INTERNATIONAL

11 ORGANISATION
➤ The UN and its 17 independent specialised agencies and 14 major
Programmes and Funds embrace almost every man in every corner of
the Globe.
➤ The United Nations Organisation is an association of sovereign states
bound by a Charter to maintain international peace and security and
to co–operate in promoting political, social and economic conditions for
the betterment of human life.
➤ The proposal for such an organisation was mooted at Dumbarton Oaks
Conference (Washington DC) between the erstwhile USSR, the USA and
the UK between August 21 to September 28, and between the USA,
China and UK from September 28 to October 7, 1944.
➤ The Charter of the UN was signed by the delegates from 50 countries
on June 26, 1945 at San Francisco.
➤ The UN was formally inaugurated on October 24, 1945. This date is
taken as the official birthday of the UN and is celebrated every year as
the UN Day.
➤ The Charter of UN provides for :
1. Maintaining international peace and security.
2. Working towards improved relations among nations based on
respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples.
3. Co–operation in finding a solution for international social, economic,
cultural and humanitarian problems and in advising respect for
human rights and basic freedoms.
4. Serving as a base for co–ordinating the actions of nations to attain
these common goals.
List of Secretaries General
Name Years
1. Trygve Lie (Norway) 1946-1953
2. Dag Hammarskjold (Sweden) 1953-1961 Killed in an air crash
3. U. That (Burma) 1961-1971
4. Kurt Waldheim (Austria) 1972-1981
5. Javier Peres de Cuellar (Peru) 1982-1991
6. Dr. Boutros-Boutros Ghali (Egypt) 1992-1997
7. Kofi Annan (Ghana) 1997-2007
8. Ban Ki-Moon (South Korea) 2007 - 2016
9. Antonio Guterres (Portugal) 1st January 2017- till date
➤ The Secretary-General is assisted by Under Secretaries-General and
Assistant Secretaries-General. The normal term of the office of the UN
Secretary-General is 5 years.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
➤ The Assembly consists of the representatives of all the member of states.
➤ Each member country has one vote.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
➤ The General Assembly meets at
least once in a year, the session
commencing on the third
Tuesday of September and
continuing normally till the
middle of December.
➤ The Assembly can also meet for
special emergency sessions.
➤ The sessions are presided over
by the President who is elected
annually by the members of the
Assembly.
➤ The General Assembly passes
the annual budget of the UN
and determines the contribution
payable by each member.
➤ It receives and considers the
reports of the special
committees including the
Security Council.
➤ The General Assembly elects the
non–permanent members of the
Security Council, the members
of the Economic and Social
Council and the elected
members of the Trusteeship
Council.
➤ The Judges of the International
Court of Justice are elected by
the General Assembly, in
conjunction with the Security
Council.
➤ The Assembly elects its own
President and Vice-Presidents
every year.
SECURITY COUNCIL
➤ It consists of 15 members each
with a single vote.
➤ Of these, 5 are permanent
members and 10 non–
permanent members elected for
a term of 2 years by a two-third
majority of the General Assembly.
➤ The permanent members have
the power to veto any move.
➤ The Security Council bears the
primary responsibility of
maintaining peace and security.
➤ It is also responsible for the
functioning of the UN trust-
territories known as “strategic
areas”.
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➤ Decisions on procedural matters
are taken by an affirmative vote
of 9 members (7 to 9 in 1968
under article 109).
➤ On substantive matters
involving action by member–
nations, all permanent members
must vote in the affirmative.
➤ A single negative vote VETO can
prevent the proposals from being
accepted.
➤ Permanent members – China,
France, Russia, UK and USA.
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
➤ It is responsible under the
General Assembly for carrying
out the function of the UN with
regard to international economic,
social, cultural, educational,
health and related matters.
➤ It consists of 54 member States
(27 to 54 in 1973 under article
61) elected by a two-third
majority of the General
Assembly.
➤ Nine are elected every year for
a three-year term.
➤ Retiring members are eligible for
immediate re–election.
➤ Each member-nation has one
vote and decisions are taken by
a majority of members present
and voting.
➤ The President of the Council is
elected every year.
➤ The Council has the following
regional Economic Commissions :
➤ Economic Commission for
Europe, ECE-Geneva
➤ Economic and Social
Commission for Asia and the
Pacific, ESCAP-Bangkok.
➤ Economic Commission for Latin
America, ECLA-Santiago, Chile.
➤ Economic Commission for
Western Asia, ECWA-Baghdad.
TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
➤ The Charter provides for an
international trusteeship system
to safeguard the interests of the
inhabitants of territories which
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
are not yet fully self-governing
and which may be placed
thereunder by individual
trusteeship agreements. These
are called trust territories.
➤ It consists of the permanent
members of the Security Council.
➤ It meets once a year and can
meet on more occasions, if so
required.
➤ Each member has one vote and
decisions are taken by a majority
vote.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
➤ It was created by an
international treaty, the Statute
of the Court, which forms an
integral part of the UN Charter.
➤ All members of the UN are ipso
facto parties to the Statute of the
Court.
➤ It comprises 15 Judges.
➤ Two judges of the same
nationality cannot serve
simultaneously.
➤ These judges are elected by the
General Assembly in conjunction
with the Security Council for a
term of 9 years.
➤ Retiring judges are eligible for
immediate re–election. The
Court elects its own President
and Vice-President for a term of
3 years and remains
permanently in session except
for judicial vacations.
SPECIALISED AGENCIES OF THE UN
CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY FUND
(UNICEF)
➤ It was established in 1946 at
New York as United Nations In-
ternational Children’s Emer -
gency Fund to deliver post–war
relief to children.
➤ Now concentrates its assistance
on development activities aimed
at improving the quality of life
for children and mothers in de-
veloping countries.
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➤
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
The jurisdiction of the Court
applies in :
(i) international conventions
(ii) international custom
(iii) the general principle of law
recognised by civilised
nations
(iv) as subsidiary means for
the determination of the
law, judicial decisions
(v) it may also give an
advisory opinion on any
legal question to any organ
of the UN or its agencies
➤ The Court has its seat at the
Hague, but may sit elsewhere
whenever it considers this
desirable.
SECRETARIAT
➤ It comprises the Secretary-
General, who is the chief
administrative officer of the UN
and an international staff
appointed by him under
regulations established by the
General Assembly.
➤ However, the Secretary-General,
the High Commissioner for
Refugees and the Managing
Director of the Fund are
appointed by the General
Assembly itself.
Head Quarters : New York
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME (UNDP)
➤ It is the world’s largest agency
for multilateral technical and
pre-investment co–operation. It
is the funding source for most
of the technical assistance pro-
vided by the UN.
➤ It helps developing countries ex-
ploit their human and natural re-
sources by providing expert assis-
tance and training local personnel.
Headquarters : New York
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
UN FUND FOR POPULATION
ACTIVITIES (UNFPA)
➤ It was set up in 1967 at New
York to build up capacity to
respond to needs in population
and family planning.
➤ To promote awareness of
population problems and
possible strategies to deal with
them to assist developing
countries at their request in
dealing with population
problems.
UN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION (UNIDO)
➤ It was established on November
17, 1966 and was upgraded as
a specialised agency of the UN
in 1985.
➤ It provides assistance to
developing countries for the
development, expansion and
modernisation of industry.
Headquarters : Austria
UN EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC
AND CULTURAL
ORGANISATION (UNESCO)
➤ UNESCO came into being on
November 4, 1946.
➤ It is based at Paris.
➤ Its purpose is to contribute to
peace and security by promoting
collaboration among nations
through education, science and
culture in order to facilitate
justice, rule of law and human
rights and freedom without
distinction of race, sex, language
and religion.
Head Quarters : Paris
UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
(UNEP)
➤ Initiated in 1972.
➤ The Programme co–ordinates
international co–operation in
matters relating to the human
environment.
Headquarters : Nairobi
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INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC
ENERGY AGENCY (IAEA)
➤ Came into existence on July 29,
1957.
➤ Its statute had been approved
on October 26, 1956, at an
international conference held at
UN headquarters, New York.
➤ A relationship agreement links it
with the UN.
➤ It aims to promote peaceful use
of nuclear energy and
discourage its use for military
purposes.
Headquarters : Vienna, (Austria)
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ORGANISATION (ICAO)
➤ The convention providing for the
establishment of the ICAO was
drawn up by the International
Civil Aviation Conference held in
Chicago from November 1 to
December 7, 1944.
➤ A provisional ICAO operated for
20 months until the formal
establishment of ICAO on April,
4 1947.
➤ Its purpose is to establish
international standards and
regulations in relation to civil
aviation. It promotes safety of civil
aviation.
Headquarters : Montreal,
Qubec, Canada
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME
ORGANISATION (IMO)
➤ It was established on March 17,
1958, with its base at London.
➤ Its objective is to promote co–
operation in international
shipping and remove
discriminatory and restrictive
practices.
INTERNATIONAL
TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
(ITU)
➤ The International Teleco-
mmunication Union was set up in
January 1, 1934.
➤ It came into being on January
1, 1934.
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➤ ITU
frames international
regulations for radio, telegraph,
telephone and space radio
communication.
Headquarters : Geneva,
Switzerland
UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION (UPU)
➤ It was established on July 1,
1875, when the Universal Postal
Convention, adopted by the
Postal Congress of Berne on
October 9, 1874, came into force.
➤ The UPU was known at first at
the General Postal Union.
➤ Its name was changed at the
Congress of Paris in 1878.
Headquarters : Berne, Switzerland
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL
ORGANISATION (WMO)
➤ Conference of Directors of the
International Meteorological
Organisation (Set up in 1873),
meeting in Washington in 1947,
adopted a convention creating
the World Meteorological
Organisation.
➤ The WMO was formally
established on March 19, 1951,
when the first session of its
Congress was convened in
Paris. It aims at promoting
international exchange of
weather reports and maximum
standardisation of observations.
It also tries to help developing
countries establish weather
services.
Headquarters : CH-1211,
Geneva-2, Switzerland
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
(WHO)
➤ An International Conference,
convened by the UN Economic
and Social Council, to consider
a single health organisation
resulted in the adoption on July
22, 1946 of the constitution of
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
the WHO. This constitution came
into force on April 7, 1948.
➤ It aims at promoting better
health facilities all over the
world.
Headquarters : Geneva,
Switzerland
Regional Offices : Alexandria,
Brazzaville, Copenhagen, Manila,
New Delhi and Washington.
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANISATION (ILO)
➤ Established in 1919 as an
autonomous part of the League
of Nations,
➤ It is an intergovernmental
agency with a tripartite structure
representing the workers,
employers and governments.
➤ To promote better living
conditions, economic stability
and social justice among
workers.
➤ The ILO consists of the
International Labour Conference,
the governing body and the
International Labour Office.
Headquarters : Geneva
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL
ORGANISATION (FAO)
➤ The UN Conference on Food and
Agriculture in May 1943, at Hot
Springs, Virginia, set up an
Interim Commission in
Washington in July 1943 to plan
the Organisation.
➤ It came into being on October
16, 1945.
➤ It aims at improvement in
production and distribution of
food and agricultural products to
eliminate hunger and to improve
the nutrition level and living
conditions of the rural population
all over the world.
➤ FAO sponsors the World Food
Programme with The UN.
Headquarters : Rome, Italy
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
(IFAD)
➤ Proposed by the 1974 World
Food Conference, the agreement
for IFAD came into force on
November 30, 1977 following
attainment of initial pledges of
$1,000 m and the agency began
its operations the following
month.
Headquarters : Rome, Italy
WORLD INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY ORGANISATION
(WIPO)
➤ The Conventions establishing
WIPO. was signed at Stockholm
in 1967 by 51 countries.
➤ It came into force in April 1970.
➤ In December 1974 WIPO
became a specialised agency of
the UN.
Headquarters : Geneva,
Switzerland
INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR
RECONSTRUCTIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT (IBRD)
➤ Conceived at the Bretton Woods
Conference, July 1944.
➤ The IBRD was established on
December 25, 1945, which
began operations on June 25,
1946.
➤ IBRD is a world wide effort to
guide international investment
into productive channels. Its
purposes are :
(i) to assist in the
reconstruction and
development of territories
of members who had
suffered during war.
(ii) to promote private
investment.
(iii) to promote the long-range
balanced growth of
international trade and the
maintenance of BOPs.
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(iv) to promote long term
foreign investments.
Headquarters : Washington DC
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND (IMF)
➤ It was established on December
27, 1945 as an independent
international organisation.
➤ It began operations on March 1,
1947.
➤ Its relationship with the UN is
defined in a agreement of
mutual co-operation, which
came into force on November 15,
1947.
➤ Its purposes are :
(i) to promote exchange
stability and prevent
unnecessary exchange
depreciations.
(ii) to assist in the
establishment of
multilateral system of
payments.
(iii) to facilitate growth of
international trade.
(iv) to ultimately eliminate
foreign exchange
restrictions.
➤ The first amendment to the
Fund’s articles creating the
Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
took effect on July 28, 1969 and
the second amendment on April
1, 1978.
Headquarters : Washington D.C.
Offices in : Paris and Geneva
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ASSOCIATION (IDA)
➤ It is an affiliated agency of the
World Bank.
➤ It was established on September
24, 1960 at Washington DC.
➤ Its main object is to help the
underdeveloped countries in
raising their living standards by
providing soft loans for long
periods.
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➤ Such loans are for creating
Social Capital–construction of
roads and bridges, slum
clearance, and urban
development, sanitation etc.
➤ All IDA loans are-repayable over
50 years, interest free but bear
a service charge of 0.75 per cent
per annum.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
CORPORATION (IFC)
➤ An affiliate of the World Bank,
was established on July 20,
1956 at Washington DC.
➤ It assists private enterprises in
underdeveloped countries
without any Government
guarantee.
World Tourism Organization :
➤ World Tourism Organization is the
United Nations agency
responsible for the promotion of
responsible, sustainable and
Universally accessible tourism.
➤ It is established in 1975.
➤ It’s headquarter located in
Madrid, Spain.
➤ It is the leading international
organization in the field of
tourism, which promotes tourism
as a driver of economic growth,
inclusive development and
environmental sustainability.
United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees :
➤ It is established in 1950.
➤ Its headquarter is in Geneva,
Switzerland and it is a member
of the United Nations
Development Group.
➤ It is also known as the Un
Refugee Agency.
➤ It is a United Nations Programme
mandated to protect and support
refugees at the request of a
government or the UN itself and
assists in their voluntary
repatriation local integration or
resettlement to a third country.
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-Habitat) :
➤ UN-Habitat is the United Nations
agency for human settlements
and sustainable urban
development.
➤ It is established in 1978.
➤ It’s headquarter located in
Nairobi, Kenya.
➤ It is mandated by the United
Nations General Assembly to
promote socially and
environmentally sustainable
towns and cities with the goal of
providing adequate shelter for all.
United Nations Institute for
Training and Research :
➤ UNITAR is established in 1963.
➤ Its headquarter located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
➤ It was established for the training
of personnel, particularly from
developing member states for
administrative and operational
assignments with the UN.
United Nations University :
➤ The United Nations University
established in 1973.
➤ It is the academic and research
arm of the United Nations.
➤ It’s headquarter located in Tokyo,
Japan.
➤ Since 2010, United Nations
University has been authorized by
the UN General Assembly to grant
degrees.
➤ It also provides a bridge between
the UN and the international
academic, policy-making and
private sector communities.
United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction :
➤ It is established in December
1999.
➤ Its headquarter located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
➤ It was established to ensure the
implementation of the
International strategy for Disaster
Reduction.
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development :
➤ The UNCTAD was established in
1964 as a permanent inter -
governmental body.
➤ Currently UNCTAD has 194
member states and its
headquarter located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
➤ The organizations goals are to:
“Maximize the trade, investment
and development opportunities of
developing countries.
MAJOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB)
➤ It was initially sponsored by
the ECAFE and started
functioning in 1966.
➤ In June 1974, ADB launched the
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FUND
(ADF) with a view to providing
concessional credits to needy
members.
Headquarters : Manila
(Philippines)
World Trade Organization (WTO) :
➤ The WTO is an intergovernmental
organization which regulates
international trade.
➤ The WTO officially commenced on
1 January, 1995 under the
Marrakesh Agreement, signed by
123 nations on 15 April, 1994,
replacing the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),
which commenced in 1948.
➤ Its headquarter located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
➤ English, French and spanish are
official languages of WTO.
➤ The WTO deals with regulation of
trade between participating
countries by providing a
framework for negotiating trade
agreements and a dispute
resolution process aimed at
enforcing participants adherence
to WTO agreements, which are
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United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime :
➤ UNODC is a United Nations office
that was established in 1997 as
the office for Drug Control and
Crime Prevention.
➤ Its headquarter is located in
Vienna, Austria.
➤ It is a member of the United
Nations Development Group.
signed by representatives of
member governments and ratified
by their parliaments.
➤ The topmost decision-making
body of the WTO is the
Ministerial Conference, which has
to meet at least every two years.
➤ The Ministerial conference can
make decisions on all matters
under any of the multilateral
trade agreements.
BRICS
➤ BRICS is the acronym for an
association of five major emerging
national economies : Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South
Africa.
➤ BRIC grouping’s first formal
summit held in Yekaterinburg.
Russia in June 2009.
➤ In 2010, South Africa joined the
BRIC grouping and changed
acronym as BRICS.
➤ The grouping has held annual
summits since 2009, with member
countries taking turns to host.
➤ Prior to South Africa’s admission,
two BRIC summits were held, in
2009 and 2010. The first five
member BRICS summit was held
in 2011.
➤ BRICS summit held first time in
India in 2012. It was 4th BRICS
summit.
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➤ The BRICS members are all
leading developing or newly
industrialized countries, but they
are distinguished by their large,
sometimes fast growing
economies and significant
influence on regional affairs, all
five are G-20 members.
New Development Bank :
➤ The New Development Bank
(NDB), formerly referred to as the
BRICS Development Bank is a
multilateral development bank
established by the BRICS states.
➤ It is established in July 2015
(Treaty were signed in July 2014).
➤ It’s headquarter is located in
Shanghai, China.
➤ The bank aims to contribute to
development plans established
nationally through projects that
are socially, environmentally and
economically sustainable.
➤ Promote infrastructure and
sustainable development projects
with a significant development
impact in member countries.
➤ The bank have starting capital $
50 bln, with capital increased to
$ 100 bln over time. Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South
Africa initially contributed $ 10bln
each to bring the total to $ 50
bln.
➤ The bank will allow new members
to join but the BRICS capital
share can not fall below 55%.
➤ K.V. Kamath from India is the
first elected president of the New
Development Bank.
BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI-SECTORAL
Technical and Economic Coopera-
tion BIMSTEC)
➤ BIMSTEC is an international
organisation involving a group of
countries in South Asia and South
East Asia.
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
Asian Infrastructure Investment
Bank :
➤ The Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank (AIIB) is an
international financial institution
that aims to support the building
of infrastructure in the Asia-
pacific region.
➤ It is established in 16 January
2016. (Treaty were signed in
December 2015).
➤ Its headquarter located in Beijing,
China.
➤ The bank has 57 member states
and was proposed as an initiative
by the government of China.
➤ India is founding member of
Asian infrastructure investment
Bank.
➤ The Authorized Capital stock of
the bank is 100 billion US Dollars.
Bank for International Settlements
(BIS) :
➤ The BIS is an international
financial institution owned by
central banks which “tosters
international monetary and
financial cooperation and serves
as a bank for central banks.”
➤ It is established in May 1930.
➤ Its headquarter located in Basel,
Switzerland.
➤ The BIS carries out its work
through its meetings programmes
and through the Basel Process -
hosting international groups
pursuing global financial stability
and facilitating their interaction.
➤ The member countries are
Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri
Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and
Nepal.
➤ On 6 June, 1997 a sub-regional
grouping was formed in Bankok
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
and given the name BIST -EC
(Bangladesh, India, Sril Lanka
and Thailand Economic coopera-
tion). Myanmar joined the organi-
zation in December 1997, upon
which name of the grouping
changed to BIMST-EC. In Febru-
ary 2004, Nepal and Bhutan
joined the organization.
➤ In the first Summit on 31 July,
2004, leaders of group changed
the name as BIMSTEC (Bay of
Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral
Technical and Economic
Cooperation).
➤ BIMSTEC’s headquarter is located
in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
➤ The objective of BIMSTEC is
technological and economic
cooperation among South Asia
and south east Asian. Countries
along the coast of the bay of
Bengal.
Mekong - Ganga Cooperation :
➤ The Mekong - Ganga Cooperation
(MGC) was established on
November 10,2000 at Vientiane
at the First MGC Ministeral
Meeting.
➤ It comprises six member
countries namely India, Thailand,
Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos and
Vietnam.
➤ MGC aimed to cooperation in
tourism, culture, education and
transportation linkage in order to
be solid for future trade and
investment cooperation in the
region.
Shanghai Cooperation Organistion :
➤ The Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian,
political, economic and military
organisation which was founded
in 2001 in Shanghai by the
leaders of Russian, China,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
➤ On 10 July, 2015 the sco
decided to admit India and
Pakistan as full members.
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➤ Its headquarter is located in
Beijing, China.
➤ The council of Heads of State is
the top decision making body in
the SCO. This council meets at
the sco summits, which are held
each year in one of the member
states capital cities.
Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) :
➤ OPEC is an intergovernmental
organization of 14 nations,
founded in 1960 in Baghdad.
➤ Its headquarter is located in
Vienna, Austria.
➤ OPEC nations account for two-
thirds of the world’s oil reserves
and 33.3% of the worlds oil
production.
➤ At present it has 12 members
these are Algeria, Angola,
Ecuador, Iron, Iraq, Kuwait,
Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, UAE and Venezuela.
➤ The objective of OPEC is
determination of the best means
for safeguarding the organisation’s
interests, individually and
collectively.
➤ It pursues ways and means of
ensuring the stabilisation of
prices in international oil markets
with a view to eliminate harmful
and unnecessary fluctuations.
G-20 (Group of Twenty) :
➤ The G-20 is an international forum
for the governments and central
bank governors from 20 major
economies.
➤ It was founded in 1999 with the
aim of studying, reviewing and
promoting high-level discussion of
policy issues pertaining to the
promotion of international
financial slability.
➤ The members include 19
individual countries–Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
France, Germany, India,
Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
Arabia, South Africa, Turkey,
United Kingdom and United
states– along with the European
Union.
➤ The G-20 summits of heads of state
or government helds annually.
G-4 Nations :
➤ The G-4 nations comprising
Brazil, Germany, India and
Japan are four countries which
support each other’s bid for
permanent seats on the United
Nations Security Council.
➤ G-4’s primary aim is the
permanent member seats on the
Security Council.
➤ The economic and political
influence of these countries has
grown significantly in the last
decades, reaching a scope
comparable to the permanent
members.
➤ However, the G-4’s bids are often
opposed by Uniting for
Consensus movement, and
particularly their economic
competitors or political rivals.
World Economic Forum :
➤ The World Economic Forum (WEF)
is a swiss non-profit foundation,
based in Cologny, Geneva.
➤ The Forum is best known for its
annual winter meeting for five
days in Davos, Switzerland.
➤ The meeting brings together some
2,500 top business leaders,
international political leaders,
selected intellectuals and
journalists to discuss the most
pressing issues facing the world.
➤ The World Economic Forum is
established in 1971.
➤ Its mission is cited as “committed
to improving the state of the
world by engaging business,
political, academic, and other
leaders of society to shape global,
regional and industry agendas.”
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
Indian - Ocean Rim Association
(IORA) :
➤ The IORA, formerly known as the
Indian Ocean Rim Initiative and
Indian Ocean Rim Association for
Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC) is
an international organization
consisting of coastal states
bordering the Indian Ocean.
➤ It is established in March 1997.
➤ Its headquarter is located in
Ebene Cyber City, Mauritius.
➤ The IORA comprises 21 member
states and 7 dialogue partners.
➤ It is based on the principles of
Open Regionalism for
Strengthening Economic
Cooperation particularly on Trade
Facilitation and Investment,
Promotion as well as Social
Development of the region.
Commonwealth of Nations :
➤ The commonwealth of Nations is
an intergovernmental organisation
of 52 member states that were
mostly territories of the former
British Empire.
➤ It was formally constituted by the
London Declaration in 1949.
➤ It’s headquarter located in
London, England.
➤ Commonwealths objectives are
promotion of representative
democracy and individual liberaty,
the pursuit of equality and
opposition to racism, the fight
against poverty, ignoronce and
diseases and free trade.
➤ Member states have no legal
obligation to one another Instead
they are united by language,
history, culture and their shared
values of democracy, human
rights and the rule of law.
European Free Trade Association
(EFTA) :
➤ EFTA is a regional trade
organization and Free trade area
consisting of four European
states : Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway and Switzerland.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
➤ It is established in May 1960.
➤ Its headquarter located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
➤ The EFTA was established as an
alternative trade bloc for
European states who were
unwilling to join the then
European Economic Community.
Organization for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons (OPCW) :
➤ OPCW is an intergovernmental
organization, established in April
1997.
➤ Its headquarter located in the
Hague, Netherlands.
➤ The organization promotes and
verifies the adherence to the
Chemical Weapons Convention
which prohibits the use of
chemical weapons and requires
their destruction.
International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement :
➤ The International committee of
the Red Cross is a private
humanitarian institution founded
in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland,
by Henry Dunant and Gustave
Moynier.
➤ This movement was founded to
protect human life and health to
ensure respect for all human
beings, and to prevent and
alleviate human suffering.
International Organization for
Migration (IOM) :
➤ The IOM is an intergovernmental
organization that provides
services and advice concerning
migration to governments and
migrants, including internally
displaced persons, refugees, and
migrant workers.
➤ IOM established in 1951.
➤ Its headquarter located in Geneva,
Switzerland.
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➤ As of December 2016, the
International Organization for
Migration has 165 member
states.
Gulf Cooperation Council :
➤ Gulf Cooperation Council is a
regional intergovernmental
political and economic union
consisting of all Arab States of
the Persian Gulf except Iraq.
➤ The GCC established in May
1981.
➤ Its headquarter located in Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia.
➤ It has 6 member countries which
are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates.
➤ Its objectives are formulating
similar regulations in various
fields such as religion, finance,
trade, customs, tourism,
legislation and administration.
Organization of the Black Sea
Economic Cooperation (BSEC) :
➤ The BSEC is a regional
international organization focusing
on multilateral and economic
initiatives aimed at fostering
cooperation, peace, stability and
prosperity in the Black sea
region.
➤ It is established in June 1992.
➤ Its headquarter located in
Istanbul, Turkey.
➤ It has 12 member states.
Nordic Council :
➤ The Nordic Council is a geo-
political inter-parliamentary forum
for co-operation between the
Nordic countries.
➤ Nordic council established in
1952.
➤ Its headquarter located in
copenhagen, Denmark.
➤ It has five member countries,
which are Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Norway and Sweden.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
➤ A world-wide human rights
organisation with headquarters in
London.
➤ The organisation began on May
28, 1961 with a newspaper
appeal by the British lawyer Peter
Berenson to fight for the basic
human rights of people all over
the world.
➤ Its objectives are officially stated
to include the following :
“To secure the immediate and
unconditional release of all
prisoners of conscilince, ensure
fair and prompt trial for all
political prisoners and abolish
torture and execution.¨
➤ The organisation enjoys the
support of the UN and has more
than 5,00,000 members in more
than 150 countries.
➤ It won Nobel Prize for Peace in
1977.
AFRICA FUND
➤ Formed under the auspices of the
NAM to fight apartheid in South
Africa.
➤ The campaign was launched by
NAM at a summit attended by the
leaders from 9 countries held at
New Delhi on January 25, 1987.
➤ A fund of 70 million Dollars was
earmaked for the purpose to
which India contributed 40m
Dollars. The other member
countries are Argentina, Algeria,
Congo, Nigeria, Peru, Ugoslavia,
Zambia and Zimbabwe.
ARAB LEAGUE
➤ It is the outcome of a national
awakening of the Arabs, following
the fall of the Ottoman Empire in
the First World War.
➤ It was formally instituted on
March 22, 1945.
➤ The Arab League consists of a
Council, a Secretary-General and
a few permanent committees.
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➤ The League considers itself a
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
regional organisation within the
framework of the UN at which its
Secretary-General is an observer.
➤ Member Countries : Algeria,
Bahrain, Djibouti, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,
Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisla,
UAE, Yamen (PDR of Yamen +
Yamen Arab Republic).
➤ Secretariat : After the Iraq’s
invasion of Kuwait in August 1990,
the venue was shifted to Cairo.
ASEAN
➤ The Association of South-East
Asian Nations was formed by the
Governments of Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand through
the Bangkok Declaration.
➤ It was signed by the Foreign
Ministers of ASEAN countries on
August 8, 1967.
➤ Brunei joined in 1984.
➤ It aims to promote active
collaboration in matters of
common interests in economic,
social, cultural, technical,
scientific and administrative
fields.
➤ Each ASEAN capital has an
ASEAN National Secretarial.
➤ The central secretariat for ASEAN
is located in Jakarta, Indonesia,
and is headed by the Secretary-
General, a post that revolves
among the member states in
alphabetical order every three
years.
➤ Bureau Directors and other
officers of the ASEAN Secretariat
remain in office for 3 years.
➤ Vietnam became the seventh
ASEAN member on July 28, 1995.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
➤ The statute of the Council was
signed at London on May 5, 1949
and came into force 2 months
later.
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
➤ The founder members were
Belgium, Denmark, France,
Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Norway, Sweden
and the UK.
➤ Turkey and Greece Republic of
Germany in 1951, the Federal
Republic of Germany in 1951
(having been an associate since
1950), Austria in 1956, Cyprus in
1961, Switzerland in 1963, Malta
in 1965, Portughal in 1976, Spain
in 1977, Liechtenstein in 1978,
San Marino in 1988, Finland in
1989 and Hungary in 1990.
Headquarters : Cedex, France
The International Air Transport
Association (IATA)
➤ It was founded in 1945 to
promote safe, regular and
economical air transport and to
provide a forum for collaboration.
➤ At present there are 40
international airlines (active
members) and 19 domestic
airlines (associate members).
➤ The Annual General Meeting is the
ultimate authority in the
Association.
➤ The Executive Committee consists
of 18 elected members.
Headquarters : Montreal, Canada
and Geneva, Switzerland.
Interpol
➤ 147-Nation Police Commission,
established in 1923.
➤ To co–ordinate police activities of
participating nations with
headquarters in Paris.
➤ After a terrorist bomb blast in
May, 1986, the HQs. was shifted
to Lyons.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
(NATO)
➤ It sought to establish a military
counter weight to a Soviet
military presence in Europe.
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➤ In 1949 the foreign ministers of
Belgium, France, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, UK, Canada,
Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway,
Portughal and USA met in
Washington and signed the North
Atlantic Treaty.
➤ Greece and Turkey joined the
Treaty in 1952.
➤ The Federal Republic of Germany
in 1955 and Spain in 1982.
➤ NATO is an organisation made up
of 13 European states, two
American states (Canada and USA)
and an Asiatic state (Turkey).
➤ The Council is the supreme body
of the NATO.
➤ It consists of the ministers of
member states.
➤ The Secretary-General is
appointed by and responsible to
the council.
➤ The Military Committee is the
supreme military body of NATO.
➤ It consists of the Chiefs of Staff
of member states.
➤ In 1966 France withdrew from the
Military Committee while remaining
a member of the Council.
➤ The task for NATO is now three-
fold :
(i) To safeguard against
excessive zeal in smoothing
the reunification process by
making unilateral military
concessions or by
acquiescing to political
limitations on Germany
sovereignty.
(ii) To resist the notion of
“parallelism” between the
Soviet military presence in
Eastern Europe and the US
military presence in Western
Europe.
(iii) To avoid, in the process of
lowering allied force levels
emasculation of the triad of
NATO’s deterrent-
conventional theatre nuclear
and strategic nuclear forces.
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
➤ In a bid to expand its fold, the
16-member western military
alliance NATO offered East
Europeans, former Soviet and
neutral states military co–
operation under a partnership
for peace programme during its
summit in Brussels on January
10, 1994. Under the proposal,
NATO would co–operate with
East European nations in
peacekeeping activities, joint
military exercises and crisis
management.
Headquarters : Brussels,
Belgium
Russia Signs Nato Pact
➤ The Russian President, Mr. Boris
Yeltsin signed a historic security
agreement on May 27, 1997 at
the Elysee Palace in Paris with
sixteen NATO leaders.
Organisation of American States
(OAS)
➤ The Charter of the OAS was
adopted in April 1948, at the
ninth international conference of
American States at Bogota,
Colombia.
➤ Thirty-five American countries are
members of the organisation, with
equal rights, each country
possessing one vote.
Headquarters : Washington D.C.
USA
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATON
AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
➤ OECD was formed in 1961 to
replace the Organisation for
European Economic Co–operation
(OEEC) which was started ➤ The OEEC changed its name in
immediately after the Second
World War for the reconstruction
of war-ravaged European states.
➤ The OEEC was formed in response
to an offer of aid from the US ➤ The G-15 or the Group of 15
Secretary of State Marshall.
➤ This aid since called the Marshall
Aid, was to be used to rehabilitate
the economies of European states
ruined by the war.
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
Organisation of ARAB Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
➤ The organisation has 10 members
including Egypt which was
readmitted in 1989. Other
members; Algeria, Bahrain, Qatar,
Libya, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Syria,
Saudi Arabia.
Organisation of African Unity (OAU)
➤ It came into being in May 1963,
when the heads of 32 African
States met at Addis Ababa and
signed a charter establishing a
common organisation for all
African States.
➤ It chief objects unity and
solidarity among African States
elimination of colonialism and
defence of the independence of
member states.
➤ The supreme body in the OAU is
the Conference of Heads of States
or Governments.
➤ The official languages of the
organisation are French and
English in addition to all the
native African languages.
➤ The organisation has 53 member-
states.
Headquarters : African Unity
House, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
➤ A conference of European state
was held in Paris in 1948 to
accept the proposal.
1961 as OECD.
Headquarters : Paris, France
G-15 (GROUP OF FIFTEEN)
developing Afro-Asian and Latin
American (7 Latin American, 5
African and 3 Asian) or Third
World Nations was launched in
September, 1989 at the
 Kiran’s One Liner Approach General knowledge
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION

concluding session of NAM Headquarters : Geneva,

Summit in Belgrade to enhance Switzerland
South-South Co-operation.
SAARC (South Asian Association
➤ The objective of G-15 is two fold.
for Regional Co–operation)
One is to develop common
perception and strategies on ➤ SAARC came into being at the
major issues relating to world initiative of the then Bangladesh
economic situation and the other President Zia-ur-Rahman in 1985.
is to formulate and carry out ➤ Its members are Bangladesh,
concrete schemes for South- Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal,
South Co–operation.
Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan.
➤ Members : Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, Its headquarters is in Kathmandu,
India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Nepal.
Malaysia, Argentina, Mexico,
Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, ➤ Objectives : To involve co-
Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe. operation in solving the problems
specific to the region, strengthen
➤ Kenya was admitted to G-15 in
collective self-reliance and
1998, making it the group of 16-
members, though there is no accelerate economic, social and
change in the nomenclature of cultural development of the
Group. Sri Lanka is its new countries of the region.
member.
Important Regional SAARC Centres are :
S.N. Regional Centre City Country
1. SAARC Agricultural Centre (SAC) Dhaka Bangladesh
2. SAARC Meteorological Research Dhaka Bangladesh
Centre (SMRC)
3. SAARC Forestry Centre (SFC) Thimphu Bhutan
4. SAARC Development Fund (SDF) Thimphu Bhutan
5. SAARC Cultural Centre (SCC) Colombo Srilanka
6. SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC) New Delhi India
7. SAARC Disaster Management New Delhi India
Centre (SDMC)
8. SAARC Coastal Zone Management Male Maldives
Centre (SCZMC)
9. SAARC Information Centre (SIC) Kathmandu Nepal
10. SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV Kathmandu Nepal
AIDS Centre (STAC)
11. SAARC Human Resources Islamabad Pakistan
Development Centre (SHRDC)
12. SAARC Energy Centre (SEC) Islamabad Pakistan
NAM (NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT)
➤ It is group of 118 countries, mostly developing.
➤ The principles of non–alignment were defined in the Bandung (Indonesia)
Declaration of 1955 and reiterated in the Brioni (Yogoslavia) Declaration
of 1956 by Jawaharlal Nehru, Josip Broz Tito, the then Yugoslavian
President and Gamel Abdil Nasser of Indonesia.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
➤ The first non-aligned conference was held at Belgrade in 1961 in which
25 countries participated.
➤ This movement was based on the ideology of ‘Panchsheel’, viz. the
principle of mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity, non-
aggression, non-interference in each other’s international affairs, equality
and peaceful co-existence.
➤ The basic thrust of the movement is in favour of peace, disarmament,
development, independence, eradication of poverty and illiteracy.
G-7 (GROUP OF SEVEN)
➤ It is an organisation of seven (now eight) major industrial democracies
who meet periodically to discuss world economic and other issues.
Members : Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and
United States.
➤ Russia is now a full-fledged member of this elite club.

ASIA–PACIFIC ECONOMIC CO–OPERATION (APEC)

➤ APEC was founded in November 1989, its members aimed to devise
programme of co–operation to be discussed at meetings between their
trade and foreign ministers.
➤ Institutionalised in June 1991, after a meeting in Bangkok, it was at
the Bogor (Indonesia) summit of November, 1994 that the group resolved
to work towards establishment of a free trade zone by 2020.
➤ Member states : Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua
New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thialand and the US.

THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA (AFTA)

➤ The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional
organisation formed by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singpore and Thailand by the Bangkok Declaration, signed
by their ministers in August, 1967.
➤ Brunei, Vietnam, Cambodia, Loas, Papua New Guinea were later given
observer status.
➤ Subsequently in 1991, AFTA was set up by member states with the aim
of creating, a common market in 15 years. ‘with a common tariff regime’
for manufactured and processed agricultural goods.

MERCA DO COMU DEL SUR (MERCOSUR)

➤ A customs union founded in March, 1991, by the Treaty of Asuncion
between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
➤ The treaty committed the signatories to progressive reduction of effects
culminating in the formation of a common market by 1995.
➤ This duly came in to effect as a free trade zone affecting 90 per cent of
commodities.
➤ A common external tariff is also applicable.

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THE CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET (CACM)

➤ Initiated in 1960, the group reaffirmed its commitment to regional
integration in 1993 with a common external tariff of 20 per cent.
➤ Its members are Costa Rice, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicargagua and Panama.
THE ANDEAN GROUP
➤ It came into being after a May 1969 agreement was signed by Bolivia,
Chile, Columbia, Ecuador and Peru.
➤ Later Venezuela also joined it.
➤ In May 1991 the group established a free trade zone, with a common
external tariff in four bands from the 5 per cent to 20.
CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM)
➤ Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tabago formed this block at
Trinidad in 1973.
➤ The aim was to achieve economic co-operation through a common market
along with an external tariff.
Reports Published by International Organisations
1. Global Financial System Report— Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
2. Ease of Doing Business— World Bank IBRD.
3. World Development Report— World Bank IBRD
4. Asian Development Outlook — Asian Development Bank (ADB)
5. Change the World List— Data Fortune
6. Global Hunger Index Report—International Food Policy Research Institute
7. World of Work Report — International Labour Organization (ILO)
8. World Employment and Social Outlook— International Labour
Organization (ILO)
9. Global Financial Stability Report—International Monetary Fund (IMF)
10. World Economic Outlook— International Monetary Fund (IMF)
11. World Energy Outlook—International Energy Agency.
12. World Oil Outlook—Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
13. World Happiness Report — United Nations Sustainable Development
Solutions Network.
14. Global Corruption Report — Transparency International
15. World Investment Report—United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development.
16. Global Environment Outlook —United nations Environment Programme
(UNEP)
17. Global Education Monitoring Report—UNESCO
18. State of World Population — United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
19. The Global Report—United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
20. The state of the World Children Report — UNICEF
21. Industrial Development Report —United Nations Industrial Development
Organization.
22. Global Assessment Report— United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
23. Global Information Technology Report — World Economic Forum (WEF)
24. Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report — World Economic Forum (WEF)
25. Global Competitiveness Report—World Economic Forum (WEF)
INTERNATIONAL DECADES
1976-1985 : UN Decade for Women
1994-2004 : First International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People
1997-2006 : First UN Decade for the Eradication of Poverty
2000-2010 : Second International Decade for the Eradication of
Colonialism
2001-2010 : International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence
for the children of the World.
2003-2012 : UN Literacy Decade
2005-2014 : UN Decade on Education for Sustainable Development
2005-2014 : Second International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People
2005-2015 : Water for Life Decade
2010-2020 : UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification
2014-2024 : third International Decade for the Eradication of colonialism,
UN Decade on Biodiversity, Decade of Action for Road
Saftery
2014-2024 : Decade of Energy for All
2015-2024 : International Decode for People of African Descent
INTERNATIONAL YEARS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
1967 : International Year of Tourism
1968 : International Year of Human Rights
1970 : International Year of Education
1972 : International Year of Book
1973 : International Year of Copernicus
1974 : International Year of Population
1975 : International Year of Women
1979 : International Year of Children
1981 : International Year of the Disabled Persons
1983 : International Year of Transport and Communication
1985 : International Year of Youth
1986 : International Year of Peace
1987 : International Year of Shelter for Homeless
1990 : International Year of Literacy
1992 : International Year of Space
1993 : International Year of Indigenous People
1994 : ● International Year of Family
● International Year of Sports
1995 : International Year of Tolerance
1998 : International Year of Ocean
1999 : International Year of Older Persons
2000 : International Year of Peace
2003 : International Year of Fresh Water
2004 : International Year of Rice

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2005 : ● International Year of Sports and Physical Education

● International Year of Physics
2006 : International Year of Desert
2007 : International Year of Pole
2008 : International Year of Potato
2009 : International Year of Natural Fibre
2010 : International Year of Bio-diversity
2011 : International Year of Forests
2012 : International Year of sustainable Energy for all
2013 : International Year of water co-operation and quinoa year
2014 : International Year of crystallography, International year of
Family Farming.
2015 : International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies.
2015 : International Year of Soils.
2016 : International Year of Pulses, International Year of Camelids.
2017 : International Year of sustainable tourism for development.
NATIONAL/INTERNATIONAL YEAR
1988 : Communication and Co-operation about AIDS Year
1990 : Firdausi Year of UNESCO
● SAARC Year of Girl Child
1991 : SAARC Year ofr Shelter (SAARC Habitat Year)
● Tourism Year of India
1992 : SAARC Year of Envrionment
1993 : SAARC Year of Disabled
1994 : WHO Year of Dental Care
1995 : SAARC SAve Childhood Year
● Road Safety Year (India)
● Railway Service Year (India)
1996 : SAARC Eradication of Poverty Year
2001 : Year of woman Empowerment (India)
2002 : International Year of Mountain (FAO)
2003-04 : Consumer Satisfaction Year (Indian Railway)
2004 : Tibet Year (Indo-Tibet Cooperation Forum)
● International Year of Taj (Government of Uttar Pradesh : 2004-
2005)
2005 : Year of Micro Credit
2006 : International Desert and Desertification Year
2007 : Year of Dolphin
2008 : International Year of Potato
2009 : International Year of Natural Fibre
2010 : International Year of Biodiversity; Year of Tigers (India)
2011 : International Year of Chemicals
2012 : The National Mathematics Year
● International Year of Cooperatives
2013 : Indian Film Heritage Year
❑❑❑

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