Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Demand for a broader selection of consumer products has prompted many firms to
reassess their strategies to give more product possibilities. Producing a variety of items
can assist companies in meeting this expanding demand and gaining market share; but
diverse array can contribute to higher design and manufacturing expenses, as well as
lead - time for updated versions. Therefore, there is a trade-off among cost-
effectiveness and the ability to accommodate a broad array of client requests. Product
specifications design (Supervisory control and data acquisition) and console product
development (platform-based product development), both of which have been studied
extensively over the last two decades, can help manage such a trade-off. New
approaches have been proposed to address numerous issues linked with PFD and
framework development. To assess the efficiency of these strategies, research findings
and applications to diverse industrial sectors were employed. The study on this area is
examined to characterize recent developments in PFD and system innovation. It
identifies new achievements in a variety of areas related to PFD, including customer
involvement in the design, market-driven studies, metrics for evaluating platforms and
families, indices for the platform and family design, product family optimization issues,
platform development issues, and, finally, issues related to supporting future platform
design. The highlight current issues in this field as well as future research avenues by
comparing our findings to past research efforts. The researcher's ontological and
epistemological views about reality have a strong influence on how knowledge is
achieved. A researcher using a positivist ontology tries to explain objective facts to
create knowledge; in this case, the human is seen as an instrument that responds to
stimuli, making it possible to read and gather information about specific actions,
resulting in a best practice innovation process. Constructivist ontology, on the other
hand, is concerned with describing complicated humans to comprehend how they
produce and define the core of the innovation process. Different types of interviews may
be utilized to illustrate implicit ideas that comprise an individual's frame of reference to
gain a deeper understanding of the individual's thinking. The repertory grid approach will
be utilized to depict the underlying frames of reference in this thesis. Two types of social
network analysis will be utilized to characterize explicit ways of cognition. The repertory
grid approach may be viewed as a kind of expression from a philosophical stance. A
type of organized interview intended to uncover a person's frame of reference. When a
person grade created components and constructions on a nine-point Likert scale, they
create this. When a person grade created components and constructions on a nine-
point Likert scale, they create this. In this way, the technique aims to quantify highly
subjective factors by objectifying components in the frame of reference of the person.
Social network analysis and alter-ego network analysis both employ numbers in the
same way. To track the number of times an element has been thought about, or explicit
thoughts in the form of contacts made to discuss that element with someone else. In
terms of philosophy, these strategies appear to be inherently compatible with the critical
realism paradigm. The research falls account for 70% of playground accidents, and the
safety surface around the equipment is an important element in playground injury.
Climbing equipment with platform heights more than 6 feet was found in 50% of the
playgrounds. Census block groups with a higher proportion of poor adolescents were,
on average, closer to a playground. Neighborhood A got the lowest mean safety score
because it had the highest youth-to-playground ratio. The neighborhood also had a
higher number of poor children, adults without a high school diploma, people who live in
poverty. The findings offer a cross-sectional view of playground safety and accessibility.
Programs like the school grounds playground repair might potentially alleviate
playground safety discrepancies. The list of the materials used to construct the
playground scores for safety and the proportion of people who satisfy safety
requirements The majority of playgrounds featured 6-foot-high fall zones. The area
around the climbing equipment (69%) was free of charge of unprotected footings or
other trip risks (79%) the equipment is devoid of fractures or holes (80 percent).
However, only one-third (34%) of the climbing equipment was available roughly half of
the roads have suitable safety surfacing. Most of the locations (52%) were devoid of
potentially hazardous material. About 50% of the climbing equipment was of adequate
height. Only 31% of the swings assessed had appropriate-sized safety surfacing, and
only 38% of swings had suitable-sized safety surfacing. Had a firm composite safety
surface, sand, or wood 9-inch chips on average. However, 99 percent of the swings
were built of nonrigid materials, lowering the risk of harm from inadvertent collision, and
most swing areas segregated kid swings from adult swings, baby swings (82 percent).