Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISLAMABAD
(iv) What is lesson planning? Write down the five merits of lesson planning for the
teachers.
Personal qualities are what make a person unique, allow them to navigate a
new situation, make new friends and connections, or work through conflict or
tensions. Important personal qualities for English teachers include listening and being
ideal teacher is someone who has a combination of qualities, such as being very
enjoys teaching and dealing with students, has high expectations for his students,
interpersonal skills, he or she is likely to be a better fit for an organization. And when
two candidates with similar professional qualities interview for a job, the one with a
Some children may take longer to understand certain subjects or pieces of information
and it is vital that you are patient and take the time to fully explain so that they
understand and learn from your teaching. During school, I found that in particular
subjects I would require the teacher to explain things in a little more depth before I
fully understood, and this would only help my learning if the teacher had the patience
to spend extra time on the same thing. Many teachers wouldn’t do this and I would
therefore struggle in their subjects. I feel that it is unacceptable for a teacher to act this
way. As a teacher it is your job to make sure that all pupils can work and learn to the
best of their ability, and without the patience to do so you are not fulfilling your role
teaching style to make sure that it is meeting the needs of all learners, remembering
emotions and gives them the ability to relate to them. Pupils will originate from
various cultures and backgrounds and so teachers need to be able to understand each
individual’s situation as this will help the children to feel more comfortable to discuss
any problems which they might be having at home. I feel that integrity is an important
characteristic for a professional teacher to have. Integrity is the quality of honesty and
having strong moral principles and so it is necessary for the teacher to have these so
that the pupils can be educated to act in the same way. Pupils should see their teachers
as a figure to look up to and so integrity allows teachers to be a role model for their
pupils.
I have chosen these five qualities to be the most important from the list,
however I believe that all of the qualities listed are important and that they should
of learning where students gain skills in critical thinking, communication, and group
schools of medicine, law, and business, the case method is now used successfully in
In addition to the definition above, the case method of teaching (or learning):
more effective contextual learning and long-term retention. Involves trust that
students will find the answers. Answers questions not only of “how” but “why.”
Provides students the opportunity to “walk around the problem” and to see varied
perspectives.
serves as facilitator.
Builds the capacity for critical thinking: It uses questioning skills as modeled by the
making decisions.
Models a learning environment: It offers an exchange and flow of ideas from one
life-long learning. It also promotes more effective contextual learning and long-term
retention.
Mimics the real world: Decisions are sometimes based not on absolute values of right
Cooperative learning
other and gain important interpersonal skills. Learn the definition of cooperative
learning and the benefits of this teaching technique in the classroom, explore how to
group students when using this technique, and discover strategies for developing
There are many benefits that can result from using cooperative learning strategies.
Here are benefits you might notice after implementing cooperative learning tasks in
your classroom:
in the learning.
more and remember what they've learned for a longer period of time.
Active learning
propose solutions, and explain ideas in their own words through writing and
discussion. Timely feedback is critical to this learning process either from the
and problem solving give students multiple avenues for learning. Applying new
knowledge helps students encode information, concepts, and skills in their memories
neural pathways Receiving frequent and immediate feedback helps students correct
activities helps create personal connections with the material, which increases
students’ motivation to learn. Regular interaction with the instructor and peers around
shared activities and goals helps create a sense of community in the classroom.
Instructors may gain more insight into student thinking by observing and talking with
students as they work. Knowing how students understand the material helps
(iv) What is lesson planning? Write down the five merits of lesson planning for
the teachers.
A lesson plan is the instructor’s road map of what students need to learn and
how it will be done effectively during the class time. Then, you can design
to enter the classroom with more confidence and maximizes your chance of having a
Learning Objectives
Learning activities
A lesson plan provides you with a general outline of your teaching goals, learning
productive lesson is not one in which everything goes exactly as planned, but one in
Question No. 2: Explain the factors of effective teaching
Students are the future of the nation and then stand at one pole of the
education system in which teachers are at the other pole. The process of learning-
teaching runs smoothly with the help of both of these poles. These two poles of the
education system make a perfect balance and take the system to another height.
Teachers work hard, collect information, and impart knowledge to students in the
process of teaching. There are certain direct and indirect factors that affect the
learning process or teaching. In the article, we will learn about the factors affecting
teaching.
learners, and the environmental factors. These three factors make the whole process of
learning easy and smooth. Learning in a student’s life is very important as it builds the
Teacher
Teachers are the pillars for their students. They play the most important role in
their students’ life by providing support, boosting their confidence, guiding them in
the right direction, and of course teaching them. They are the facilitator of learning in
the learning-teaching process. The best teacher is one who is able to apply the best
teaching method to teach students and guide them towards a quality learning process.
The quality of a teacher derives from the various factors such as:
Educational Qualification
degree in the teaching, a teacher will be able to impart knowledge to the students in
depth and of quality. On comparing the teachers who have M.ED or PhD degrees with
others who do not have, you will be able to differentiate the different ways of their
Skills
Skills matter a lot. Sometimes a teacher with a lower degree of teaching has
better skills of teaching than a teacher with a higher degree of teaching. It is not sure
that teachers with higher degrees have the right instincts and can teach in a better way
than teachers with lower degrees. Teaching skills are decided on how teachers
connect to students, what teaching methods apply on students, how they explain the
Experience
experience. Experience holds an important place when you are teaching students.
Some aspirants acquire high qualifications which can make them qualified for
topics or complex formulas but experience helps teachers to deal with the students
Subject matter
There comes a time when teachers who do not have knowledge of a particular
subject are assigned to teach that subject. In such a situation, passion and motivation
to research about the topic and teach students help them. Subject matter does really
matter. However, the chances of assigning subjects which are not the forte of a
keeping the mental and physical capabilities of students in mind. The important
subject matter related factors which influence teaching are the difficulty of the task,
length of the task, meaningfulness of the task, similarity of the task, organized
Learner
ethnic groups of students, race, belief and socioeconomic status of the learners when
The interest of each student in the class is also different which depends on
aptitude, attitude, motivation, mental health and aspiration towards the goals of their
life. The maturity, age, motivation, previous learning, intelligence, mental health,
physical need, diet and nutrition, attention and interest, goal-setting and level of
Support materials
Teachers have their support system which consists of tools that helps them to
improve their capacity of teaching. The different teaching aids help to analyze the
area in which students are not taking interest or under performing. This also helps
them to adopt effective strategies that teach students. Support materials in teaching
Instructional facilities
With the available teaching aids, teachers can cover a wide area of learning. It
Learning environment
important role in the learning process. Both students and teachers get affected by the
classroom environment. The environment for the learning is well maintained by active
Socio-economic factor
The socio-economic background of students and teachers affect the learning
process in an indirect way. It shows differences in the thinking level of students and
teachers towards others. The economic factor of students sometimes gets dominated
Expectations
and teachers as well. Every parent has some sort of expectation with their children as
they want their children to get quality education and they learn maximum when they
go to schools.
and impairments.
So, the parents should involve the students in the process of learning in such a way
that they ease their process instead of putting a burden on them. Also, teachers should
The National Council of Educational Research and Training published the Core
Teaching Skills in 1982 which laid stress on the following teaching skills.
Introducing a lesson
Response management
Explaining
Stimulus variation
Use of blackboard
Giving assignments
Micro Teaching
the teaching process. It concentrates on using specific teaching methods and offers
process called the Events of Instruction. Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction model
The model is a systematic process that helps them develop strategies and create
activities for instructional classes. The nine events provide a framework for an
effective learning process. Each step addresses a form of communication that supports
the learning process. When each step is completed, learners are much more likely to
be engaged and to retain the information or skills that they are being taught. The steps
or training activities.
learning. These were based on the information processing model that focuses on the
cognitive events that occur when learners are presented with a stimulus. Gagne Nine
Events of Instruction are connected to and address the Conditions of Learning. Gagne
divides the conditions into two groups; internal and external. Internal conditions are
the already established learned capabilities of the learner. Basically, what the learner
knows prior to the instruction. External conditions deal with the stimuli that is
presented externally to the learner (e.g. instruction provided to the learner). These
allows instructional designers to consider the possible internal and external conditions
Begin the learning session by gaining the attention of the learners. Ensure the learners
After gaining their attention, inform the learners of the learning objectives to help
them understand what they will be learning during the session. State what the learners
will be able to accomplish during the session and how they will be able to use the
knowledge in the future. This allows the learners to organize their thoughts on what
they will learn and help place them in the proper mind set.
present the learner with an experience or cue that stimulates their prior knowledge.
Make connections between what they are learning, and their previous learning. When
people learn something new, it is best to correlate the new information with related
Present the learner with the new information using learning strategies to provide
effective and efficient instruction. Organize and chunk content in a meaningful way.
Chunk information
Provide examples
group work)
Use a variety of approaches (such as visual cues, verbal instruction, and active
Give examples and advise of strategies to aid them in the learning content and of
resources available to them. Also, provide guidance using cues, hints, and/or prompts
Let the learner do something with the newly acquired behavior, skills, or
knowledge. Provide them with practice activities to activate the learning process. This
activity allows the learner to internalize the new information (skills and knowledge)
time to reinforce any important points. This stage helps reinforcement of a correct
answer, gives guidance as to the degree of correctness of the task, and/or provides
Be positive
Be objective
In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the instructional events, administer a test the
Written test
Short questionnaires
Short essays
Oral questioning
Other measurement tool to show that they’ve learned the material or skill
effectively
Give the learner resources that enhance retention and transfer of knowledge so
that they are able to internalize the new knowledge and enhance his or her expertise.
Repeated practice with effective feedback is the best way to ensure that people retain
information and use it effectively.
which gives direction to the learner’s experience and becomes the basis for student
evaluation. Objectives may vary in several respects. They may be general or specific,
skills. Affective objectives emphasize feeling and emotion, such as interests, values,
chemotherapy.
1. Begin each behavioral objective with a verb. The critical aspect of any
learning activities.
2. State each objective in terms of learner performance. A behavioral objective is
another person.
Examples of objectives
At the graduate level of nursing education, it is expected that learning objectives will
experiencing pain.
situations.
The levels are listed in increasing order of complexity, followed by verbs that
Label Recognize
Application: ability to use previously learned material in new and concrete situations.
Discover Produce
Analysis: ability to break down material into its component parts so that its
Evaluation: ability to judge the value of material for a given purpose; also, the ability
to make decisions.
Compare Evaluate
Examples
1. Knowledge
a. The student will be able to list all of Piaget's developmental states in the
b. The student will recall the four major food groups without error.
c. From memory, with 80 percent accuracy the student will match each United
2. Comprehension
b. By the end of the semester, the student will summarize the main events of a
3. Application
a. Given fractions not previously covered in class, the student will be able to
b. Given fractions not covered in class, the student will multiply them on paper
4. Analysis
Given a presidential speech, the student will be able to point out all of the
positions that attack a political opponent rather than the opponent's political
a. In a presidential speech, the student will be able to point out the positions
political programs.
a. The student will be able to design a study outside of class that addresses a
given problem. The experiment should contain the six components given in
class.
b. Given a short story, the student will write a different but plausible ending.
6. Evaluation
a. The student will be able to judge a paragraph's value according to the six
Question No. 5: What are the different factors that influence student motivation?
Most of the factors evaluated in this study are easy to adopt or abandon.
Although the curriculum in the pre-clinical years is concerned with basic sciences,
most students thought that the introduction of some clinical information into lectures
would improve motivation and facilitate learning. The students thought that
motivation could be improved with the provision of clinical information to make the
Many faculty members use the conventional style of lecturing where students
are passive recipients. However, these students clearly favored student participation.
They believed that there was little enjoyment in the majority of lectures, partly
because of the lack of student participation. Indeed, many investigators have reported
that there is greater enthusiasm for learning on the part of students when the focus in
techniques of changing the traditional lecture into a more enjoyable interactive lecture
promoter of learning. This is done to refresh students’ memory and stress basic
comprehension. This is, unfortunately, lacking in many of our lectures, but can be
done by asking questions to create an active learning environment which compels and
A lot of our students have problems with the language as the teaching is in a
foreign language.7 This might explain why most of the students preferred the use of
some Arabic phrases in lectures. Interestingly, the frequency of females who favored
the use of Arabic phrases was less than males. However, the use of Arabic phrases
should clearly be limited to situations in which the tutor feels that the students are
Out of the three different audiovisuals usually used in teaching, the students
preferred the chalkboard. Using the chalkboard gave the students a good opportunity
to write lecture notes. Since the use of slides and overhead projectors tended to be
fast, the deficiency in English made it difficult for the students to take proper notes
when they were used. When these are used, students have little time to take notes,
continue to listen and keep pace with the information being delivered in the lecture.
Clear course objectives were not provided to the students by many of our
departments. Clear objectives that help to identify the course material and guide
Curriculum committees should ensure that every course has specific objectives, which
specific objectives would make students aware of the scope of the course. The
objectives would also act as guidelines for tutors to cover the required material and
Assigning more than one reference text by the departments was seen as
motivation inhibitor by majority of second and third level students. Possible causes of
this include the lack of time. As students take four different lectures per day, the
Our students preferred easy references and most of them depended mainly on
notes.The university policy prohibits the provision of lecture notes and handouts to
the students. The college administration believes that in addition to being good for
Although students who regularly read improved their language, many complained that
they wasted a lot of time and got fewer marks than those who only read notes.
However, later in the clinical years many of them came to appreciate the worth of the
many have the tendency to go into unnecessary detail. This could explain the feeling
of our students that our curriculum is overloaded. Selection of basic science material
based on clinical relevance would help not only in identifying the core curriculum but
Tutorials in our curriculum are designed to offer the tutor the opportunity to
revise the material covered in previous lectures with the students. Different methods
are used to achieve this objective. Our students considered all forms of tutorials
by tutor) as promoters. However, they thought they derived the greatest benefit from
promoters of learning. This is in agreement with a previous report that stated that
assessment had a marked effect on medical students’ learning. 9 On the other hand, a
majority of our students did not like unscheduled quizzes as many of them had not
developed the habit of studying regularly. They rather read intensively for
students were positive about taking the roll. Interestingly, there was a gender
It is suggested that the teaching approach in the pre-clinical years should foster
horizontal integration and increase the number of tutorials based on clinical problems
Conclusion
Our students think that the tutor in the pre-clinical phase, could motivate them
revised previous lectures, used the necessary explanatory Arabic phrases, used the
chalk board, provided clear specific course objectives, adopted one easy reference,