Certificate

This is to certify that Zubair

Ahmad student of class-12th
has successfully Completed the
project on Immunity under
the guidance of Md. Irfan Sir
During The Academic Year
2021-22

Teacher Sign. Examiner Sign.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Md. Irfan sir, who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of BIOLOGY.
Who also helped me in completing my
project. I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly i would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

Zubair Ahmad
12th Science
 Immunity
What is Immunity ?
➢Our body fights against harmful viruses and
pathogens every day and helps us to stay safe
from diseases. This immunity system of our body
is created with human’s body cells and proteins.
It is a complex system that protects the body
from any infection.
➢The ability of the host to fight the disease causing
organisms, conferred by the immune system is
called Immunity.
It is the basic process of the immune system.
➢Immunity is derived from Latin word “immunis”
which means free from burden. In this case
burden refers to disease caused by
microorganisms or their toxic products.
 Types Of Immunity

➢Two types of immunities : (i) Innate immunity

and (ii) Acquired Immunity

• Innate Immunity

➢It is an ability to fight pathogens which is

present since birth.
➢It is non-specific as it fights against all kinds of
pathogens.
➢Innate immunity is a primary immunity for
humans.
➢It consists of four types of barriers:
 i. Physical barriers :-
• These provide mechanical defence against
microbes.
• These include skin and mucus membrane.
ii. Physiological barrier :-
• Physiological barriers provide harsh
conditions to microbes such that they cannot
survive.
• Acid in stomach, saliva in mouth and tears kill
these microbes. Tears and saliva have
lysozyme enzyme which destroys microbes.
iii. Cellular barriers :-
• The first type of cellular barrier is Neutrophil.
Neutrophils are also called polymorpho-
nuclear leukocytes (PMN, PML, or PMNL)
because of varying shape of their nucleus.
• The second type of cellular barriers are
Monocytes. They can detect the regions of
infection.
 • Monocytes transform into third type of cells
called Macrophages.
Macrophages have the ability to
phagocytose pathogens and digest them.
These cells can also release cytokines.
• The fourth type of cellular barriers are
Natural killer cells. These cells can release
chemicals which kill the pathogen as well as
the infected cells.
iv. Cytokine barriers :-
• If pathogens cross all these barriers and
successfully infect the cells, then the body
uses special kind of immunity known as
Cytokine Barrier.
• Virus – infected cells secret proteins called
Interferons which protect non – infected
cells from further viral Infection.
 • Acquired Immunity
➢pathogen specific immunity that’s characterized
by memory.
➢It’s has Self Or Non – self response feature.
➢When it encounters a pathogen for the first
time, it produces a response called primary
response, which is of low intensity.
➢Further encounter with same pathogen
produces highly intensified secondary or
anamnestic response due to memory of the first
encounter.
➢Immune responses are produced by two types of
lymphocytes:
➢B-lymphocytes or B-cells produce an army of
proteins (in response to pathogens) called
antibodies in blood.
➢T-lymphocytes or T-cells help B-cells to
produce Antibodies.
➢Humoral immune response or Antibody
Mediated Immunity (AMI) It is mediated by
antibodies present in blood and lymph.
➢Cell-mediated immune response or Cell
Mediated Immunity (CMI). It is mediated
by T-lymphocytes. The graft rejection during
organ transplantation, because of the ability to
differentiate between self and non-self, is due to
the cell-mediated immunity.

➢ Antibody
➢These are of five types:
➢Antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules.
➢Each antibody molecule has four peptide
chains, i.e. two small called Light (L) chains
and two longer called heavy (H) chains.
➢An antibody seems like a Y-shaped structure.
• Active Immunity
➢Active immunity comes into play when host is
exposed to antigens.
➢Antibodies are produced.
➢It is slow but long lasting.
• Passive Immunity
➢The ready-made antibodies are administered
into the body of a patient to protect against
foreign agents.
➢Passive immunity is fast but does not last for a
long time.
➢The fetus receives (IgG) antibodies from the
mother through the placenta during pregnancy.
➢The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by
mother during the initial days of lactation has
abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant.
➢These are some examples of Natural Passive
Immunity.