FORENSIC

PHOTOGRAPHY

ROWENA B.
GAGNO

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Name: Lezter John-Ro S. Labador Date: March 24, 2022

Course and Year: Bs Criminology II. Subject: Forensic Photography 1
Instructor: Mrs. Rowena Gagno

MODULE ACTIVITY NO. 3

LENS ABERRATIONS

ASTIGMATISM
is a condition in which the foci of rays propagating in two perpendicular planes
disagree. The vertical and horizontal lines will be in crisp focus at two different
distances if an optical system with astigmatism is employed to generate an image of
a cross. The phrase is derived from the Greek a- (a-), which means "without," and
stigma, which means "mark, spot, or puncture." Astigmatism is divided into two
types. The first is called third-order aberration, and it happens when objects (or
sections of objects) are moved away from the optical axis. Even when the optical
system is absolutely symmetrical, this type of aberration can occur. Because it
happens even for light of a single wavelength, this is referred to as "monochromatic
aberration."

ILLUSTRATION

CHROMATIC ABERRATION
When a lens fails to focus all hues to the same convergence point, it is said to have
dispersion. It happens because lenses have different refractive indices for different
wavelengths of light. Transparent materials' refractive index decreases with increasing
wavelength in degrees that are unique to each. Because each hue in the optical spectrum
cannot be focused at a single common spot, chromatic aberration expresses itself as
"fringes" of color along borders that separate dark and bright regions of the image. Different
wavelengths of light will be concentrated at different points because the focal length f of a
lens is dependent on the refractive index n.

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COMA
The term comes from the comet-like look of the aberrated image, which is also known as
comatic aberration. When an object is imaged that is off the optical axis of the lens, rays
flow through at an angle to the axis 8, coma ensues. Rays passing through the center of a
focal length f lens focus at a point f tan 8 from the axis. Rays flowing through the lens's
outer borders are concentrated at various positions, either away from the axis (positive
coma) or closer to the axis (negative coma) (negative coma).
Illustration:

FIELD CURVATURE
A common optical problem known as "curvature of field" or "Petzval field curvature" causes
a flat object to seem sharp only in a specific part(s) of the frame, rather than being sharp
uniformly across the frame. Due to the curved nature of optical elements, which project the
image in a curved rather than flat manner, this occurs.
Illustration:

DISTORTION
Is a departure from rectilinear projection, in which straight lines in a scene are projected as
straight lines in an image. Optical aberration is what it is. Although distortion can be
irregular or follow a variety of patterns, the most common distortions arise from the
symmetry of a photographic lens and are radially symmetric, or nearly so. The several
classifications of distortion are represented in figures 57 to 59.

SPHERICAL ABERRATION

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Is an optical effect that occurs in an optical device (lens, mirror, etc.) due to
increased refraction of light rays when they strike a lens near its edge or a reflection
of light rays when they strike a mirror near its edge, as opposed to those that strike
nearer the center. It denotes a gadget that deviates from the norm, resulting in an
imperfection in the image produced.
Illustration:

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Name: Lezter John-Ro S. Labador Date: March 24, 2022

Course and Year: Bs Criminology II Subject: Forensic Photography 1
Instructor: Mrs. Rowena B. Gagno

MODULE ACTIVITY NO. 4

CLASSIFICATION OF DISTORTION
BARREL DISTORTION
The picture magnification diminishes with distance from the optical axis in barrel
distortion. The effect appears to be like an image that has been mapped around a
spherical (or barrel). This sort of distortion is used by fisheye lenses to map an
indefinitely wide object plane into a finite image region. In a zoom lens, barrel
distortion emerges in the middle of the focal length range, with the wide-angle end of
the range being the worst.
Illustration:

PINCUSION DISTORTION
The distance from the optical axis enhances the image magnification. Lines that do not pass through
the image's center are bowed inwards, like a pincushion, towards the image's center.
Illustration:

MUSTACHE DISTORTION
Mustache distortion (moustache distortion) or complicated distortion is a combination of barrel and
pincushion distortion that is less prevalent but not uncommon. It begins as barrel distortion at the
picture center and progresses to pincushion distortion as it approaches the image periphery,
resulting in horizontal lines in the top half of the frame that resemble a handlebar mustache.
Illustration:

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Name: Lezter John-Ro S. Labador Date: March 24, 2022

Course and Year: Bs Criminology II Subject: Forensic Photography 1

Instructor: Mrs Rowena B. Gagno

MODULE 4 ACTIVITY

PARTS OF THE CAMERA

IMAGE OF THE PARTS OF THE CAMERA FUNCTION

LENS It helps in capturing an object and
storing it. Lenses are available in
different types that include
standard zoom, telephoto zoom,
fisheye, macro, wide-angle etc.
FOCUSING RING This is a section of the lens that
rotates to allow the photographer
to focus the image.

DIAPHRAGM OR APERTURE Aperture refers to the opening of a

lens's diaphragm through which
light passes. It is calibrated in
f/stops and is generally written as
numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6,
8, 11 and 16.
FILM ADVANCE LEVER Used to rotate the film inside the
camera in order to take a new
picture.

SHUTTER SPEED DIAL The numbers on the shutter-speed

dial are the speeds available on
this camera: from one second to
1/4,000th of a second.

SHUTTER Is a device that allows light to pass

for a determine period, exposing
photographic film or a light-
sensitive electronic sensor to light
in order to capture a permanent
image of a scene. A shutter can
also be used to allow pulses of light
to pass outwards, as seen in a
movie projector or a signal lamp.

SHUTTER RELEASE BUTTON When pressed, the shutter of the

camera is "released", so that it
opens to capture a picture, and
then closes, allowing an exposure

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VIEW FINDER WINDOW
SELF-TIMER
FILM HOLDER/CHAMBER
ACCESSORY LIGHT SHOE/HOT SHOE
FLASH TERMINAL
ISO/ASA/DIN DIAL
time as determined by the shutter
speed setting (which may be
automatic). Some cameras also
utilize an electronic shutter, as
opposed to a mechanical shutter.
The viewfinder is the device you
look through when taking a
picture. It shows you what is in
your frame, alongside your settings
and other helpful information. In
old twin-lens reflex cameras,
viewfinders were a small Galilean
telescope placed in the camera
body.
A self timer is a device on a camera
that gives a delay between
pressing the shutter release and
the shutter's firing. It is most
commonly used to let the
photographer to take a photo of
themselves (often with a group of
other people), hence the name.
-It holds the film set up at the
camera's back.
An Accessory Shoe is the small
metal bracket or mount on top of a
camera used to attach a Speedlite
Flash, and other accessories such
as microphones.
In photography, flash
synchronization or flash sync is the
synchronizing the firing of a
photographic flash with the
opening of the shutter admitting
light to photographic film or
electronic image sensor.
For film photography, ISO or ASA
(American Standards Associations)
speed refers to the film speed of
the film roll. Typically, when you
are shooting outdoors on a sunny
day, you will be using an ISO100 or
ISO200 film. If you're shooting
indoors, you would probably
switch to an ISO800 film or faster.
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EXPOSURE COUNTER/FRAME COUNTER
DEPTH OF FIELD SCALE
DISTANCE SCALE
FILM REWIND CRANK
FILM REWIND LOCK
BLACK COVER RELEASE KNOB
LENS LOCK RELEASE LEVER
Exposure in film photography is
defined as the quantity of light that
is allowed through the camera lens
and onto the photo film controlled
by the intensity of light (through
the aperture) and length of time
(determined by the shutter speed).
Controlling the amount of the
photo that is in focus is one of the
photographer’s best tools to help
draw the viewer’s eye where you
want it.
The distance scale helps you verify
the focus of your subject. to the
part of the subject that we would
want to maintain in critical focus -
i.e. the eye, lip, etc. a horizontal
line "-" thru it.
a button that you press to go back
to an earlier part of a film/movie,
piece of music, etc.
Its enables the exposed film inside
the camera to be moved back into
its cartridge/canister before being
taken out for processing
Press this button to unlock the lens
mount and detach the lens by
rotating it.
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