Mach Dien - AC

Ho Chi Minh City National University
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Faculty of Mechanics Engineering
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Subject:
Electrical & Electronic Equipment for Industrial Machinery
AC Electric Circuit & Theory
PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

Contents
▪ Introduction
▪ Definition
▪ How to perform AC current
▪ Power of AC current
▪ Transformer
▪ Natural Response of a Parallel RLC circuit
▪ Natural Response of a Series RLC circuit

Introduction
What are SI units ?
► Abbreviation from French “Système international d'unités”,

established in 1960.
► The SI Units are based on 7 defined quantities: length (m), mass (kg),
time (s), current (A), temperature (K), amount (mol), luminous intensity
(cd).
► SI units enable engineers to communicate in a meaningful way about
quantitative results.

Derived units in SI

Prefixes to Signify Powers of 10
► Engineers often use powers divisible by 3, and base numbers between

1 and 1,000

Prefixes to Signify Powers of 10

Passive Sign Convention
► If the reference current through the element is in the direction of the

reference voltage drop across the element, we can use a positive sign in
the i-v relation of the element.
► E.g. Let the reference current and voltage of the resistor satisfy the
passive sign convention, → we have v = +R x i, though the values of v, i
can be >0 or <0.

Generation & Distribution of AC Power

Residential Wiring

Single Phase Three-Wire Residential Wiring

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)

What is a Complex Number
► A complex number z is a point (or vector) on a two-dimensional plane,

known as the complex plane and represented by C.

Cartesian Coordinates
► The Cartesian coordinates of z are

- x = Re{z}: the real part of z
- y = Im{z}: the imaginary part of z
► The corresponding axes are known as the real and imaginary axes,
respectively

Polar Coordinates
► The polar coordinates of z are

- r = |z|: the modulus or magnitude of z
- θ = z: the angle of z

Converting Between Coordinates
► The Cartesian coordinate pair (x, y) is also equivalent to the polar

coordinate pair (r, θ) where r is the (non-negative) length of the vector
corresponding to (x, y) and θ is the angle of the vector relative to positive
real time

Definition
What is Alternating Current
► Consider that a machine is constructed to rotate a set of wire coils with

the turning of a shaft in the magnetic field.
► In accordance with Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, AC
voltage will be produced across the wire coils when shaft is rotated.
AC Waveform
► Voltage, current or flux signal and
so on are related to time in sine
function:
where
Vm: amplitude of voltage [V]
ω: angular frequency [rad/s]
Ф: initial phase when t = 0 [rad]
► Period T or frequency f of current, voltage are determined in the following:
► Units :

AC Measurements

AC Measurements
► Peak amplitude is the height of an AC waveform as measured from

the zero mark to the highest positive or lowest negative point on a graph
► Peak-to-peak amplitude is the total height of an AC waveform as

measured from maximum positive to maximum negative peaks on a
graph
► A waveform’s average value is often calculated as the mathematical

mean of all the points’ absolute values or flux signal
►“RMS” stands for Root Mean Square, and is a way of expressing an

AC quantity of voltage or current in terms functionally equivalent to DC

AC Phase
► The two waves shown

above (A versus B) are of
the same amplitude and
frequency, but they are out
of step with each other. In
technical terms, this is called
a phase shift.

How to Perform AC Current
Vector and AC Waveform
► Conditions to compare the different phase:

When comparing the error of phase, the signals (sine current or voltage)
need to satisfy the following conditions.
+ The same frequency of signals
+ Both of the signals are performed in sine (or cosine)
Consider that there are two sine signals:
If Δφ is the error of phase, then it can be established as following:
Δφ > 0 : V1 leads V2
Δφ < 0 : V2 leads V1
Δφ = 0 : V1 equals V2


How to Measure the Phase Shift
► Measure the period T between repeat. Digital scopes often measure

f = 1 / T automatically.
► Measure td, the smallest time difference between occurrences of the
feature on the two waveforms.
► The phase difference is then:

Vector Phase: Fresnel
► Consider that a point (named

as M) moves around the circle
(angular velocity ω, radius R)
► Center point of a circle is
named as O
► At t=0, the angle between
OM and x axis is φ0
► At time t, the angle between OM and x axis is α

We have, α = ωt + φ
► The coordinate of M point in XY Descartes can be described:
xM = R cos(ωt + φ)
yM = R sin(ωt + φ)
► In accordance with Fresnel, there is a relationship between sine AC and vector phase
V = VM sin(ωt + φ)
hay V = VM cos(ωt + φ)

Addition of Two Phasors
► Consider that two signals V1 and V2 are illustrated as following
► Assume that VT is the sum vector of V1 and V2, we can obtain VT in

the following method
► Consider that two signals V1 and V2 are illustrated as following
► V2 of 30 volts in the reference direction along the horizontal zero

axis, then it has a horizontal component but no vertical component
► V1 of 20 volts leads V2 by 60o then, it has both horizontal and vertical

components (V1 = 10 + j17.32)
► The resultant voltage, VT is found by adding together the horizontal

and vertical components as follows.
► VHorizontal = sum of real parts of V1 and V2 =30 + 10 = 40 volts
► VVertical = sum of imaginary parts of V1 and V2 =0 + 17.32 = 17.32

volts

Power of AC Current
Instantaneous Power
► “Instantaneous” power is the product of the instantaneous terminal

voltage and current
► Positive sign is used if the passive sign convention is satisfied

(current is in the direction of voltage drop)

Sinusoidal Power Formula

Relation among i(t), v(t), p(t)

Average Power & Reactive Power

Relation Among Components of Power

What is Average Power

What is Reactive Power

Power for Resistive Loads

Power for Inductive Loads

Power for Capacitive Loads

Power Factor & Reactive Factor

Definition of Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value

RMS Value of Sinusoidal Function

Power Formula in terms of RMS Value

Complex Power

Complex Power: Example

Power Calculations

Power Calculations

Power Calculations: Example





Transformers
Transformer
► Transformers are essential parts of most power systems to convert electrical
energy at one voltage to some other voltage.
► Transformers include two-port circuit element.
V1, N1 and i1: primary voltage, primary turns and primary current
V2, N2 and i2: secondary voltage, secondary turns and secondary current
TS. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

Transformer
► In normal operation, it is selected a transformer turns ratio N1 / N2 so that

the desired voltages appear at the proper terminals.
► For example: to convert 13.8kV distribution voltage to the 120 / 240 volt
level suitable for residential or commercial single phase service. We would use
a transformer with turns ratio of 13800 / 240 = 57.5
► The transformer, at least in its ideal form, does not consume, produce nor
store energy. Hence, the sum of power flows into a transformer is identically
zero:

Transformer
► The transformer also tends to transform impedances as below figure.
► Some impedances are connected to one side of an ideal transformer. Find an

equivalent impedance viewed from the other side of the transformer.
Then, the ratio between input voltage and current is

Natural Response of a Series RLC Circuit
A Series RLC Circuit



Natural Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit
A Parallel RLC Circuit

A Parallel RLC Circuit

The End
67

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Ho Chi Minh City National University

Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

AC Electric Circuit & Theory

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

▪ How to perform AC current

▪ Natural Response of a Parallel RLC circuit

▪ Natural Response of a Series RLC circuit

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Abbreviation from French “Système international d'unités”,

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Engineers often use powers divisible by 3, and base numbers between

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► If the reference current through the element is in the direction of the

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► A complex number z is a point (or vector) on a two-dimensional plane,

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► The Cartesian coordinates of z are

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► The polar coordinates of z are

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► The Cartesian coordinate pair (x, y) is also equivalent to the polar

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Consider that a machine is constructed to rotate a set of wire coils with

► Period T or frequency f of current, voltage are determined in the following:

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Peak amplitude is the height of an AC waveform as measured from

► Peak-to-peak amplitude is the total height of an AC waveform as

► A waveform’s average value is often calculated as the mathematical

►“RMS” stands for Root Mean Square, and is a way of expressing an

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► The two waves shown

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Conditions to compare the different phase:

If Δφ is the error of phase, then it can be established as following:

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Measure the period T between repeat. Digital scopes often measure

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Consider that a point (named

► At time t, the angle between OM and x axis is α

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► Consider that two signals V1 and V2 are illustrated as following

► Assume that VT is the sum vector of V1 and V2, we can obtain VT in

► Consider that two signals V1 and V2 are illustrated as following

► V2 of 30 volts in the reference direction along the horizontal zero

► V1 of 20 volts leads V2 by 60o then, it has both horizontal and vertical

► The resultant voltage, VT is found by adding together the horizontal

► VHorizontal = sum of real parts of V1 and V2 =30 + 10 = 40 volts

► VVertical = sum of imaginary parts of V1 and V2 =0 + 17.32 = 17.32

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

► “Instantaneous” power is the product of the instantaneous terminal

► Positive sign is used if the passive sign convention is satisfied

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn

PhD. Ngô Hà Quang Thịnh, nhqthinh@hcmut.edu.vn