3 ART & CULTURE : INDIA

DANCE
Classical Dances
Classical States Exponents Related Styles
Daces
Odishi Odisha Kelucharan Mahaptara, Mahars Devadasi,
Originated in Pankaj Charan Das, Gotipua, Tribhanga
2nd century B.C., Hare Krishna Behera, Mangalacharan
based on the Sonal Mansingh, Pallavi, Tarijhuma,
Natya Shastra, Kabita Dwivedi, Kiran Moksha, Majura
Originated in temple Sehgal, Madhvi Mudgal,
during King Khaarvela Sharon Lewon, Myrta
reign, woven around Barvil, Indarani Rahman,
Tribhanga pose Priyambada Mohanty.
Bharata Tamil Rukmini Devi Sadir, Devadasi,
Natyam Nadu Arundale Padanallur, Tanjore
Popular in (of Kalakhestra Fame) Alarippu, Jatiswaran,
South eastern T Balasarswathi, Yamini Shabdam, Varnanri-
of India .It Krishna Murthy, Padma tya, Thillana
follows principle Subramaniyam, Mrinal-
of Natyashastra. ini Sarabhai, Vaijayanti-
It is a solo dance mala Bali, Leela Samson.
by women.
Kuchipudi Andhra T Balasarswathi, Esther Bhagavatalu,
It is a variation of Pradesh Sherman, Bhagavata Themes,
of Bharatnatyam. Indrani Rahman, Manduka, Shabdam
It originated Swapna Sundari, Sobha Balagopala Tavrang,
in a place called Naidu, Raja Reddy, Tala Chitra Nritya
Kuchelapur. Radha Reddy, Vempati
Performed by man Chinna Satyam,
attired like women. Satyanarayanan Sharma,
Sudha Sekhara, Rajaram
Rao, G Sarala.
Kathakali Kerala Mukunda Raja (of Open air stage,
(Ballet of East) Kalmandalam fame), facial make up,
Originated in Koppan Nair, Shanta Thiranottam
Courts of Kings in Rao, Kanak Rele, Geeta
which a story is Ganguly, V Kunju
related to the dance. Kurupu, Gopinathan
Krishnan, VN Menon.
Mohiniattam Kerala Vitho Narayan It has elements of
In the 19th Menon, Kalyani Amma both Kathakali &
century the King Shanta Rao, Roshan Bharatnattyam
of Travancore Vajifdar, Bharati
Swatitirunal Shivaji, Kanak Rele.
enouraged this
dance.

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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Classical States Exponents Related Styles

Daces
Manipuri Manipur Jhaveri Sisters, Charu Kamba Thoibi
Mathur, Sadhona Bose, Pung drum,Choloms
Bipin Singh, Rita Devi, like Pung Cholom,
Savita Mehta, Tandor Kartal Cholom,
Devi. Dhol Cholom,
Rasleela, Tandava,
gorgeous
costumes.
Kathak U.P. Birju Maharaj,Kalka– Rasleela,
Flourished Binda Gharana, Nautch, four
in North Indian Kumdini Lakhia, Gharanas, Salami,
princely states Damayanti Joshi,Rani Vandana, Aamad,
Jaipur, Lucknow Karna, Saswati Sen, Gatnikaas,
and Banaras. Roshan Kumari, Gopi Padhant, Karmalya,
It is a dance based Krishna, Sitara Devi, Ballets.
on story from Sambhu Maharaj,
epic about Radha Ananda Shankar,Shovna
and Krishna Narayan, Bhandana
Mangal, Kulgrani Bhatt,
Gitanjali Lal.
Sattriya Assam Moniram Dutta Muktiyar Devotional aspect of
This dance form was Barbayan, Bapuram Bayan dance and narrates
introduced by the Attai, Pradip Chaliha, mythological stories
Vaishnava saint Manik Barbayan, Jogen of Vishnu, Borgeet,
Shankardeva in 15th Dutta Bayan, Anita dance posture along
century A.D. The art Sarma, Sarodi Saikia with footwork, hand
form derives its name gesture and footwork,
from the Vaishnava Gayan-Bhayanar and
Monasteries known Kharmanar Nach,
as Sattras. The Dance Sutradhari, Rajaghoria,
Form was an amalga- Chali, Jhumura,
mation of Ojapali and Krishna Nritya.
Devdasi dance.

FOLK, TRIBAL AND REGIONAL DANCES

Jammu & Kashmir :
➤ Rauf : by women during harvest,
➤ Hikat : expression of joy and love
by boys and girls, Damali : by
men in temple,
➤ Lhapas & Manipas : Ladakh,
➤ Dandi Nacha : bomboostic dance,
➤ Dumhal, Bhacha Nagma,
Chhakri, Kud, Phumania : by
Wattal Tribe
Punjab :
➤ Giddha : by women at harvest,
➤ Bhangra : by both men & women
Rajasthan :
➤ Chakri serpent, Gangore, Ginad,
Gopika Leela, Kalibelia, Jhulan,
Jhumar, Khayal, Susini.
Haryana :
➤ Daph, Dhamal, Gugga, Gagor,
Jhumar, Koria, Loor, Phag.
Himachal Pradesh :
➤ Bhavi, Chharba, Dangi, Jadda,
Jhainta, Kinnaur, Mahasu,
Thoda, Thali.
Gujarat :
➤ Bhavi, Garba, Dandiya Rass,
Tripani, Gomph, Zeriyun, Gheriya
Raas.

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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Uttar Pradesh : PUPPET DANCES
➤ Rass leela, Dadra, Kajari, Jhora, Kathaputli : Rajasthan
Nautanki, Chappeli. Sakhi Kundhei : Odisha
Bihar/Jharkhand : Pudda Nach : Assam
➤ Jatra, Natua, Jijhiya, Barlanga Malasutri Bahuly : Maharashtra
Dance, Karma, Kathaputli,
Bommalattam : Tamil Nadu
Bakho, Jat-Jatin, Paika, Biraha,
Samachakya. Tolpavakootu : Kerala
Madhya Pradesh : Kundeinachhha : Odisha
➤ Dagla, Jawara, Ghera. Pava Kathakali : Kerala
Odisha : Kathikundhei : Odisha
➤ Dandanatta, Chhau, Yatra, Gombeyatta : Karnataka
Ghumara, Bharat Leela, Dalkhai, Yampuri : Bihar
Chaitri Ghorha, Jadur. Putul Nacch : West Bengal
Maharashtra : Ravanchhaya : Odisha
➤ Katha, Tamasha, Lavani, Gafa,
Karku, Mauni, Dahikala, Lezim. MARTIAL DANCES
Bengal : Gatka : Punjab
➤ Kathi Dance, Baul dance, Chhau, Paika : Odisha
Brita Thag Ta : Manipur
Assam : Kalaripayattu : Kerala
➤ Canoe Dance, Tabal Chongbi Choliya : Uttarakhand
(Holi), Rakhal Leela, Bihu, Khela, Pang Lhabosol : Sikkim
Gopala, Jata Jatin
Kolkali
Manipur :
Parichakali : Kerla & Lakshdweep
➤ Ras Dances, Khamba Thoibi,
Pung, Cholan DRAMA
Andhra Pradesh : Modern Drama In India
➤ Ghanta Mardala, Banjara, ➤ Geratin Lebedev - began drama
Burrakatha (1795)
Karnataka : ➤ Krishnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar -
➤ Huttari, Suggi, Yakshagana, Kichaka Vadha
Dholu Kunitha, Bhootha Aradhane
➤ Aga Harsha Kashmir - Urdu
Tamil Nadu :
Theatere (Shakespeare of India)
➤ Kolattam, Kavadiattam, Karagam,
➤ Bhartendu Harish Chandra -
Kummi
Bharat Durdasa
Kerala :
➤ Mohan Rakesh-Ashadha Ka Ek
➤ Kudiyattam, Kaliyattam,
Kaikottikali, Ottam Tullal, Sari, Din, Adhe Adhure, Lahraon Ka
Tappatrikkali, Padayani Rajhansa
Uttarakhand ➤ Dharmaveer Bharati- Andha Yuga
➤ Jhumelia, Chaunfla, Harkia Baul, ➤ Vijay Tendulkar-Ghasiram Kotwale
Chholiya ➤ Habib Tanvir - Mitti Ki Gadis,
Lakhsadweep : Charandas Chor
➤ Lava, Bhavada ➤ Girish Kannad - Yajati, Tughlaq,
Tripura : Hayavadan
➤ Hajagiri ➤ Babban Khan - Adrak Ke Panje
Nagaland : ➤ Sanjana Kapoor - Prithvi Theatre.
➤ Bamboo dance, Kabui

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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Folk Theatres
Theatre State Importance
Mudiyettu Kerala performed as a ritual in Kali
temples
Krishnattam Tamil Nadu depiction of life of Lord Krishna
Kudiyattam Kerala elaborate presentation of Sanskrit
dramas
Theyyam Kerala a form of ancestor worship
Ankianat Assam an one act play about religious
themes
Bhavai Rajasthan rituals to propitiate the mother
Goddess
Saang Haryana legend, dancing & singing interwo-
ven with comic scenes
Jashin Jammu & honouring Gods & have end with
Kashmir comedy. Actors mingle with people
Keryala Himachal about questions of life & death
Pradesh
Khyal Rajasthan cultural & social education through
singing & musical instruments
Tamasha Maharashtra a singing & dancing party about
political & social themes
Therukkoothu Tamil Nadu a street theatre of dance & music
Yatra Odisha about social & religious themes
Zaratra (Zatuas) Goa annual celebration of a particular
deity of a particular temples
Nautanki Uttar Pradesh a music theatre
Macha Madhya stage shows on the day of Holi
Pradesh about mythological stories
Rasleela Uttar Pradesh about life of Lord Krishna

➤ Folk theatres of Ancient and Medieval India have been described in the
uparupakas by Sanskrit dramaturgists.
➤ It was Tulsidas who first started the tradition of performing plays nar-
rating the story of Lord Rama at Kasi.
MODERN THEATRE
➤ The year 1801 marked the by Bijon Bhattacharya and di-
begining of Modern Indian the- rected by Sambhu Mitra.
atre, when Prassanna Kumar ➤ Bahuroopi is a Sambhu Mitra's
Thakur established Hindi Rang drama group which is popular in
Mancha at Calcutta. Bengal.
➤ The popular play Sita Swayamvar
➤ Girish Chandra Ghosh is related
was directed by Vishnu Das
with Brocial dramas.
Bhave.
➤ D.L.Roy is related with histori- ➤ Popular plays Giddha, Kamala
cal plays. and Shakkaram Binder are writ-
➤ The drama ‘Navanna’ is written ten by Vijay Tendulkar.

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MUSIC
➤ Earliest text was Bharat Muni’s
Natya Shastra
➤ Science of Music : Gandharva
Veda
➤ Sama veda contains : The
method of recital of music
➤ Brihaddesi by Matanga defines &
classified the Ragas
➤ Baiju Babra is father of
Hindustani Music.
➤ Haridas Swami, Guru of Tansen,
modified ancient style of
Dhrupad.
➤ Wazid Ali Shah is considered as
the innovator of the Thumari
form.
➤ The Nawab of Rampur devised a
system of notation and classifi-
cation of Ragas under 'Thats'.
➤ Mustak Hussain Khan, Haffeez
Ahmad Khan and Ustad Fida
Hussain Khan popularised
Hindustani vocal music in the
west.
➤ The origin of Khayal is attributed
to Amir Khusro.
➤ Qawwali is an innovation of Amir
Khusro.
➤ Mirza Galib is regarded as the
father of Ghazals.
➤ Dhun is free from formal ragas
desciplines composed on the ba-
sis of folk music.
➤ Gat is a well–defined composition
and it is preceded by the Alap.
➤ Dhamur Veena the bow shaped
harp is considered the oldest
insturment.
➤ Tamil and Dravidian music de-
rived inspiration from Thevaram
and Silpadikaram.
➤ The Golden age of the Carnatic
music was the period of
Venkatamakhin.
➤ Carnatic music reached its zenith
when Shyama Shatri,
Muthuswami Dikshithar,
Thyagaraja, and Swathi Tirunal
elevated the standard with their
exuberant compositions.
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ART & CULTURE : INDIA
➤ Kirtis a new component of
Carnatic music was created by
Thallappakkam Annammacharya
between 1425 and 1530 A.D.
➤ Purandaradasa (1460-1564) en-
couraged kirtis.
➤ The 17th century saw the glory
of ‘Padmas’ songs composed by
the great musician kshetrangna.
➤ New forms that came in exist-
ence in 18th century are -Pada
varnas, Tana Varnas, Swarajati,
Jatiswara, Ragwhalika, Tillanas,
Javalis etc.
➤ Subbarama Dikshitar (1859-
1906) produced the “Sangeetha
Sampradaya Pradarshani” which
consisted of his collection of Rag
Lakshmas, Gamakas, Songs,
Varnas,Ragamalikas etc.
➤ In the 19th and 20th century
musician like Veenai Dhanammal,
Maha Vaidyanatha Iyer, and
Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar con-
tributed to the Carnatic Music.
➤ Nadopasakas of the 20th century,
with their excellent renderings
and compositions enlarged the
dimensions of music further.
HINDUSTANI MUSIC
➤ This music type developed in
Northern India.
➤ The Hindustani branch of music
focuses more on the musical
structure and the possibilities of
improvisation in it.
➤ The Hindustani branch adopted
a scale of Shudha Swara Saptaka
or the ‘Octave of Natural notes’.
➤ There are ten main style of sing-
ing in Hindustani music like the
Dhrupad, Dhamar, Hori, Khayal,
Chaturang, Ragasagar, Tarana,
Sargam and Thumri.
➤ It has six primary ragas i.e.
Bhairava, Kaushika, Hindola,
Dipak, Sri raga, & Megh.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Six Ragas
ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Ragas Timing Moods

Bhairava Dawn awe & fear
Kaushika Night joy
Hindola Night laughter
Dipak Afternoon love
Megh Morning calm
Sriraga Evening peace

GHARANAS
These are musical dialects based on individual temperaments, vocal
capacity and musical aptitude.
Name Place Founder
Gwalior Gharana Gwalior Nanthan Khan
Agra Gharana Agra Haji Sujan Khan
Rangeela Gharana Agra Faiyyaz Khan
Jaipur Atroli Jaipur Alladiya Khan
Kirana Gharana Avadh Abdul Wahid Khan

Singer Gharanas Singer Gharanas

Bhimsen Joshi Kirana Pandit Jasraj Mewati
Kishori Amolkar Jaipur Gangubhai Hangal Kirana
Mallikarjun Mansur Gwalior Sharafat Hussein Khan Agra
Ghulam Ali Agra
CARNATIC MUSIC
➤ This music type developed in Southern Part of India which includes
Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
➤ The music is Kriti based and focuses more on the Saahitya or lyric quality
of the musical piece.
➤ The Kriti is a highly evolved musical song set to a certain taga and fixed
tala or rhythmic cycle.
Carnatic Music
Types Meaning
Ragam-Tanam- Eleborate rhythmic and melodic variation in
Pallavi unmeasured sense.
Kritti-Kirtnai Most popular. It refers to devotional music laced with
poetic beauty.
Varnam Performed at the beginning of a concert. It is a com-
pletely composed piece, designed to show the char-
acteristic phrases.
Padam Slower tempoed love songs referring to the human
yearning for the adored God head.
Javalis Faster tempoed love songs with direct description
of human love.
Tillana Meaningful phrases are interspersed with a variety
of meaningless syllables.

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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Difference between Hindustani Music and Carnatic Music
Points of Hindustani Music Carnatic Music
Difference
Influence Arab, Persian and Afghan Indigenous
Freedom scope for artists to improvise No freedom to improvise
Sub style several subtypes related Only one particular
with ‘Gharanas’ prescribed style of singing.
Ragas 6 major ragas 72 ragas
Time Adheres to time Doesn’t adhere to any time
Need for Equally important as vocals More emphasis on vocal
Instrument music
Instruments Tabla, Sarangi, Sitar and Veena, Mrindangum and
Santoor. Mandolin
Association North India South India
to parts of
India
Folk Music
➤ Each state of India has its own form of music that is the basis of their
cultural affirmation, the folk tradition is the music of the people and
has no hard and fast rules.
➤ Wonawan : It is the folk music from Kashmir, sung during wedding cer-
emonies and is considerered very auspicious.
➤ Pandwani : It is the folk music of Chhattisgarh, which is based on grand
epic Mahabharata. Well known artists Tijanbai related with this music.
➤ Alha : This is the folk music of Madhya Pradesh and Bundel Khanda
(U.P.), it is a heroic ballad song with intricate words.
➤ Ovi : This is music of Maharashtra & Goa, sung by women.
➤ Pai song : It is folk music of Madhya Pradesh sung during festivals.
➤ Maand : It is folk music of Rajasthan. The songs are usually about the
bards singing the glory of the Rajput Rulers.
➤ Powada : It is folk music of Maharashtra. They are usually ballads sung
for the heros of the post like Shivaji.
➤ Khongjom Parva : It is an important folk music from the state of
Manipur.
➤ Sohar : It is folk song of Bihar, sung during childbirth.
➤ Bhagawati : It is folk song of Karnataka & Maharashtra.

FAMOUS PERSONALITIES
➤ Rabinadranath Tagore : Composed unique songs under the title of
Rabindra Sangeet.
➤ Kazi Nazrul Islam : The famous patriotic poet of Bengal.
➤ Subramaniam Bharati : Famous patriotic poet of Tamil literature.
➤ Amir Khusrau : At the court of Alauddin Khilji. He invented Sitar, Khayal
& Qawwali. He invented Rekht, the precursor of Urdu language.
➤ Sadarang School : A school of Hindustani Music founded by Nyamat
Khan. Took Khayal singing to its peak.

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 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
➤ Adarang School : A school of
ART & CULTURE : INDIA
Hindustani Music founded by
Firoz Khan. It was known for its
exquisite beauty & philosophical
content in Khayal singing.
➤ Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande :
Founded Morris College of Music
at Lucknow. His pen name was
Chatura. His works are
Hindustani Sangeet Padhati,
Abhinava Raga Manjari, A short
Historical Survey of Music of Up-
per India, Lakhya Sangeeta etc.
➤ Vishnu Digambar Paluskar : A
great musician, he founded
Gandharva Mahavidyalaya &
Prayag Samiti. His Ram-dhun mu-
sic, i.e. Raghupati Raghaba was
sung during the Dandi March.
➤ Tansen : Adorned the court of
Akbar. He authored Sangeeta
Sara & Ragmala. He established
Senia Gharana.
➤ Parandaradasa : Father of the
Karnataka (Carnatic) music. He
was the first to standardized
teaching methods of music in In-
dia. He wrote Maya Malavagaula.
➤ Muthuswami Dikhsitar : A well–
known exponent of Karnataka
music. He composed various
ragas of Karnataka music. He in-
vented techniques with certain
complex use of varying tempo.
He innovated Violin in India.
➤ Thyagaraj : He was one of Trin-
ity of Karnataka music-two oth-
ers being Shyama Shastri &
Swati Tirunal. His famous work
is Bhakti Vijayam.
➤ Vidyaratna : He put Karnataka
music on scientific lines. He
wrote Sangitasastra.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS &
PERSONS
➤ Flute : Hari Prasad Chaurasia,
Rajendra Prasada, Subhash
Kamat, Narayan Ghosh, T
Mahalingam
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➤ Tabla : Ala Rakha Khan, Zakir
Hussein, Ustad Shafat Ahmad
Khan, Latif Khan, Sheikh Da-
wood, Fazl Quereshi, Swapna
Choudhuri
➤ Violin : L Subramanyam, T N
Krishnan, Lalgudi Jayaraman, L
Shankar, N Rajan, B Sunderra-
jan
➤ Veena : S Balachander, Do-
raiswamy Iyenger, Kalyan Krishna
➤ Sitar : Pt. Ravishankar, Nishat
Khan, Debu Choudhary, Shujjat
Akhan, Imrat Khan, Shamim
Ahmed Khan
➤ Veena : Vishvamohan Bhatta,
Arsad Ali Khan
➤ Shehnai : Bismillah Khan
➤ Sarangi : Ramvatar Shashtri,
Sabri Khan, Hanuman Mishra,
Ram Narain
➤ Santoor : Shiv Kumar Sharma,
Nandu Mule, Bhajan Sapori, Vi-
raswami Pillai
➤ Harmonium : Purushottam Wal-
awalker, Appa Jalgaonkar
➤ Pakhaj : Pagal Das, Chatrapati
Singh
➤ Mridangam : Mani Ayyar, U Shi-
varaman
➤ Sarod : Debashish Bhattacharya,
Zarin Daroowala, Brij Narayan,
Amjad Ali Khan Bangash
PAINTINGS
Prehistroic Paintings
➤ Bhimbetka, Jogimara, Adamgarh,
Mirzapur, Kupagallu
➤ Rock Painting
➤ Depiction of hunting & animal
scenes, also have some social
scenes.
➤ This period mainly sees the use
of red colour.
Cave Painting
➤ Ajanta-Ellora (Maharashtra), Bagh
(M.P.), Sittanavasal (T.N.)
➤ The walls of the caves have both
murals and fresco paintings i.e.
painted on wet plaster. They use
tempera style, i.e. use of pig-
ments.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
➤ ➤ The charateristics of this school
Buddhist & Hindu religious &
mythology were themes. Impor-
tant among them are Dieing
Princes, Mother & Child (all at
Ajanta)
➤ At Sittanavasal, the theme is
Jaina religion
Pala School
➤ In Bengal
➤ IIIustrations on palm leaf and
paper manuscripts and on the
wooden covers.
➤ Inspired by Vajrayana School of
Buddhism.
Lepakshi School
➤ In Vijayanagar
➤ On temple ceilings
➤ Characterised by earth stones
and absence of blue colour.
Mewar School
➤ In Mewar of Rajasthan
➤ Known as Ragamala paintings.
Mainly on life of Krishna & his
frolic with gopis.
Marwar School
➤ In Jodhpur and Nagaur
➤ Influenced by Mughal School
➤ Bold expression with broad fish
eyes & highly stylized trees.
Kishangarh School
➤ A type of Rajasthani painting
➤ Lyrical beauty in its content
➤ Love scences of Radha and
Krishna.
Bundi School
➤ In Kotah and Bundi regions
➤ About court scenes, nobles & lov-
ers
Apabhramsa School
➤ This School of painting originated
either in Mewar of Rajasthan. It
is debated.
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ART & CULTURE : INDIA
are :
● Bulging eyes (fish–shaped)
● Pointed nose ● Double Chin
● Predominant Chests ● Dis-
torted hands and stiff figure ●
Use of bright and gold colours
● Animals and birds repre-
sented like toys ● Lack of natu-
ral scenes ● Decorated margins
Mughal School
➤ Although painting is treated as
against Islam, it spread and de-
veloped under the Mughals and
a new combination of Indo-Per-
sian style developed under
them. These paintings also had
Buddhist and Central Asian and
Mongoloid influences.
➤ The characterestics of this
school are :
● Use of brilliant colours ● Vari-
ety of themes ● Ornamentation
● Realism ● Accuracy in line
drawing ● Details and intrica-
cies ● Perspective
Pahari Painting
➤ In hill areas of Punjab and
Himachal Pradesh. Main theme
is love.
➤ Basohli - famous for primitive
vigour and fierce vitality, bold
lines and brilliant hot colours.
➤ Guler - lyrical and cool depiction
of women in the absence of their
lovers
➤ Kangra - fine and melodious -
lines with female figures depict-
ing delicate graces of feminism.
➤ Developed in kangra, Kullu,
Chamba and Mandi region of
Himachal Pradesh.
➤ Subjects of painting are Gita
Govinda, Bhagwata Purana, Satsai
of Biharilal and Nal Damyanti.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Hyderabadi Style
ART & CULTURE : INDIA
➤ Consists of Bijapuri and
Golconda court paintings.
➤ Inspired by Mughal School
➤ Potrays royal taste in fruits,
scented flowers and pets.
Tanjore Style
➤ Famous for its Glass painting
➤ Themes related to Vishnu, Shiva
& Krishana
➤ Paintings made on Jackwood
pasted with unbleached cloth.
Mysore Paintings
➤ Paintings developed in Southern
Karnataka.
➤ Major themes are the depiction
of Hindu gods and goddesses.
➤ In this paintings ‘gesso paste’ is
used which is a mixture of Zinc
oxide and Arabic gum.
Madhubani Style
➤ Developed in Mithila region of
Bihar.
➤ Common themes are religious
motifs of the Hindus, including
Krishna, Rama, Durga, Lakshmi
and Shiva.
➤ Flowers, trees, animals, symbols,
etc are used to fill any gaps in
the paintings.
➤ Traditionally, these were painted
on walls using rice paste and
vegetable colours on a base of
cow dung and mud.
Pattachitra
➤ It is a traditional painting of
Odisha.
➤ Painted on cloth.
➤ The themes of these paintings are
Jagannath and Vaishnava cult,
sometimes from Shakti and
Shaiva cults.
➤ Raghurajpur on Odisha is known
for this art form.
➤ Pattachitra on palm leaf is known
as talapattachitra.
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Patua Style
➤ This art developed in Bengal.
➤ Traditionally these were painted
on cloth and told religious sto-
ries.
➤ These paintings are done on pats
or scrolls.
Pithoro Style
➤ Gujarat tribal paintings
Kalighat Painting
➤ Developed in Kolkata is 19th cen-
tury.
➤ Water colours were used.
➤ The paintings depicted religious
note, especially Hindu Gods and
Goddesses.
Kalamkari Paintings
➤ Developed in Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu.
➤ Kalam made of sharp pointed
bamboo, the base is cotton fab-
ric while the colours used are
vegetable dyes.
➤ The paintings depicts hindu my-
thology also chartwheel, lotus
flower, animals and interlacing
patterns of flowers and leaves.
Paitkar Paintings
➤ Developed in Jharkhand as scroll
painting.
➤ These paintings are linked to the
social and religious customs in-
cluding giving alms and holding
yajnas.
Tanjore Glass Paintings
➤ Its origin can be traced to the
downfall of the Vijayanagar when
a group of artist migrated to
Mysore and Tanjore. It consists
of pictures of child Krishna and
other favourite divinities. It uses
vivid colours on glass.
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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

ART, ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE
Important Caves
Caves Place/State Importance
Barabara & Gaya/Bihar donated to Ajivika sects
Nagarjuni
Elephanta Mumbai Brahmanical temples flanked by el-
ephant statues
Kanheri Konkan Buddhist Chaitya
Jogeswari Salsette/ Mahayan Architecture
Maharashtra
Montpezir Maharashtra Portuguese settlement ruins
Karle Maharashtra Hinayana Chaitya
Bhaja Maharashtra 18 Buddhist caves built for nuns
Bedsa Maharashtra Chaitya supported by Elephant
carved pillars
Ellora Aurangabad Rashtrakuta & Chalukya temples
Ajanta Aurangabad Fresco Paintings
Aihole & Karnataka Consists of 70 temples of Nagar
Badami style of different religions
Nasik Maharashtra 23 Buddhist caves
Junagarh Gujarat Buddhist caves
Bagh Madhya Pradesh frescos & stone Sculpture
(Malwa)
Undavalli Andhra Pradesh Granite Vishnu Statue
Udayagiri & Odisha Built by Kharavela for Jaina
Khandagiri monks

Important Monument/Structure
Monument/Structure Ruler Location
Quwat-ul-Islam Qutubuddin Aibak Delhi
Adhai Din ka Jhonpra Qutubuddin Aibak Ajmer
Qutub Minar Qutubbudin Aibak, Delhi
Iltutmish
Tomb of Iltutmish Iltutmish Delhi
Sultan Garhi Iltutmish Delhi
Balban’s Tomb Balban Delhi
Alai Darwaja Alauddin Khalji Delhi
Siri Alauddin Khalji Delhi
Hauz Khas Alauddin Khalji Delhi
Mahal Hazaar Sitoon Alauddin Khalji Delhi
Jamait Khana Mosque Alauddin Khalji Delhi
Tughlaqabad Fort Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Delhi
Tomb of Khan-i-Jahan Jauna Shah Delhi
Maqbul
Tomb of Sikander Lodhi Ibrahim Lodhi Delhi
Jhanjhr Mosque Ibrahim Shah Sharqi Jaunpur
Lal Darwaza Mosque Hussain Shah Sharqi Jaunpur
Atala Devi Masjid Ibrahim Shah Sharqi Jaunpur

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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

Monument/Structure Ruler Location

Jami Masjid Ahmedshah Gujarat
Tomb of Ahmedshah Muhammad Shah Gujarat
Nagina Mosque Mahmud Begarah Gujarat
Jami Masjid Husang Shah Malwa
Hindola Mahal Husang Shah Malwa
Jahaz Mahal Mahmud-I Malwa
Tomb of Husang Shah Mahmud-I Malwa
Palaces of Baaz Bahadur
and Rupamati Nasiruddin Shah Malwa
Adina Mosque Sikandar Shah Bengal
Bara Sona Masjid Nusrat Shah Bengal
Qadam Rasool Masjid Nusrat Shah Bengal
Char Minar Quli Qutubshah Deccan
Jami Masjid (Gulbarga) Alauddin Bahman Shah Deccan
Gole Gumbad Muhammad Adil Shah Deccan
Kabulibagh Mosque Babur Panipat
Jam-i-Masjid Ruhelkhand Sambhal
Fatehabad Mosque Humayun Punjab
Dinpanah city Humayun Delhi
Tomb of Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Sasaram (Bihar)
Qila-i-khuna Mosque Sher Shah Delhi
Purana Qila Sher shah Delhi
Humayun’s Tomb Hamida Begum Delhi
Agra fort Akbar Agra
Jahangiri Mahal Akbar Agra
Lahore fort Akbar Lahore
Fatehpur Sikri Akbar Sikri near Agra
Diwan-i-Am Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Diwan-i-Khas Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Buland Darwaza Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Jodha Bai Palace Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Panch Mahal Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Jami Masjid Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Salim Chishti’s Tomb Akbar Fatehpur Sikri
Akbar’s Tomb Sikandra Jahangir
Tomb of Itimadud Daula Nur Jahan Agra
Jahangir’s Tomb Nur Jahan Lahore
Diwan-i-Am Shah Jahan Agra
Diwan-i-Khas Shah Jahan Agra
Rang Mahal Shah Jahan Agra
Moti Masjid Shah Jahan Agra
Red Fort Shah Jahan Delhi
Jama Masjid Shah Jahan Delhi
Taj Mahal Shah Jahan Agra
Shahjahanabad Shah Jahan Delhi
Shah Burj Shah Jahan Lahore
Rabia ud Dawan’s Tomb Aurangzeb Aurangabad
Badshahi Mosque Aurangzeb Lahore
Moti Masjid Aurangzeb Delhi

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IMPORTANT SCULPTURES
Sculupture Features Place
Caves Ancient most, Influenced
by religious practices.
Pillar Adornes Ashokan Edicts Rampurva, Sarnatha
Stupa Buddhist religious Sanchi, Amaravati,
architecture Barhut, Nagarjuna-
konda
Carved Railings Adornes Stupas Amaravati
Gandhara Art First statue of Buddha- Peshawar region &
a mixture of India & Greek Afghanistan
method
Mathura Richly decorated deities of Mathura
School all religion
Hindu Art Hindu temples of Nagara Vidisa, Deogarh,
& Sikhara Styles Tigawa, Eran, Aihole,
Rajgriha
Pala School Fine Hindu & Buddhist Nalanda, Bodh Gaya
Statues
Hoyasala Art Mature plan & general Mysore, Talakad,
arrangement Halebid
Odisha School Development of Shikharas Bhubaneswar, Puri,
Konark.
Chandela Erotic sculpture Khajuraho
School
Vijaya Nagar Decorated pillared halls Hampi
School
Nayak School Temple complex Madurai
Rajasthan High platforms & minia- Mt. Abu
School ture towers
Chalukyan Mixture of Nagar & Aihole, Pattdakal
School (Vesara) Dravida styles, Chittor
Pallava School Monolithic temples Mahabalipuram
Chola School Gopurams or Gates Tanjore
(Dravid)
Indo-Islamic Arch, domes, vaultes, Delhi, Agra, Jaunpur,
gardens, marble use Bengal, Hyderabad.
pietradura

FAIRS AND FESTIVALS OF INDIA

➤ HINDU FESTIVALS : Maha Kumbh Mela (held 4 times in 12 years
at Haridwar, Ujjain, Nasik and Prayag i.e. Allahabad). Vasanta
Panchami, Shivaratri, Holi, Rama Navami, Vaisakhi, Ganga
Dussehra, Deva Shayani Ekadeshi, Naga Panchami, Raksha
Bandhan, Ganesh Chaturthi, Krishna Janmashtami, Pitrapaksh,
Navaratri, Dussehra, Diwali (or Deepawali), Kartiki Purnima, Deva
Prabodhani Ekadeshi.
➤ Muslim Festivals : Muharram, Shab-i-Barat, Ramzan (or Ramadan), Id-
ul-Fitr, Id-ul-Zuha (or Azha or Bakra-Id), Barawafat (or Id-i-Milad), Giarahvin
Sharif, Urs.
➤ Christian Festivals : Christmas, Good Friday, Easter

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➤ Sikh Festivals : Baisakhi, Guruparb, Jaistha, Lohri
ART & CULTURE : INDIA

➤ Buddhist Festivals : Buddha Jayanti

➤ Jain Festivals : Mahavira Jayanti, Paryushan, Ashtanika, Arathyatra
➤ Parsi Festivals : Jamshed-i-Navroz, Khordad Sal, Pateti.
➤ Secular Festivals : Republic Day, In Zarthost No Deeso dependence
Day, Gandhi Jayanti, Children Day.
REGIONAL FESTIVALS
➤ Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu : Pongal, Tyagaraja Festival,
Brahmotsavam, Teppem, Tamil and Telugu New Year Day, Madurai River
Festival, Kaveri River Festival, Festival at Velanganni, Karthika Festival,
Vaikuntha Ekadeshi, St. Thomas’ Day, Fire-Walking Festival.
➤ Arunachal Pradesh : Solung-Adi, Mopin-Adi, Murung, Buddha Mahotsava.
➤ Assam : Bhageli Bihu, Bohag Bihu (or Rangali Bihu), Kati Bihu (or Rangati
Bihu).
➤ Bengal : Gangasagar Mela, Ramakrishna Utsav, Dol Purnima, Jalpesh
Mela, Naba Barsha.
➤ Bihar : Chhath, Sarhul, Ramnavami
➤ Chhattisgarh : Bhoramdeo, Pola, Teeja Festival.
➤ Goa : Zatra at Cansaulim, Feast of St. Francis Xavier, Carnival.
➤ Gujarat : Navratri, Modhera, Dhuleti.
➤ Himachal Pradesh : Lohri, Gochi, Phulaich, Minjar Mela, Jwalamukhi
Fair
➤ Karnataka : Makara Sankranti, Ugadi, Karago, Feast of St. Philomena,
Dasahra, Urs of Hazrat Khwaja Bande Nawaz Chisti, Headannointing cer-
emony (At Sravanbelagola)
➤ Jammu and Kashmir : Nav Warih, Sont,Vaisakhi, Jeth Ashtami, Mela
Hemis Gompa, Har Navami, Pilgrimage to Amarnath Cave (Chhari Festi-
val), Urs Shah Hamadan, Kichri Amavasya.
➤ Jharkhand : Sohrai, Sarhul.
➤ Kerala : Thye Pongal, Vishu, Poorum, Onam.
➤ Maharashtra : Gudi Padva, Dev Divali, Navratri, Ganpati Festival.
➤ Manipur : Yaosang, Kang, Ningol Chakouba, Chumpha.
➤ Odisha : Car Festival (at Puri) Bada Osha, Nuakhai.
➤ Mizoram : Minikut, Pawl Kut.
➤ Nagaland : Nazu, Yemshe, Tuluni Festival.
➤ Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh : Gangaur, Teej, Pushkar Fair, Ghaila,
Urs at Ajmer Sharif.
➤ Punjab : Chappar mela.
➤ Puducherry : Mascarade, Masi Magam Festival.
➤ Sikkim : Soga Dawa, Phang, Lhabsol, Losoong.
➤ Tripura : Karchi Puja, Khatarua, Ker Puja, Tripureshvari Temple Festi-
val.
➤ Uttarakhand : Bhitauli, Chhipla Jaat.
➤ Uttar Pradesh : Brahmotsav, Ram Navami, Bharat Milap, Sravana Festi-
val, Ban Yatra, Dussehra, Kans Ka Mela.

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TEMPLES OF INDIA
Temples Places
Dharmaraya Ratha Mahabalipuram
Kailasa Vimana Ellora
Vaikunthaperumal Temple Kanchipuram
Valisvara Temple Tiruvalisvaram
Vijayalaya Cholesvaram Nartamali
Chamundaraya Basti Sravana Belagola
Panchakuta Basti Kambadahalli
Bhoja Mandisvara Temple Nandi
Malegitti Shivalaya Badami
Brihadesvara Vimana Thanjavur
Airavatesvara Vimana Darasuram
Nataraja Temple Chidambaram
Kasi Visvesara Temple Lakkundi
Arunachala Temple Tiruvannamali
Vitthala Temple Hampi
Jalakanthesvara Vellore
Ranganatha Temple Srirangam
Vatapatrasyi Temple Srivilliputur
Subrahmanya Temple Tanjore
Aghoresvara Temple Ikkeri
Visa Brahma Temple Alampur
Vadakkunatnan Temple Trichur
Pandava Ratha (Rockcut Chariot) Mahabalipuram
Shore Temple (Shiva) Mahabalipuram
Meenakshi Temple Madurai
Manjunath Temple Mangalore
Rameshvaram Temple Rameshvaram
Halebid Temple Halebid
Gupta Temple Sanchi
Parvati Temple Nachna
Bhitargaon Temple Bitargaon
Mahabodhi Temple Bodh Gaya
Lakshmana Temple Sripur
Vishva-Brahma Temple Alampur
Badoli Temple Badoli
Ambikamata Temple Jagata
Vimala Vasahi Mount Abu
Temple No. III Roda
Ranakadevi Temple Wadhwaran
Sun Temple Konark
Sas Bahu Temple Gwalior
Kashi Vishvanatha Temple Varanasi
Kandariya Mahadeva Temple Khajuraho
Jagannath Temple Puri
Lakshmana Temple Khajuraho
Lingaraja Temple Bhubaneshwar
Udayeshwara Temple Udaipur
Parashurameshwara Temple Bhubaneshwar
Vaital Deu Bhubaneshwar
Muktemhwara Temple Bhubaneshwar
Keshva Temple Somanathapur

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ART & CULTURE : INDIA

CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
➤ Lalit Kala Akademi (National Academy of Fine Arts) : It was estab-
lished at New Delhi in 1954 to promote and propagate understanding
of Indian Art (i.e., painting, sculpture, architecture and applied arts)
both within and outside the country.
The Akademi has regional centres called Rashtriya Lalit Kala Kendras
at Lucknow, Kolkata, Chennai and Bhubaneshwar.
➤ Sangeet Natak Akademi (National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama) :
It was established in 1953 to promote the performing Indian arts (i.e.,
dance, drama and music) in collaboration with states and voluntary
organisations.
➤ National School of Drama (NSD) : It was established in 1959 by the
Sangeet Natak Akademi as a premier theatre institution. In 1975, it was
registered as an autonomous institution, fully financed by the Depart-
ment of Culture. The Diploma of NSD is recognised by the Association of
Indian Universities as equivalent to M.A. Degree.
➤ Sahitya Akademi : It was established in March 1954 with the following
objectives : (i) To develop Indian literature.
(ii) To set high literacy standards.
(iii) To foster and coordinate literacy activities in all the Indian languages.
(iv) To promote through them the cultural unity of the country.
➤ Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) : It was established in 1861 with
the following objectives : (i) To conserve and preserve archaeological
monuments and sites located in different parts of the country and main-
tain sites and remains.
(ii) To undertake explorations and excavations, epigraphic research, study
of architecture and scientific studies and investigations.
➤ At present there are 3,606 centrally protected monuments of national
importance which include 25 monuments in the list of world heritage.
➤ National Archives of India (NAI) : It was established on March 11, 1891
in Kolkata and known as Imperial Record Department till Independence.
It is the official custodian of all non-current records of permanent value
of the Government of India and its predecessor bodies.
➤ Asiatic Society : It was established in 1784 at Kolkata by Sir William
Jones, an eminent Indologist with the objective of inquiring into history,
antiquities, arts, science and literature of Asia.
➤ Anthropological Survey of India : It was established in December, 1945
at Kolkata for the advancement of scientific research in Anthropology
and allied disciplines. It collects authentic empirical data covering the
entire range of human variation and culture.
➤ Zonal Cultural Centres : They have been setup for projecting, preserv-
ing and sustaining cultural kinship that transcends territorial limits.
There are seven such centres in the country :
1. North-Zone Cultural Centre, Patiala
2. East-Zone Cultural Centre, Kolkata (Shantiniketan)
3. South-Zone Cultrual Centre, Thanjavur
4. West-Zone Cultural Centre, Udaipur
5. North-Central Zone Cultural Centre, Allahabad
6. North-East Zone Cultural Centre, Dimapur
7. South-Central Zone Cultural Centre, Nagpur
➤ Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts : It was established in 1985 at
New Delhi as a resource centre and database. It is visualised as a cen-
tre encompassing the study and experience of all the arts. ❑❑❑
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