University of Perpetual Help System-DALTA

CAMERA
A light tight box; with an
image forming device (lens); with a
means to control the amount of light
(Shutter) (Aperture) and a means of
holding the film (film holder).
Single Lens Reflex
SLR
 Essential parts of the Camera
1. Body or Light Tight Box – suggest an enclosure or devoid
of light. Opens and closes on a predetermined time during
exposure and allows only the light coming from the lens to
reach the film.
2. Lens - The function of the lens is to focus the light coming
from the subject. It is chiefly responsible for the sharpness
of the image formed through which light passes during
exposure.
3. Shutter – is used to allow light to enter through the lens
and reach the film for a pre-determined intervals of time,
which light is again blocked off from the film.
4. Holder of sensitized material – located at the opposite side
of the lens. Its function is to hold firmly the sensitized
material in its place during exposure to prevent the
formation of a multiple or blurred image of the subject.
5. Viewfinder – it is a means of determining the field of view of
the camera or the extent of the coverage of the lens.
 THE SHUTTER
The camera shutter is a device
that enables light to enter through the
lens for a small or long period of time to
enhance the exposure of photographic
film. There are different types of shutters
used in modern day cameras like leaf
shutter, diaphragm shutter, focal plane
shutter, projector shutter and central
shutter.
Focal Plane Shutters – is located near the focal plane or the
sensitized material. It is usually made of cloth curtain. It is
action starts on one side and closes on the opposite sides.
THE SHUTTER SPEED
Is set using the shutter speed dial. It
determines how long the shutter curtain will
remain open while taking a photograph.
The longer the shutter speed, the more
light is recorded ; conversely, the shorter
the shutter speed the less light is recorded
 THE SHUTTER SPEED DIAL
The shutter speed dial or button is a control
usually located at the top left or right of a
camera near the button. It selects the shutter
speed, the length of time the shutter curtain
remains open. Shutter speed setting are in
seconds or fraction of a second. These settings
are 1 second, ½ second, ¼ second, 1/5 second,
1/30 second, 1/60 second, 1/25 second, 1/250
second, 1/500 second, 1/1000 second, 1/2000
second, 1/4000 second and 1/800 second
Shutter Speed (ISO 100/21°) Lens opening (ƒ)
15 16
Shutter Speed (ISO 100/21°) Lens opening (ƒ)
125 5.6
Shutter Speed (ISO 100/21°) Lens opening (ƒ)
1000 1.8
 LENS CHARACTERISTICS

Focusing – is the setting of proper distance in order

to form a sharp image. The lens of the camera
except those fixed focused, requires focusing. A lens
may be focused by any of the following:
1.Focusing Scale or Scale Bed – a scale is usually found
at the lens barrel indicating pre-set distance in feet or in
meters. To focus the lens of the camera, the distance of
the object to be photographed is measured, estimated,
or calculated and the point or marker on the lens barrels
is adjusted to corresponding number on the scale.
 FOCUSING
2. Range finders – is a mechanism that measures
the angle of the convergence of light coming from a
subject as seen from two apertures. There are two
types of range finders:
 THE FOCUSING MECHANISM

A ring on the lens of a camera

that can be rotated to allow user to
manually focus the subject being
photograph. The ring used to adjust
the lens so that the subject appears
sharp on the film.
1) Split Image – through the range finder, the
image of an straight line in the object appears to
be cut into halves and separated from each
other when the lens is not in focus. When the
images of the line are aligned, the lens is in
focus.
 FOCUSING
2. Ground glass – is focused directly by
observing the image formed at the ground glass,
screen placed behind the taking lens. If the
image formed is blurry or fuzzy, or not clear, the
lens is out of focus. Make the image sharp and
the lens is in focus.
Standard/Normal Lens produces an image that is roughly equivalent
to the way a scene appears when viewed with the naked eye.
Standard lenses often have wide maximum apertures, making them useful
in low-light situations.
ZOOM LENS – allows you to fine-tune subject framing by adjusting
the focal length of the lens.
Wide-angle Zoom can able to select any intermediate focal length
setting. However, it is likely to be slower and heavier and to show more
image distortion than a wide-angle fixed focal length lens.
Wide-angle Lens takes in a larger angle of view than a standard lens,
and is ideal for photographing a group of people or when you are
working in confined space.
Zoom lens with variable focal length that can be quickly
adjusted to varying subject or image size.
Telephoto Zoom Lens is useful for portraits and for moving objects.
Unlike a wide-angle zoom, a telephoto zoom should not show any
obvious distortion.
Shift Lens also known as perspective control lens gets its name
because it can be shifted off-centered in relation to the film frame. You
can keep the camera parallel and shift the lens upward to record an
undistorted image.
Fisheye Lens- The depth of field is so extensive that all you need
to do is set the focus for the approximate distance of the subject.
Long-Focus Lens- is it useful for large images of distant
subjects or when you cannot move close enough to use a shorter
lens.
PARTS OF LENS
I. LENS CHARACTERISTICS

Relative Aperture – The light gathering power of

the lens is expressed in the ƒ-number system. It
is otherwise called the relative aperture or lens
opening. By increasing or decreasing the ƒ-
number numerically, it is possible to:

a) control the amount of light passing through the lens

b) control depth of field
c) control the degree of sharpness due to lens defects
Relative Aperture
Depth of Field – it is the distance measured from the
nearest to the farthest object in apparent sharp focus
when the lens is set or focused at a particular
distance.
ƒ 2.0
ƒ 5.6
ƒ 11
 THE FILM
Film speed – The speed of the film is related to the
amount of light sensitivity that will reach and affect the
film. This film speed is represented by ASA ( American
Standard Organization ) . An early organization or group
that determined numerical ratings for film speed. At
present, the organization which rates film speed is the ISO
( International Standard Organization. The higher the ASA
rating, the less light is needed to record an image on it.
 ASA
(American Standard Association). An early
organization or group that determines the numerical
ratings for film speed. A number which represents a
film’s sensitivity to light. At present, the organization
which rates film speed is the ISO (International
Standard Organization).
 FILM SPEED RATING SYSTEM
1. ISO – International Standard Organization
2. DIN – Deutsche industrie Norm, the European
Film Rating System
3. ASA – American Standard Association
FILM TYPE
 FILM SPEED
1. Slow films

Slow films are best for scenes where the light is bright
and they often have a brighter detail and give the
sharpest image.

2. Fast films

Fast films are used for situations where you couldn’t

use slow film because the light is low. The quality,
however, is not as good as the slower film speeds. In
fact, with very low lighting, the background may
disappear altogether.
FILMS
Medium Speed Film (ISO 200-400) – ideal for general purpose. Good
for indoor and outdoor photography.
 FILMS
Slow Film (ISO 25-100) - less sensitive to light but deliver sharper, more
finely grained images, more saturated colors and more contrast.
FILMS
Fast Film (ISO 800-3200) – Very sensitive to light and action.
 THE “B” OR BULB SETTING
 Is a shutter speed setting that allows long exposure times
under the direct control of the photographer. With this
setting, the shutter simply stays open as long as the shutter
button remains depressed. Using this setting, the
photographer should use a tripod and a cable release attach
to the shutter button.
Night Surveillance Photography, ISO 800-1600 is recommended
Night Surveillance Photography, ISO 800-1600 is recommended