See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/261611228

Ambient Air Quality Modelling Studies (AAQMS) for Industrial Area of Mysore
using ISCST3

Article · January 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 540

3 authors, including:

Shahul Hameed Sadashiva Murthy BM

Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering JSS S& T UNIVERSITY
8 PUBLICATIONS   3 CITATIONS    40 PUBLICATIONS   62 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Fate and Transport of VOCs in Subsoil and Groundwater View project

Air pollutant dispersion modelling in Mysore Industrial Area View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Shahul Hameed on 06 September 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Midas Touch International Journal of Commerce, Management and Technology
Volume 2, No. 1, January- 2014 ISSN: 2320 -7787

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MODELLING STUDIES (AAQMS) FOR INDUSTRIAL AREA OF MYSORE USING
ISCST3

Shahul Hameed K.P., Research Scholar, Professor, SJ College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, INDIA
Mahadeva Swamy M., Professor, SJ College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, INDIA
Sadashiva Murthy B.M., Professor, SJ College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, INDIA

Abstract:
Urbanisation in India has become rapid over past years. Rapid industrialization in Bengaluru has led to increased
demand for resources such as land, electricity and water, and as a result the air pollution levels have increased.
This has led to the migration of industries towards periphery of urban boundaries of Bengaluru as well as peri-
urban areas such as Mysore, \o651Mangalore, Bhadrawathi, etc. From the government policy perspective, there
is a compulsory need to understand the potential environmental impact of the new and emerging technologies,
with air quality impact being one of the most important issues to be addressed. Implementation of air quality
management and public warning strategies for accurate forecasts of the atmospheric concentration of pollutants
as function of space and time are necessary. A variety of emission and meteorological scenarios have been
considered and critical emission loads have been estimated. This approach shall provide necessary technical
guidance to the environmental regulatory authorities as well as to the industries in planning environment friendly
industrial development. The results of modelling studies and ambient air quality monitoring data have shown that
the concentrations of SO2 and NO2 are within the standards as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). Thus, indicating a good atmospheric assimilative capacity over industrial area of Mysore.

Keywords: ISCST3, Worst case meteorology, SO2, NO2, NAAQS, Assimilative capacity.

1 Introduction
New technologies are being developed to satisfy the material needs of human beings. From a government policy
perspective, there is a compulsory need to understand the potential environmental impact of the new and
emerging technologies, with air quality impact being one of the most important issues to be addressed. Control
and management strategies for air pollution involve determination of concentration levels of the pollutants in the
ambient air by monitoring, modelling and forecasting techniques. Direct measurement of a quantity is more
reliable and accurate; however, due to complex behaviour of air pollutants, monitoring involves a huge cost and
consumes more time and manpower. The dispersion of pollutants in ambient atmosphere is a function of
variables such as wind speed, wind direction, ambient air temperature, humidity, stack height and diameter, stack
gas temperature, emission rate and pollutant species present in the flue gas. The secondary factors that control
the rate of dispersion of pollutants in atmosphere are terrain or profile of ground and land use pattern. Due to the
variable nature of meteorological factors governing the dispersion of pollutants in atmosphere, it is required to
consider a wide time range of meteorological data. This enables us to arrive at a nearly true dispersive nature of
pollutants in atmosphere at different hours of a day and seasons of a year.

2 Literature survey
Goyal et al (2003) used ISCST3 for estimating multiple point source emissions around suburbs of Delhi. Goyal S
K et al (2006) have investigated industrial emissions in the region of Kochin and AAQS were done using ISCST3.
Naik (1992) successfully estimated the probable concentration of sulfur dioxide downwind of a thermal power
plant at Ahmedabad. Similarly, Ramakrishna et al. (2005) studied the impact of an industrial complex, located at
Jeedimela in the outskirts of Hyderabad city on the ambient air quality. Model-predicted concentrations are in
good agreement with observed values, and the model performance was found to be satisfactory. Bhanakar et al.
(2005) estimated the contribution of SO2 from different sources in Jamshedpur using the ISCST3 model so as to
prioritize air quality management strategies. Industrial emissions were given the highest priority followed by
vehicular and domestic sources. The assimilative capacity and the dispersion of pollutants due to industrial
sources have been studied by Ramakrishna et al. (2004) in the Visakhapatnam bowl area in Andhra Pradesh.
Sivacoumar et al. (2001) estimated the impact of NOx emissions resulting from various air pollution sources, viz.
industries, vehicles, and domestic, around a steel complex in Jamshedpur using Industrial Source Complex Short-
Term Gaussian dispersion model. The model performance was found good with an accuracy of about 68%.
Bandyopadhyay (2009) predicted the ground-level concentration of SO2 for receptors in complex terrain under
various scenarios using ISCST3 model in Mangalore industrial region of India and used the results to make some
policy recommendations. Fushmi et al. (2005) developed a source apportionment method based on an

FFF!?<86CDAE7;=AEB@6>C!7A?     $$'
 Midas Touch International Journal of Commerce, Management and Technology
Volume 2, No. 1, January- 2014 ISSN: 2320 -7787
atmospheric dispersion model and multiple linear regression analysis in conjunction with ambient concentrations
simultaneously measured at points in a grid network. They used the Industrial Source Complex model in the
method applied to the case of benzene in the vicinity of industrial complex in Japan. These results supported the
reliability to achieve reasonable source apportionments among industries. Abdul-Wahab (2002, 2003) work dealt
specifically with the use of the ISCST model for predicting SO2 concentrations around a refinery in Oman. The
second objective was to evaluate the ISCST model by comparing the calculated and measured concentrations.
The modeling results were validated against measured data during the study period. The comparison, based on
the monthly average measurements, showed that the model underestimates the observed SO2 concentrations.
Al-Rashidi et al. (2005) presented an application of ISCST3 to quantify the impact of SO2 released from four
power plants in Kuwait. An important conclusion of this work was that there is a need for a fuel usage strategy for
the power plants in Kuwait to minimize the impact of SO2. Andretta et al. (2004) used the ISC for the estimation of
the concentration of industrial pollutants in a wide area near an important Italian industrial complex. The Gaussian
model results present an acceptable agreement with respect to air quality network data, in particular as to the air
quality environmental norms purposes. Kumar et al. (1999) evaluated the short-term and long-term versions of
Industrial Source Complex Models for estimating long term concentrations using sulfur dioxide data from emission
inventory of Lucas County, OH for the year 1990. The ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models were used to predict monthly
and quarterly averages of sulfur dioxide concentrations.

3 Study areas
Rapid industrialization in Bengaluru has led to increased demand for resources such as land, electricity and
water, and also the air pollution levels have increased. This has led to the migration of industries towards
periphery of urban boundaries of Bengaluru and to nearby cities like Mysore. Mysore city is basically a place
historical and tourist importance and is also one of the industrial hubs of Karnataka. The industrial area in Mysore
is situated towards North of Mysore city. It stretches from West to East for a distance of 10 Kms and forms a belt
across the Northern limits of the city. The average width of the industrial area is found to be 4.5 kms. The North-
Eastern boundary of the industrial area is surrounded by agricultural area (wetlands) of Mandya district. Whereas,
the South-Western boundary consists of Hootagally residential layout and the North-Western part of the industrial
area is reserved for extension of Hootagally industrial area. Prominent industrial estates located at outskirts of the
city are Hebbal, Koorghalli, Metagalli, Thandya, Belagola, Hootagalli, Hinkal, Yadavagiri and Belavadi, which
occupies a total area of 3914 acres. The industrial area consists of 38 green category industries, 19 orange
category industries and 59 red category industries. The types of industries include textiles, tyre manufacturing,
chemical, distilleries, bulb manufacturing, etc. Apart from stack emissions from these industries, a large number of
DG sets are being used to have their own power supply power. The magnitude of impact on the city due to an
ever increasing pollution levels caused by the industries are assessed by air monitoring and a futuristic idea about
the pollution levels are determined using various air pollutant dispersion models. The magnitude of air pollutant
concentrations in surrounding areas is a function of local meteorological conditions, stack emission rates and
topography. The predicted pollutant levels show the spatial distribution of pollutants and hence indicate air quality
and assimilative capacity of the atmosphere over the given area. This serve as a tool for setting guidelines for
safe working hours for industries and number of industries that can be accommodated in given area. Fig 2.1
shows the study area with its salient features.

FFF!?<86CDAE7;=AEB@6>C!7A?     $$(
 Midas Touch International Journal of Commerce, Management and Technology
Volume 2, No. 1, January- 2014 ISSN: 2320 -7787

Fig. 2.1 Study area and location of industries

4 Methodologies
Determination of pollution load on atmosphere over a given area requires a detailed approach about the types of
polluting sources. Hence, in order to know the exact pollutant load on the atmosphere and to run the ISCST3
model, a precise emission inventory was prepared. The nature of terrain of study area was determined by using
Google Earth and contour map was plotted by SURFER. Wind data(s) were collected over a period of five years
i.e., between 2006 and 2010 from Agro-Research and Meteorology Centre, Naganahalli, Mandya. Wind data(s)
were recorded twice a day (7:00 Hrs and 14:30 Hrs) using anemometer placed at an altitude of 10m above the
ground. The anemometer is inter-phased with computer and is of self recording type. The yearly variations in wind
flow pattern over Mysore are presented in Table 3.1. The Respective windrose plots were done using WR plot
View. The MMD data(s) were collected from Atlas of Mean Mixing Height (Attri et al., 2008). For AAQS using
ISCST3, lowest of ambient air temperature, wind velocities and their respective directions were considered so as
to predict dispersion of SO2 and NOx for worst case scenario presented in table 3.2.

Table 3.1 Seasonal variations of wind velocity and direction over Mysore for five years.

Wind Data
Year Season Velocity
Direction
(m/s)
Winter 0.93 258& 22’
2006 Premonsoon 1.61 49& 44’
Postmonsoon 2.05 29& 24’
Winter 0.92 263& 08’
2007 Premonsoon 1.68 41& 01’
Postmonsoon 1.78 25& 24’
Winter 0.81 263& 25’
2008 Premonsoon 1.61 51& 75’
Postmonsoon 1.52 15& 00’
Winter 0.94 230& 33’
2009 Premonsoon 1.62 27& 58’
Postmonsoon 1.97 332& 17’
Winter 0.86 218& 00’
2010 Premonsoon 1.37 28& 13’
Postmonsoon 1.73 15& 48’

FFF!?<86CDAE7;=AEB@6>C!7A?     $$)
 Midas Touch International Journal of Commerce, Management and Technology
Volume 2, No. 1, January- 2014 ISSN: 2320 -7787

Table 3.2 Worst case scenario meteorological conditions considered for AAQS.

Meteorological Years
Season
Parameters 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
MMD (Mts) 80 80 80 80 80
Winter Wind Velocity 0.71 0.60 0.84 0.85 0.82
Wind Direction 258.36 246.11 263.43 230.55 218
MMD (Mts) 140 140 140 140 140
Pre-Monsoon Wind Velocity 0.96 1.06 1.07 1.05 1.05
Wind Direction 37.35 19.65 26.98 18.28 32.25
MMD (Mts) 95 95 95 95 95
Post-
Wind Velocity 0.95 0.78 0.63 1.24 1.14
Monsoon
Wind Direction 29.4 25.4 15 27.7 8.75

4 Results and conclusions

Ambient Air Quality Modelling for Industrial Area of Mysore was conducted using ISCST3 and the resulting
isopleths were plotted using SURFER. Using the industrial stack emission data(s) provided by Karnataka State
Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) and the worst possible meteorological conditions, the pollutant dispersion
studies were conducted for a study period of five years. Assimilative capacity of industrial area, Mysore was
determined under various meteorological conditions, which does not favour the pollutant dispersion. In order to
classify the industrial area, isopleth plots have been used as per Indian Air Quality Standards. The AAQMS
showed that, even under worst meteorological condition, for the present emission load from industries, the
ambient atmosphere over industrial area of Mysore can safely assimilate the present emission loads. A total of
150 isopleth plots were done for various conditions. Following conclusions have been made from the study.

9 The results of categorized emission inventory showed that the percentage emissions from industrial
processes, D.G sets and industrial boilers for SO 2 are 58 %, 36 % and 6 %. Similarly for NO2 are 32 % and 68
% respectively with marginal variations in emission rates over a period of five years i.e., from 2006-10.

9 The MMD values over Mysore industrial area was found to be in a range of 60 m to 1625 m. The lowest mean
mixing depth of 60 m was observed above the ground during winter season at 7:00 Hrs. The highest MMD
value recorded was 1625 above ground level at 14:00 Hrs during pre-monsoon.

Fig. 4.1 Isopleth plot for SO2 (2010, Post-Monsoon)

FFF!?<86CDAE7;=AEB@6>C!7A?     $$*
 Midas Touch International Journal of Commerce, Management and Technology
Volume 2, No. 1, January- 2014 ISSN: 2320 -7787
9 The ambient air quality monitoring data at eleven monitoring stations inclusive of the two newly established
3
stations revealed that the concentrations of SO 2 and NO2 at all stations were < 80 µg/m for industrial areas
as per NAAQS.
9 The isopleths plot for winter season showed that the pollutants were dispersing towards South-West of
industrial area with concentrations of SO2 and NO2 traversing Hootagally residential area and boundary of
3 3
North-Western part of Mysore city was found to be 200 µg/m and 100 µg/m and plots for other two seasons
such as pre-monsoon and post-monsoon showed that the pollutants were traversing the Mysore – Bangalore
3
highway towards North-East of the industrial area with concentrations of SO 2 and NO2 of 160 µg/m and 240
3 3
µg/m which are exceeding the recommended limit of 80 µg/m as per NAAQS for rural areas.

Acknowledgments:
Thanks to KSPCB, Mysore for providing the industrial emission data and setting up of AAQ monitoring stations.

References
" Al-Rashidi, M. S., Nassehi, V., and Wakeman, R. (2005). Air quality modelling of sulphur dioxide emission
from power plants in Kuwait; international conference on modeling, monitoring and management of air
pollution No13, Cordoba, Spain. Air Pollution, XIII, 79–87.
" Abdul-Wahab, S. A. (2003). SO2 dispersion and monthly evaluation of industrial source complex short-
term (ISCST3) model at Mina Al-Falal Refinery, Oman. Environmental Management, 32(2), 276–291.
" Abdul-Wahab, S. A., Al-Alawi, S. M., & El-Zawahry, A. (2002). Patterns of SO2 emissions: a refinery case
study. Environmental Modelling & Software, 17(6), 563–570.
" Andretta, M., Bruzzi, L., Pianni, C., & Righi, S. (2004). A benchmark of two different simulation models for
air quality evaluation in a complex industrial area. In C. A. Brebbia (Ed.), Fourth international conference
on computer simulation in risk analysis and hazard mitigation, 27–29 September 2004—Rhodes, Greece
(pp. 629–638). Southampton: WIT.
" Attri, S.D., Siddhartha Singh, Mukhopadhyay and Bhatnagar A.K. (2008). Atlas of hourly mixing height
and assimilative capacity of atmosphere in India, Environment Meteorology, India Meteorological
Department.
" Bandyopadhyay, A. (2009). Prediction of ground level concentration of sulfur dioxide using ISCST3 model
in Mangalore industrial region of India. Clean Techn Environ Policy, 11, 173–188.Policy, 11, 173–188.
" Bhanakar, A. D., Goyal, S. K., Sivacoumar, R., & Rao, C. V. (2005). Assessment of contribution of
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from different sources in Jamshedpur region, India. Atmospheric
Environment, 39(2005), 7745– 7760.
" Fushmi, A., Kawashima, H., & Kaajihara, H. (2005). Source appointment based on an atmospheric
dispersion model and multiple linear regression analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 39(7), 1323–1334.
" Goyal, P., Rama Krishna, T.V.B.P.S. and Sankalp Anand (2003) Assimilative capacity and dispersion of
pollutants in Delhi, Atmospheric sciences, 69, A, No.6, 775-784.
" Goyal, S.K. and Chalapati Rao, C.V. (2006) Air assimilative capacity-based environment friendly siting of
new industries - A case study of Kochi region, India, Journal of Environmental Pollution.
" Sivacoumar, R., Bhanakar, A. D., Goyal, S. K., & Aggrawal, A. L. (2001). Air pollution modeling for an
industrial complex and model performance evaluation. Environmental Pollution, III(3), 471–477.
" Ramakrishna, T., Reddy, M., & Sing, R. (2005). Impact of industrial complex on the ambient air quality,
case-study using a dispersion model.Atmospheric Environment, 39 (29), 5395–5409.
" Ramakrishna, T., Reddy, M., & Sing, R. (2005). Impact of industrial complex on the ambient air quality,
case-study using a dispersion model.Atmospheric Environment, 39 (29), 5395–5409.

FFF!?<86CDAE7;=AEB@6>C!7A?     $$+

View publication stats