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Temperature Analysis of Steel Hollow Column Exposed to Standard Fire

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 Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1

Temperature Analysis of Steel Hollow Column Exposed to

Standard Fire
Bishir Kado1, 2*, Shahrin Mohammad2, Yeong Huei Lee2, Poi Ngian Shek3,
Mariyana Aida Ab Kadir2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Bayero University Kano, Nigeria.
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, 3Construction Research Centre (CRC)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
*Corresponding Author’s e-mail: bkado.civ@buk.edu.ng

Abstract
Temperature analysis is the first step in determining the behavior of a member under fire
condition, obtaining an accurate thermal response on a member exposed to fire will result in
getting the actual mechanical response on a member. Fire resistance test was carried out on
three circular steel hollow section columns axially loaded with 15, 20 and 25% load level.
The result shows that the critical temperature and fire resistance time of the steel hollow
section columns decrease with increase in the applied load level for all the columns. A three-
dimensional finite element analysis was developed to simulate the temperature development
on the steel hollow section column exposed to standard fire. The measured critical
temperatures were compared with the predicted and calculated values.

Keywords: steel, column, temperature, fire resistance

INTRODUCTION elevated temperature, fire resistance time

High load capacity of steel hollow section
makes it possible to have reduced size,
economic and graceful constructions with
large spans. Exposed structural hollow
section members have 15 to 30 minutes
fire resistance time; it was assumed
traditionally that it fails at 450 to 550°C
temperatures. But the failure temperature
of exposed steel members depends on the
shape factor of the sections and the applied
load level (Twilt et al., 1994).
(Yang et al., 2005) found that fire resisting
steel columns exposed to fire without any
external protection can resist local
buckling up to a 600°C temperatures,
provided the width to thickness ratios of
the steel columns are below 1.14√E/fy and
0.41√E/fy for stiffened and unstiffened
elements respectively.
Behavior of circular high strength hollow
steel section columns were investigated at
of about 20 to 22 minutes was obtained at
10.1 to 19.4% load level (Tondini et al.,
2013).
(Lausova, Skotnicova and Michalcova,
2016) performed an investigation on steel
hollow sections subjected to non-uniform
temperature distribution. They used
ANSYS commercial software for the study
of unprotected steel hollow sections
exposed to fire. It was concluded that
square steel hollow sections exposed to
fire at three sides showed a huge
difference between the protected and
exposed sides at the same boundary, which
depends on the dimension and thickness of
the profile.
SN490 steel column loaded axially and
exposed to fire was investigated. It was
established from the experimental work
that behavior of the column is sensitive to
slenderness ratio and width to thickness

1 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved


ratios at temperatures less than 550°C, the
column strength deteriorates quickly at
temperatures higher than 550°C (Yang and
Hsu, 2009).
High temperature constitutive models were
used for the modeling, it was found that
there is negligible variation between
ASCE and EC models for thermal
properties under 700°C (Kodur, Dwaikat
and Fike, 2010).
It is important to have the idea of thermal
distribution within the structural members
for advanced calculations particularly for
structures in which restrained conditions
stops thermal expansion. Several studies
were carried out on temperature
distribution on steel hollow section
columns exposed to fire, but
comprehensive studies on thermal
distribution are still required. For
determining the behavior of steel section
columns under fire, detail thermal
development is required. (BS EN1993-1-2,
2005) design for steel structures under fire
requires the temperature values within the
steel section as the first stage. This paper
Table 1. Characteristic properties of steel
Material Yield stress Ultimate stress
Mpa Mpa
Circular steel
hollow section 444.11 494.73
S355JOH
Experimental set-up and procedure
Two steel end plates were welded; one at
the top and the other at the bottom ends of
the steel hollow column, the plates has bolt
holes for fixing the column inside the
furnace. Three type K ceramic protected
thermocouples were attached on the
surface of the steel column to measure the
temperature on the column as shown in
figure 1.
The steel hollow columns were fixed in a
standard furnace of 1000KN capacity
2 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1
presents the experimental and numerical
work on temperature development of steel
hollow section columns. Three circular
steel hollow columns were tested with
length of 2400 mm, 139.7 mm external
tube diameter and 6 mm steel wall
thickness. The applied load levels are 15,
20 and 25% of the ultimate load capacity
of hollow steel tube calculated at ambient
temperature. ISO 834 standard
temperature-time curve was used for the
test.
Experimental program
Material properties at ambient
temperature
Cold formed circular steel hollow section
used in this research is of grade S355JOH
manufactured according to BS EN10219
by Mig-melewar Company Malaysia. The
steel outer diameter is 139.7 mm and 6
mm wall thickness. Tensile coupon sample
was cut along the longitudinal section of
the steel tube and tested at ambient
temperature. Details of the characteristic
properties of the steel are presented in
table 1.
Elastic Modulus Poisson’s ratio
Gpa
202.73 0.31
hydraulic jack. Load was applied axially
on the column at 15, 20 and 25% of the
ultimate load of the steel hollow column
calculated using (BS EN1993-1-1, 2005).
Load was applied on the column first,
followed by heating to failure.
Temperature rise and fire resistance time
was recorded. An ISO 834 failure criterion
for axially loaded member under fire
condition was adopted for this test, which
stated that the axial contraction or axial
deformation rate should not exceed 0.01L
 Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1

mm or 0.003L mm/min respectively, L is Experimental results

the length of the member in mm. Steel temperature rise and fire resistance
time of the column was recoded. The
temperature development patterns on all
the columns tested at different load level
was almost the same, the temperatures
increases with time up to failure as shown
in figure 2. The fire resistance time for the
column loaded with 15% load level
recorded the highest resistance time of 27
minutes, but for 20 and 25% load level, 15
and 14 minutes fire resistance time was
Fig 1. Tested steel hollow column inside respectively recorded.
furnace with thermocouples attached

Table 2. Steel critical temperature and fire resistance time

Column ID Critical temperature (°C) Fire resistance time (minutes)

CHS15 766.0 27
CHS20 706.0 15
CHS25 702.5 14

The maximum temperatures recorded on temperature and fire resistance time

the columns were presented in table 2, it
can be seen that CHS15 with 15% load
level has the highest critical temperature
and fire resistance time. But when the load
level was increase to 20%, the critical
decreases. Further increment of the load
level to 25% for CHS25, the column
experienced small decrease in critical
temperature and fire resistance time of
3.5°C and 1 minute respectively.

900
800
700
Temperature (◦C)

600
500 CHS-15%
400 CHS-20%
300 CHS-25%
200 ISO 834
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (minutes)

Fig 2. Temperature development with time for different load level

3 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1

Development of numerical model EN1993-1-2 (2005) was employed in this

(ABAQUS, 2014) commercial software work as adopted by (Espinos, Romero and
was employed to simulate the fire Hospitaler, 2010). Transient heat transfer
exposure of the steel hollow column, the analysis available in Abaqus was used,
model temperature was assumed to follow which require the input of density, thermal
ISO 834 (ISO, 2014) standard conductivity, specific heat and heating
temperature-time curve. time. 7850 Kg/m3 density was adopted; the
thermal conductivity and specific at
Eight node heat transfer bricks element temperatures were calculated based on BS
was used for meshing the model, and the EN1993-1-2 (2005) as shown in figure 3a
thermal properties relationship for the steel and 3b.
at elevated temperature available in BS

60
Thermal conductivity W/mK

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature ◦C

Fig 3a. Thermal conductivity of steel with temperature

6000

5000
Specific heat J/kgK

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature ◦C

Fig 3b. Specific heat of steel with temperature

4 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved


Validation of the numerical model
The validation of the model was carried
out by comparing the temperature
development along the fire exposure time
of the test and the numerical model. The
comparisons between the measured and
predicted temperatures are shown in
figures 5a, 5b, and 5c. It can be seen that
the predicted temperature values with time
are close to the measured values, the
Fig 4. Plot of contours on deformed shape for hollow steel section exposed to fire (CHS15).
From the heat transfer numerical model for
the steel hollow section columns exposed
to standard fire, the temperature
distribution on the surface and inside the
steel hollow section are almost the same.
This is due to the high thermal
5 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1
predicted temperature values are slightly
less than the measured temperature values
for all the columns.
Significant difference was noticed from
the beginning of the temperature rise with
time on the column, but there is
insignificant difference between predicted
and measured temperature values towards
failure time.
conductivity of steel, though the outer
surface was exposed to fire, but the
temperature difference between the outer
and inner surface of the steel was around
2.7°C.
 Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1

900
800
700
Temperature (◦C)

600
500
400 15% FEA
300 15% TEST
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (minutes)

Fig 5a. Comparison between measured and predicted temperatures for CHS15

800
700
600
Temperature (◦C)

500
400
20% TEST
300
20% FEA
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (minutes)

Fig 5b. Comparison between measured and predicted temperatures for CHS20

6 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved

 Journal of Structural Technology
Volume 3 Issue 1

800

700

600
Temperature (◦C)

500

400 25% TEST

300 25% FEA

200

100

0
0 5 10 15
Time (minutes)
Fig 5c. Comparison between measured and predicted temperatures for CHS25

Steel critical temperature = [ ] (1)

Critical temperature of carbon steel Table 3 presents the critical temperatures
exposed to fire can be determined for a from the test, numerical model and
given load level applied on the steel calculations from Eurocode 3.
member as follows:

Table 3. Measured, predicted and calculated steel critical temperatures

Critical temperature
Column ID Test FEA EC 3
CHS15 766.0 756.3 768.2
CHS20 706.0 672.5 725.0
CHS25 702.5 653.6 691.4

Measured, predicted numerical and 2. Critical temperature and fire resistance

calculated values of steel critical time of hollow steel column decreases
temperatures were presented in table 3. with increase in load level.
Eurocode 3 calculations of the steel critical 3. Simulated result for temperature
temperatures provide slightly high values development on steel hollow column
compared to measured and numerical exposed to standard fire was close to
prediction at 15 and 20% load level, but at the measured result.
25% load level, the calculated critical 4. Euro code 3 critical temperature
temperature using Eurocode 3 produce a calculation provide values slightly high
value slightly less than the measured value than the measured temperatures at 15
and quite higher than the predicted value. to 20% load level, and slightly less
than the measured critical temperature
CONCLUSIONS values at 25%.
1. Temperature development on steel
hollow column exposed to standard Acknowledgement: This research work is
fire has the same pattern at different supported by FRGS grant of 4F763 from
load level. Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia
(MOHE). The supports from both

7 Page 1-8 © MAT Journals 2018. All Rights Reserved


Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and
MOHE are gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. ABAQUS (2014) ‘Abaqus 6.14 CAE
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General rules and rules for buildings’.
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10.1002/9783433601099.
3. BS EN1993-1-2 (2005) Eurocode 3.
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