The general balance equation:

In - out+ Generation- consumption = Accumulation

Entropy: a thermodynamic quantity often interpreted as the

degree of disorder or randomness in the system.

Enthalpy: a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat

content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the
system plus the product of pressure and volume.

Thermodynamics laws

First:
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be
transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created
nor destroyed meaning that the total energy of an isolated system
is constant.

Second:
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total
entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
The total entropy of a system and its surroundings can
remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in
thermodynamic equilibrium, or is undergoing a reversible
Process.

Third
The entropy of any pure substance in thermodynamic
equilibrium approaches zero as the temperature approaches
zero”. It provides the basis for the calculation of absolute
entropy of the substances.
Name at least 10 types of energy?

1.thermal energy, 2. radiant energy, 3. chemical energy,

4. nuclear energy,5. electrical energy, 6.wave energy, 7.sound
energy, 8.elastic energy 9.mechanical energy and 10.gravitational
energy.

What’s the equation of energy?

Potential energy E(p) = Mass * Height * Gravity

!
Kinetic energy E(k) = (( )) × (mass) × (velocity^2)
"

First law of thermodynamics

Internal energy (DU) = Q (heat) - W (work)

Understand distillations?

Distillation is a process of separating components of a mixture

based on different boiling points
• The different types of distillation include simple, fractional,
steam, vacuum, and short path distillation

Types of heat transfer and Types of heat exchangers?

Conduction : The transfer of energy between objects that are in
physical contact. Example :
Convection: The transfer of energy between an object and its
environment, due to fluid motion, Example :
Radiation: The transfer of energy by the emission
of electromagnetic radiation., Example :
 Types of heat exchangers
Some of the types of shell and tube heat exchangers available
include helical coil heat exchangers and double pipe heat
exchangers, and some of the
“applications include preheating, oil cooling, and steam
generation”.

Fluid, Reynolds number and types of flow?

Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous

forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth,
constant fluid motion; (Re < 2000)

Turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is

dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic
eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities (Re > 4000)

Bernoulli equations, Give me example?

Bernoulli that states that as the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or

gas) increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases., Since the
speed is greater in the narrower pipe meaning kinetic energy is
higher.
Pump used for what?
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases) by
mechanical action. it does not generate pressure.

Talk about types of pumps?

• Centrifugal Pumps: are usually used for liquids which are

low in viscosity and low in solid concentration.

• Positive Displacement Pumps

This type of pump creates an expanding cavity on the

suction side of the pump and a contracting cavity on the
discharge outlet. This difference creates pressure which
pulls and pushes a fluid simultaneously, exerting enough
force to create flow.
There are many different types of positive displacement pumps, such as

• Rotary lobe pump

• Progressing cavity pump

• Rotary gear pump

• Piston pump

Component inside a pump?

The main components in a pump are the casing,
impeller, backing plate, shaft and shaft seal, and the
motor adapter
How would increase the pressure inside a pump? By
decreasing the imperial diameter or increasing reflux flow
rate.
 What is a pump bearing?

A bearing is a device that is used to enable rotational or linear

movement,

Why bearings are used in pumps?

Bearings are used in pumps to support the drive shaft.

What is the difference between compressor and pump?

Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the

pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a
pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also
reduces the volume of a gas. Liquids are relatively
incompressible; while some can be compressed, the main
action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids

What’s the component of a compressor?

They consist of a piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder, and

valve head.

Define corrosion and its types How do you prevent corrosion?

Corrosion is the irreversible damage or destruction of living
tissue or material due to a chemical or electrochemical
reaction.
1. Keep the area around the metal surface dry.
2. Use drying agents and moisture barrier products.
 What is the difference between corrosion and erosion?

In terms of the process, corrosion is an electro chemical

process whereas erosion is a physical process.

Where the Bubble point and dew point on curves?

Differentiate between an element curve and compound curve

what is the difference between stress and pressure?

Pressure is often used with fluids (gases or liquids), whereas stress is

more often used with solids. One major difference is that pressure only
acts perpendicular to a surface, whereas stress can also be parallel to a
surface as well as perpendicular to it.

How to increase the pressure for gases?

1. An increase in the number of gas molecules in the same volume container

increases pressure.
2. A decrease in container volume increases gas pressure.
3. An increase in temperature of a gas in a rigid container increases the pressure.

What is vapor pressure?

Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is defined as

the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium
with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed
system.
What’s the difference between acid and base?

Acids are substance that give off hydrogen ions to form

hydronium (H30) ions when dissolved in water. Vinegar,
lemon juice, and battery acid are examples of acids.
Bases are substances that contain or form hydroxide (OH)
ions when in water.

What’s Pythagoras theory?

‫ ﻣرﺑﻊ طول اﻟوﺗر ﯾﺳﺎوي ﻣﺟﻣوع ﻣرﺑﻌﻲ طوﻟﻲ اﻟﺿﻠﻌﯾن اﻟﻣﺣﺎذﯾﯾن ﻟﻠزاوﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺛﻠث ﻗﺎﺋم اﻟزاوﯾﺔ‬

the area of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the

areas of the squares on the other two sides.

What are the three types of heat and give example for
each type?

Conduction : The transfer of energy between objects that are in

physical contact.

Example (1): Hot food will heat a stoneware or porcelain plate for
a time.
Convection: The transfer of energy between an object and its
environment, due to fluid motion,

Example (1): Ice melting - Heat moves to the ice from the air. This
causes the melting from a solid to liquid.

Radiation: The transfer of energy by the emission

of electromagnetic radiation.,

Example (1): Waves produced by mobile phones

Example (2): Radio-frequency radiation such as televisions, FM

and AM radio

what is cement made of?

Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled
chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron
and other ingredients.

Common materials used to manufacture cement include

limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale,
clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.