Arabia

resort and providing facilities in the middle of the desert.

visited cities in the world.

CHAPTER ONE: SYNOPSIS OF RESEARCH PROGRAMMING DOCUMENT

enhance the vision 2030.

This research seeks to give an answer for these questions:

1. Highlighting the impact of authentic Saudi experiences in increasing tourism and

is in line with vision 2030