ENGINEERING PHYSICS

By
G.SUNITA
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

K L University
gunturisunita@kluniversity.in
gunturisunita@KLUniversity.in 1
ULTRASONICS
LECTURE 2

gunturisunita@KLUniversity.in 2
 PIEZO ELECTRIC METHOD
Principle : Inverse piezo electric effect
• If mechanical pressure is applied to one pair of opposite faces
of certain crystals like quartz, equal and opposite electrical
charges appear across its other faces. This is called as piezo-
electric effect.

• The converse of piezo electric effect is also true.

• If an electric field is applied to one pair of faces, the

corresponding changes in the dimensions of the other pair of
faces of the crystal are produced.This is known as inverse
piezo electric effect or electrostriction.

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PIEZO ELECTRIC METHOD

Quartz Crystal
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 PIEZO ELECTRIC METHOD
The circuit diagram is shown in Figure

Piezo electric oscillator

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 PIEZO ELECTRIC METHOD
• The quartz crystal is placed between two metal plates A and B.

• The plates are connected to the primary (L3) of a transformer

which is inductively coupled to the electronics oscillator.

• The electronic oscillator circuit is a base tuned oscillator circuit.

• The coils L1 and L2 of oscillator circuit are taken from the

secondary of a transformer T.

• The collector coil L2 is inductively coupled to base coil L1.

• The coil L1 and variable capacitor C1 form the tank circuit

of the oscillator.
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 PIEZO ELECTRIC METHOD
Working
• When H.T. battery is switched on, the oscillator produces high
frequency alternating voltages with a frequency.
1
f 
2 L1C1
• Due to the transformer action, an oscillatory e.m.f. is induced in the
coil L3. This high frequency alternating voltages are fed on the plates
A and B.
• Inverse piezo-electric effect takes place and the crystal contracts and
expands alternatively. The crystal is set into mechanical vibrations.
• The frequency of the vibration is given by
where P = 1,2,3,4 … etc. for fundamental,
P Y first over tone, second over tone etc.,
n = Y = Young’s modulus of the crystal and
2l 
ρ = density of the crystal.
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 PIEZO ELECTRIC METHOD
Advantages
• Ultrasonic frequencies as high as 5 x 108Hz or 500 MHz can
be obtained with this arrangement.
• The output of this oscillator is very high.
• It is not affected by temperature and humidity.

Disadvantages
• The cost of piezo electric quartz is very high
• The cutting and shaping of quartz crystal are very complex.

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DETECTION METHOD'S OF
ULTRASONICS
a) Kundt's tube method

b)Sensitive flame method

c) Piezo-electric detector:

d) Thermal detection method

e) By acoustic grating method

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DETECTION METHOD'S OF ULTRASONICS

a)Kundt's tube method

Lycopodium Powder is used

Heaps at the Nodes and blown off at Antinodes

Measure the Wavelength and Velocity of ultrasonic sound
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 DETECTION METHOD'S OF ULTRASONICS
Wavelength:
The average distance btw two successive nodes or heaps is taken as ‘d’.
It should be equal to the half of the wavelength of ultrasonic waves.
   

This method is suitable for measuring velocity of low frequency

ultrasonic waves.
It can not be used for high frequency ultrasonic waves.
Velocity:
Velocity of ultrasonic wave is V
 
ϑ frequency of ultrasonic wave
 

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DETECTION METHOD'S OF ULTRASONICS

b) Sensitive flame method

When a narrow sensitive flame is moved in a medium
of ultrasonic waves.
Flame remains stationary at antinodes and flickers at nodes.

c) Piezo-electric detector
Quartz crystal – for detection of ultrasonic

One pair of faces of quartz subjected to Ultrasonics.

Varying electric charges are produced.

These charges are very small and they can be amplified.

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DETECTION METHOD'S OF ULTRASONICS
d) Thermal detection method
Probe made of thin platinum wire.
Temperature of the medium changes due to alternate
compressions and rarefactions.
Resistances of the platinum wire changes at node and remains
constant at antinodes.
Detected by sensitive resistance bridge.
e) acoustic grating method
Principle :
Ultrasonic waves are propagating through a liquid medium
(stationary waves formed)
Density of liquid varies from layer to layer.
Monochromatic light is passed – perpendicular direction.
Liquid behaves as diffraction grating. 13
 DETECTION METHOD'S OF ULTRASONICS

• Reflected waves are called echos.

• Superposition of the direct and reflected waves - Longitudinal
stationary waves produced.
• Nodes and Antinodes are formed – refractive index changed

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DETECTION METHOD'S OF ULTRASONICS
Working:
Monochromatic light

Diffraction pattern consists of central maxima , first order maxima

d – distance btw two nodes or antinode planes.

Wavelength of light is given by

2d sinθ = n λ

λₒ is the wavelength of ultrasonic wave

d = λₒ /2
Velocity of ultrasonic wave  

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Applications of Ultrasonic Waves in Engineering

(1)Detection of flaws in metals (Non

Destructive Testing –NDT)
Principle:
• Ultrasonic waves are used to detect the presence of
flaws or defects in the form of cracks, blowholes
porosity etc., in the internal structure of a material
• By sending out ultrasonic beam and by measuring the
time interval of the reflected beam, flaws in the metal
block can be determined.

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1. Non Destructive Testing –NDT
Experimental setup
Master
Time base
timer
amplifier

Signal CRO
pulse
generator
Echo signal
amplifier
Transducer

Metal under Test

It consists of an ultrasonic frequency generator and a cathode ray

oscilloscope(CRO), transmitting transducer(A), receiving
transducer(B) and an amplifier.
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 NDT Working Process
Pulse echo systems: IP

BE

delamination 0 2 4 6 8 10
plate
IP = Initial pulse
s F = Flaw
BE = Backwall echo

Probe
Sound travel path Flaw

Work piece 18
 NDT Working Process
• In flaws, there is a change of medium and this
produces reflection of ultrasonic at the cavities
or cracks.
• The reflected beam (echoes) is recorded by
using cathode ray oscilloscope.
• The time interval between initial and flaw
echoes depends on the range of flaw.
• By examining echoes on CRO, flaws can be
detected and their sizes can be estimated.

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 NDT Working Process
Transmission testing systems:
Through transmission signal

1 T R 1

2 T R 2
0 2 4 6 8 10

Flaw

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 NDT Working Process

Resonance Systems:

• Ultrasonic standing waves are setup with in the specimen

causing the specimen to vibrate at greater amplitude.

• Resonance is then sensed by CRT (cathode ray tube), and that

frequency is useful to detect the discontinuity of material.

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Features :
• This method is used to detect flaws in all
common structural metals and other
materials like rubber tires etc.
• The method is very cheap and of high speed
of operation.
• It is more accurate than radiography.

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2. SONAR (Sound Navigation and
Ranging ) • High Frequency Ultrasonic
Waves are Used
To find :
• Distance and direction of
submarines.
• Depth of sea
• Depth of rocks in the sea
• Crowd of fish in seas

• Sharp Ultrasonic beam is directed in various directions.

• The reflection of waves from any direction shows the
presence of some reflecting body in the sea.
• Reflected waves collected by the receiver.
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 3. Depth of Sea:
• The ultrasonic transducer transmits the ultrasonic waves
towards the bed of sea.
• The waves are reflected back from the bed and reflected
signal (echo) collected by the receiver.

Depth of sea ‘h’= v х t/2

Where ‘v’ velocity of sound through sea water
‘T’ is time interval between emitted signal and echo
received.

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3. Medical applications:
• To obtaining information about flow of blood through the
heart and the about the condition of heart valves.

• Its used in blood less surgery

• Also used for detecting tumors and other defects in human

body.

• To view the Fetus in its mother's womb, viewed in a

sonogram.

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Problems on Ultrasonic's:
1. For a quartz crystal of length 0.05cm, calculate the fundamental
frequency of oscillation. In a piezoelectric oscillation oscillator if the
velocity of longitudinal waves in the crystal is 5.5 x 103 m/sec.
2. A boat out ultrasonic pulse to determine the depth of the sea, if the
echo is received after 80 msec. What id the depth of sea given that
speed of sound in water is 1500m/sec.
3. A Quartz crystal of thickness 0.001m is vibrating at resonance.
Calculate the fundamental frequency. Given (Y = 7.9 x 1011 N/m2 , ρ
= 2.65 x 103 kg/m3 ).
4. Design a piezoelectric oscillator which produces ultrasonic waves of
frequency 106 Hz with an inductance of 1 Henry and what is a
capacitance?
5. A particle is acted upon by a sound wave executing S.H.M is given by
y=10sin(6t + π/3) in meter after 10 sec , find the displacement,
velocity and time period of the particle.
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6. A particle crystal in an ultrasonic interference produces
stationary waves of frequency 1.5 MHz. If the distance between
6 consecutive nodes is 2.75mm. Find the velocity of ultrasonic
waves.

7.A pulse of ultrasound is sent along the length of a piece of

metal which is suspended to have an internal crack. The pulse is
reflected from any cracks , and from the end of the metal bar
and the reflected pulse is picked up by a detector beside the
transmitter. The diagram below shows the trace on a CRO
which picks up the echo of the sound. The “tick” mark on the
time axis are 0.2 ms apart. Find the position of the crack and
length of the metal rod. Remember the speed of sound in typical
metal is 5000 m/s.

8. A piezo-electric crystal has thickness 0.002 m. If the velocity

of sound wave in crystal is 5750 m/s. Calculate the fundamental
frequency of the crystal. 27
9. Design a magneto- strictive oscillator which produces
ultrasonic wave of frequency 106 Hz with an inductance of
1Henrry. Then find the capacitance.

10. Find the fundamental frequency of a quartz crystal

plate of thickness is √30 mm. (Given E= 8x 109 pascal,
density of material = 2.7x103 kg/m3).

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