Mario Fabian Ek Estrada

MI41BIS
MATERIALS STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES
UNITY 2
TSU EN MANTENIMIENTO INDUSTRIAL
Ferrous materials

Their use is not as massive as ferrous products, but they have a great importance in
the acquisition of a great quantity of goods; because of the distinct low weight and
resistance to oxidation in normal environmental conditions and to atmospheric
corrosion, the readable machining and machining, the high mechanical strength in
relation to their weight of some alloys; the high thermal and electrical conductivity, and
still their beautiful use in decorative views.

The most important non-ferrous metals are 7: copper, zinc, lead, tin, aluminum, nickel
and manganese. Normally, non-ferrous metals are soft and have low mechanical
strength; to improve their properties they are alloyed with other metals. They are
classified into three groups according to their density:

1. heavy: those metals whose density is equal to or greater than 5 kg/dm³; such
as: tin, copper, zinc, lead, chromium, nickel, wolfram and cobalt.
1. Light: metals whose density is between 2 and 5 kg/dm³, such as aluminum and
titanium.
2. Ultralight: their density is less than 2 kg/dm³, such as magnesium and beryllium.

Non-ferrous alloys have many applications: coins (made of copper, nickel and
aluminum alloys), light bulb filaments (wolfram), soldering material for electronic
components (tin-lead), coatings (chrome, nickel, zinc), etc.

ADVANTAGES OF NON-FERROUS METALS

1. They resist oxidation and corrosion better, in general.

2. They have a relatively low melting point.
3. Within the light, ultralight and heavy metals, there are specific advantages for
each material.

DISADVANTAGES OF NON-FERROUS METALS

They are more expensive to obtain because:

1. Low concentration of some materials in their ores, i.e., the place where they are
found there is little amount of this material.
2. The energy consumed in the process of obtaining and refining is too high, since
they use a lot of electrical energy.
3. Demand is low, which makes it necessary to produce them in small quantities.
Advantages and disadvantages of non-ferrous metals (heavy
and light)

A HEAVY METAL: LEAD

The process consists of three phases: roasting, melting and refining. Roasting: it is
mixed with silica, limestone and flux material and heated in the presence of air until the
lead sulfide is converted into oxide. Fusion: It is introduced into a furnace mixing the
lead oxide econ coke, fluxing limestone and a stream of air is inflated. The carbon
reduces the lead oxide and forms impurified metallic lead. Refining: The metals that
accompany the lead are separated. This is how raw lead, still partially impurified, is
obtained.

CHARACTERISTICS It is silvery in color, very soft, high density, low electrical and
thermal conductivity, flexible and malleable. It can be cold rolled. It oxidizes when in
contact with air and loses its characteristic brightness. It is resistant to corrosion
caused by strong acids but is attacked by most weak organic acids.

APPLICATIONS Its high density makes it opaque to electromagnetic radiation, which is

why it is used in medical radiology facilities and nuclear power plants. Due to its
behavior with acids, it is used in the manufacture of recent products that have to
contain them. It is used in the glass industry as an additive because it gives it greater
weight and hardness. Lead and tin alloys are used in soft soldering.

A LIGHT METAL:ALUMINIUM

OBTAINING PROCESS To obtain aluminum, the Bayer method is used, which consists
of two phases: obtaining alumina and electrolytic refining. Obtaining the alumina: The
bauxite is converted into powder through a grinding process. It is then mixed with lime,
caustic soda and superheated steam to produce a solution. Impurities are removed by
decanting. Water is then added to the solution to precipitate the aluminum oxide and
separate it from the soda. The product obtained is alumina. This is subjected to a
calcination process to eliminate excess water. Electrolytic refining. The alumina is
melted with cryolite and undergoes an electrolytic process that separates the aluminum
from the oxygen. The oxygen forms monoxide and carbon dioxide and is released as
the pure aluminum settles to the bottom of the vat, from which it is scooped out. This
process consumes a lot of energy.
CHARACTERISTICS It is a silvery, soft, low density metal, its electrical conductivity is
high, it is very ductile and malleable. It can be hot or cold rolled and tubes, bars and
wires are obtained. Upon contact with air, it quickly becomes covered with a hard,
transparent layer of aluminum oxide that resists subsequent corrosive action.

Internal structure that materials undergo during processing.

Alloys combine two or more substances to create a product with better properties than
any of its parts. of its parts. Alloys are usually the product of mixing metals, although
there are other alloys that use metals and non-metals.

Conclusion

The standard allows me to use lightly oxidized steel like the one I show in all the photos
above, where the steel is yellow from oxidation, but does not show obvious damage on
visual inspection in its cross section. Moreover, it not only allows it but also indicates
that it increases adherence.

Another factor that I am forgetting to mention is that precisely because the chemical
bond between steel and concrete is so weak, corrugated steel was invented whose
transverse deformations cause there to be considerable mechanical adhesion or
friction between both materials, which will be much greater than the adhesion that may
or may not be provided by a bar that does or does not have rust.
Bibliography

https://materialestecnicos.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/metales-no-ferrosos/

http://www.raquelserrano.com/wp-content/files/Grupo_1_Materiales_no_ferrosos.pdf

https://iesvillalbahervastecnologia.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/metales-no-ferrosos.pdf