29. (a) 30.

(a) (b) (c) (d) LITERATURE This section has sub-sections- V, VI,
VII VII & IX There are a total of 30 questions in this section. Allempt any 26
questiens from the sub-sections V to IX. V. Read the given extract to attempt
the questions that follow : "God." He wrote, "if you don't help me, my family
and I will go hungry this year. I need a hundred pesos in order to sow field
again and to live until the erop comes becanse the hailst orm. "He WTote"
To God "on the old, put the letter nside and, still troubled, went to town. At
the post office, he placed a stamp on the letter and dropped it into the
mailbox. 31. In letter, Lencho wrote that he and his family would be: (a)
enjoying lite. (c) on the verge of starvation, 32. "God" he wrote, "if you don't
help me, my family nd I will go hungry this year." It reveals (b) remove
unhappy. (d) leading a miserable life that: (a) Lencho was a shirker. (b) God
did injustice with Lencho. (c) Lencho depended more on God thani his own
hard work from him. (d) Lencho was an iresponsible person 33. In his letter
to God, Lencho communicated: (a) his poverty-stricken situation of him. (c)
his inability of him to talk directly to God. 34. Before dropping the letter
into the mailbox, Lencho: (a) drank a glass of water, (c) placed a stamp on it.
35. The extract uses the phrase 'still troubled ". Which of the following
expressions is incorrect with respect to the word' troubled? (B) his trust on
God. (D) God's injostice with him.. (B) tore the letter . (d) talked to the
postman.

20. As I was intelligent, I had. (a) few 21. Al this time tomorrow we .. (a)
shall be fiying (c) will fly 22. Which option displays the correct change of the
following reported speech? Aryan said to Sneha, "Honesty is the best policy"
(a) Aryan said to Sneha that honesty was the best policy. (b) Aryan had said
to Snehn that honenty was the best policy. (e) Aryan said to Sneha that
honesty is the best policy. (d) Aryan told Sncha that honesty was the best
policy. 23. Which option displays the correct change of the following
reported speech? The Principal salid to the peon, "Ring the bell." (a) The
Principal urged the peon to ring the bell. (b) The Principal commanded the
peon to ring the bell. (e) The Principal implored the peon to ring the bell. (d)
The Principal ordered the peon to ring the bell. 24. I dmnk (a) a little trouble
(e) much .in an airplane. (b) shall fly (d) may flying (b) little (d) les milk kept
in the glass and went out for play. (b) the little (d) few (e) little WRITING IV.
Answer auy five out of the six questions given, with reference to the context
below. 25. (a) (1) and (3) and (4) (e) (3) und (4) 26. (a) (c) (d) 27. (b) (2) und
(3) (d) (1). (2) and (3) (a) (b) (c) ( d)

Foreign policy refers to the sum total of principles, interests and objectives
which a country promotes while interacting with other countries. India’s
foreign policy is shaped by several factors including its history, culture,
geography and economy. Indian foreign policy must inevitably come to terms
with the extraordinary legacy of Jawaharlal Nehru. Even more demanding is
the challenge of unraveling Nehru’s contributions from the unending current
political contestations as India’s first Prime Minister. Nehru’s countless
admirers and critics, however, seem to agree on one thing that Nehru was an
‘idealist’ in the conduct of India’s international relations.

India’s foreign policy was conducted under the guidance of Pt.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India.

The shaping of India’s foreign policy was largely influenced by the

international development after the Second World War, the
weakening of the forces of imperialism and growth of the forces of
democracy and progress.

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The Indian National Congress party had as early as 1920s adopted a

resolution expressing a desire to establish cooperation with the
neighbouring countries.

But at that point the internal situation of India did not permit them
to pay attention to international developments. It was mainly due to
Nehru’s efforts that since the mid-twenties the Congress party
began to take interest in international affairs. After 1927 Nehru took
an active part in formulating the foreign policy of the Congress that
was in effect its first foreign policy statement.

It contained a declaration that India should not participate in

imperialist and any other war. This position was taken up as the key
foreign policy principle in late 1920s and 1930s. When in 1930s
Japan, Italy and Germany engaged themselves in imperialist
aggressions, the Congress condemned their brutal imperialist
designs and passed resolutions to defend the cause of the nationalist
forces in various countries such as China, Ethiopia, etc.
The inter-war period shaped a substantial portion of India’s foreign
policy. The dropping of atom bomb by the Americans on Japanese
soil wounded India’s feelings and was strongly condemned. Soon
after the formation of the interim government in September 1946,
India took steps to establish friendly relations with all countries.

During the time that the interim government was in office, India
established diplomatic relations and exchanged ambassadors with
the USA, USSR, China and some other countries. It resulted in an
upsurge of movements for national liberation in Asia. Nehru on
behalf of the Congress participated in several international
conferences including the one held at Brussels in 1926 that declared
its profound aim of fighting imperialism.

After independence, Nehru became the virtual director of India’s

foreign policy. And under his guidance India became the first state
to have pursued a policy that was new in the history of international
relations- the policy of Non-Alignment. He was ably supported by
Naser of Egypt, Sukarno of Indonesia and Joseph Broz Tito of
Yugoslavia. Nehru also participated in the Afro-Asian Conference
held in 1955 in Bandung and popularized the policy of non-
alignment there. The agenda contained in these conferences was the
economic and cultural cooperation, respect for human rights and
self-determination and finally the promotion of world peace and
cooperation.

Non-alignment implied a position to judge each issue without

prejudice or bias. It enhanced the chances of effective mediation in
bitter conflicts and thereby brightens the prospect of world peace.
In the Korean War and the tangle of Indo-China, the role of
peacemaker that India played was vital. The secret of this policy is
that India is neither permanently pro-west nor with the east. She
was clearly with Communist block on the issues such as
disarmament, racial discrimination, colonialism and China’s
membership of the United Nations. 

The policy of Non-alignment was based on the five principles of

Panch Shila, enumerating international conduct. These were first
envisaged and formulated in 1954.
These principles were:
a. Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and
sovereignty.

b. Non-aggression

c. Non interference in each other’s military affairs

d. Equality and mutual benefit

c. Peaceful coexistence

By April 1955, Burma, China, Laos, Nepal, Democratic Republic of

Vietnam, Yugoslavia and Cambodia had accepted the Panch Shila.

However the events on the borders in September-October 1962

threw a serious challenge to the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM).
Due to the Chinese aggression on India it was now recognized that
non-Alignment must be tied up with the immediate defence
requirements in order to serve a useful purpose.

Conceived as a struggle against colonialism and growing

polarization of international relations resulting from military blocks
and cold war, non-aligned India has constantly struggled for all-
round emancipation of the people of Asia, Africa, Latin America, the
Caribbean and other parts of the world. Non-Alignment has
achieved success and has continued to play a decisive role in efforts
to promote world peace.

The widening gap between the developed and the developing

countries is a source of instability in the world. Access to resources
and debt burden today threaten the survival of smaller nations. The
goal of NAM would now change according to economic needs to face
new challenges in terms of new forms of imperialism.

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