Name of Project Group - ABS03

Student 1:
● Name - Anima Agarwal
● Email id - anima.a22@fms.edu
● Mobile - 9973730300
● Section - A
● Roll No. - 109

Student 2:
● Name - Milind Singhal
● Email id - milind.s22@fms.edu
● Mobile - 9024594686
● Section - A
● Roll No. - 178

Student 3:
● Name - Bevara Yoga Santosh
● Email id - santosh.b22@fms.edu
● Mobile - 9490353956
● Section - A
● Roll No. - 227

Company Selected - Cummins India

Industry Selected - Engine Manufacturing

Time Period under consideration - 2003-2020

Engine Manufacturing
1

An engine is the heart of a vehicle's operating system and ultimately what makes the vehicle a
successful form of transportation. Without the engine, a vehicle is just another big piece of
stamped out metal appearing in various shapes and sizes.

In addition to being manufactured for vehicles, engines are also built for aircraft and large
machinery equipment, such as Caterpillar excavators and dozers. They are also used in trailer
manufacturing for the hydraulic systems.

Engine Products

Engines come in many different shapes and sizes, and are built for a multitude of different
purposes. Here is a quick rundown of the different types of engines.

1. Gasoline Engines

In this internal combustion engine, fuel is mixed with air and then inducted into the
cylinder during intake. With fuel-air inside the engine, a spark ignites, causing
combustion. This type of engine is the primary engine used in automobiles. Other
applications for this engine include aircraft, motorcycles, motorboats, and small engines.

2. Diesel engines

Heavy-duty diesel engines are primarily manufactured for freight trucks, however, they
may also be found in light- and medium-duty trucks. They are used for several purposes:
heavy-duty transportation, medium-duty trucks, and for industrial machinery engines.

3. Electric Engines

Electric engines are powered by an electric current that generates a magnetic charge and
turns the driveshaft. These engines utilize large lithium-ion batteries or batteries made
with newer technologies.

1 https://www.mcrsafety.com/en/industry/automotive/engine-manufacturing
Companies

Member Companies That Are a Part of the EMA2

AGCO Corporation INNIO

American Honda Motor Company, Inc. Isuzu Technical Center of America, Inc.

Briggs & Stratton Corporation Kawasaki Motors Corp., USA

Caterpillar, Inc. Komatsu Ltd.

Cummins, Inc. Kubota Engine America Corporation

Cummins Power Systems MAN Truck & Bus AG

Daimler Trucks North America, LLC MTU America, Inc.

Deere & Company Navistar, Inc

DEUTZ Corporation PACCAR, Inc

FCA US, LLC Scania CV AB

Fiat Powertrain Technologies Volkswagen of America, Inc.

Ford Motor Company Volvo Group North America

General Motors Company Wärtsilä North America, Inc.

Hino Motors Manufacturing USA, Inc. Yanmar America Corporation

2 http://www.idema.org.in/index.php?u=uimember.memberlist
Caterpillar, Cummins, and General Electric Company are three of the largest companies from
this list.

Manufacturing Process:

● Die-Casting the Engine Block

The companies mentioned above manufacture a multitude of parts, with the engine block
making up the core component. It is the main structure housing hundreds of parts
allowing the engine to function properly. The manufacturing of the engine block is
primarily accomplished by sand casting. The reason for this is that the engine must be
able to withstand the extreme pressure created when combustion occurs.

● Assembly and Testing

Once the engine block is manufactured, a working engine is only halfway complete. An
engine consists of an assortment of mechanical and electronic components, all of which
must be assembled into a working whole.

A robot is at the heart of most of this process, completing tasks like installing the pistons
into the cylinder bores and attaching pistons to the crankshaft.

EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURE FROM DIESEL ENGINES

3

Diesel exhaust consists of hundreds of gas-phase, semi-volatile, and particle-phase organic

compounds that are produced through the combustion of fossil fuel. Lightweight carbonyls make
up the largest fraction of the gas-phase emissions of organic compounds, with acetaldehyde,
formaldehyde, and acetone accounting for more than half of these emissions. In comparison,
diesel fuel consists of ~45% aliphatic HCs (predominantly C10–C25), ~25% cycloalkanes, <29%
aromatic HCs [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2–5%], ~1% olefins, sulfur [100–300
parts per million by weight (ppmw)], and nitrogen (40–500 ppmw) (Exhibit 1).

3 https://www.epa.gov/dera/learn-about-impacts-diesel-exhaust-and-diesel-emissions-reduction-act-dera
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464315
HEALTH EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHAUST

Adverse human health effects result from environmental exposure to diesel exhaust. These
exposures have the potential to induce lung cancer in humans and animals and may cause acute
and chronic noncancer adverse respiratory health effects.

Carcinogenicity

A consistent causal relationship between occupational diesel exhaust exposure and lung cancer
was found in more than 30 human epidemiologic studies. On average, long-term occupational
exposures to diesel exhaust were associated with an increase of ~40% in the relative risk of lung
cancer. Diesel vapor and DPM extracts are genotoxic to bacterial and mammalian cell systems
and can induce adverse chromosomal changes in animals. Genotoxicity refers to changes in
DNA and is believed to be an important biological cause of lung cancer.

Noncancer Health Effects

Animal studies indicate that diesel exhaust is capable of inducing a variety of adverse, noncancer
health effects, including pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. However, these effects have
typically resulted from exposures considerably in excess of typical ambient levels. Diesel
exhaust appears to act as an adjuvant in allergic responses and possibly asthma, although
additional research is needed at lower concentration levels.

EFFECTS OF DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST ON THE ENVIRONMENT

4

Visibility Reduction

Diesel exhaust PM is a combination of particles rich in BC and sized to very effectively scatter
light, giving diesel exhaust an extinction efficiency nearly double that of most other particle
sources. Under certain operating conditions, diesel engines emit visible particle (smoke) plumes.
Secondary aerosol, formed from NOx and SO2 emitted by diesels, further magnifies their
contribution to visibility degradation. The net result is that the visibility impacts of the existing
diesel fleet, though variable in time and location, are larger than their proportional fraction of
vehicle mileage, and significant visibility benefits accompanying future reductions in diesel NOx
and PM emissions can be anticipated.

4 https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/diesel-fuel/diesel-and-the-environment.php
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11417675/
Global Climate Change

The transportation sector is currently responsible for ~26% of greenhouse gas emissions in the
United States and, due to increased demand for gasoline and diesel fuel, is expected to be one of
the fastest growing sources of greenhouse gas emissions in the foreseeable future. Diesels
produce lower CO2 emissions than equivalent gasoline engines per unit of work, owing to their
greater efficiency. However, DPM may modify cloud cover and rainfall (and thus alter the
albedo of the earth-atmosphere system), more than offsetting the diesel engine’s CO2 advantage.

Water and Soil Pollution

Diesel fuel spills (accidents), leaks from pipelines and tanks, and roadway runoff are the most
common forms of inadvertent release. Adverse effects of these incidents vary considerably and
depend on transformation and removal processes after the leakage or spill. They tend to
accumulate in sediments, where they pose a chronic threat to aquatic organisms long after the
acute initial effects of the spill have abated. The effects of diesel fuel spills on aquatic organisms
include mortality, reproductive impairment, depressed growth rates, and increased susceptibility
to infectious and noninfectious diseases.
Atmospheric deposition of air pollutants released from diesel exhaust to ecosystems and their
components, such as forests, water bodies, and soils, is another significant source of
contamination.
Cummmins India:

About company:
Cummins India limited is a subsidiary of Cummins Inc., which is the largest independent
designer and manufacturer of diesel engines above 200 HP. Cummins India started in 1962. At
that time it was named Kirloskar Cummins Ltd. It started its operations in Pune and partnership
between Kirloskar Oil engines ltd. and Cummins Company Inc. Columbus USA flourished till
1997 and then Kirloskar sold their ownership to Cummins Inc. In 1987 a joint venture named
Fleetguard filters Pvt Ltd. was formed between Cummins Filtration Inc. and a company named
Perfect Sealing System Pvt. Ltd. to manufacture fuel for air travel and water filters for Cummins
and also for other engine manufacturers. Company had other joint ventures as well but in 2006
Cummins took over completely and it started working under the name Cummins and after that
company became Cummins India Ltd a consolidated subsidiary of Cummins Inc. 6

Cummins India Ltd is a major manufacturer of diesel and natural gas engines. The organization
works in three business portions:
1. Engine

5 https://www.cummins.com/

6 https://www.business-standard.com/company/cummins-india-337/information/company-history
 2. Power Systems
3. And Distribution.

The Engine Business consists of manufacturing motors from 60 HP for low medium and heavy
duty commercial vehicles.

The Power system side of business manufactures high power engines ranging from 700 HP to
4500 HP, it also manufactures power generation systems consisting of integrated generator sets
form 7.5 kVA to 3750 kVA.

Cummins India acquired the distribution business in 1967, the main objective was providing
product-package service for uptime for its own manufactured equipment. Cummins distribution
network has 31 authorised dealerships, 200 branches and 450+ service touch points.
Cummins network offers a very strong team consisting of more than 5000+ company trained
engineers and technicians and it serves more than 100,000 customers across India, Nepal and
Bhutan.

Cummins Inc. first published a sustainability report in 20037 where it mentioned that it would
adhere to ISO 14001 Environmental management system (EMS). It is a voluntary international
quality standard to establish requirements.8 In 2007 Cummins set up the first green plant in
India and started focusing on its initiatives for a cleaner and healthier environment. 9

Cummins India is making remarkable efforts in sustainability and it is getting recognition and
award for the same, its power generation SEZ plant won Golden Peacock Occupational Health
and Safety Award for Innovative Environmental project title at Confederation of Indian Industry
(CII) Environmental Best Practice Awards 2019.10

Swot analysis of Cummins India:

Strengths Weaknesses

1. Largest Diesel Engine company 1. It’s dependence on few suppliers

2. It has huge portfolio of product which 2. Lack a good IT system

7 https://www.cummins.com/about/sustainability
8 https://www.cummins.com/sites/default/files/files/reports/2003_2004_sustainability_report.pdf
9 https://www.cummins.com/sites/default/files/files/reports/2007_2008_cummins_sustainability_report.pdf
10 https://www.business-standard.com/company/cummins-india-337/information/company-history
 caterers to various and diverse 3. It’s cyclic nature causes instability in
requirements company
3. Brand is globally recognised and
strong presence in India, Nepal and
Bhutan
4. A very strong vertical integration.
From designing, manufacturing to
distribution

Opportunities Threats

1. There is opportunity to enter in e- 1. New entrants in the markets

commerce segment 2. Increasing demand of electric engines
2. Investment in electric engine and 3. Ongoing transition of diesel to
electric powertrain product line electrical engines
3. Look for new areas of technology

History of Cummins in sustainability:

Cummins Inc. parent company of Cummins India, always focused on environmental

stewardship. At the shareholder meeting in 1969, Chairman J. Irwin Miller announced:

“[T]he company’s goal was to produce engines that were “socially acceptable.” Cummins
would do so, Stoner said, “not waiting for an adjustment in the federal requirements or
incentives, but in an attempt to fulfill our responsibility to improve the quality of our
environment.”11
It started complying to US regulations on emission from 1970 and voluntary goal facility energy
reduction from 2006.

In the late 1970s the company started codifying ethical norms for the company. One test
company put in place to check their ethics is to determine whether they’d want to read about
their activities on the front page of the newspaper.

From 2003 it started publishing sustainability reports. In 2005 sustainability report Tim Solso
states that:

“…being a socially responsible company is not only the right thing to do, but is good business.
What is good for the world also is good for Cummins and all our stakeholders. The concept of

11
https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/35334/Masters+Project+-+Cummins+(Public).pdf
sustainability is important to Cummins and the nearly 30,000 employees who work hard every
day to deliver on our vision and mission.”

In 2010 Cummins India Ltd inaugurated a rural electrification project with collaboration with IIT
bombay and after that in 2011 a village named Padarwadi got electrified with use of renewable
sources and emission standard of the project was in compliance with Central pollution control
board. Cummins India Ltd. also took projects such as Change the way one views garbage which
was focused on recycling, Towards a “plastic free” environment and safe chulhas.

From 2017 it formalised the team to focus on material efficiency, increasing product efficiency
and also created design for sustainability principles.12

After formalising Cummins endeavors to accomplish the natural, social and administration
exposures recommended by these and different gatherings. The organization additionally reports
routinely on its sustainability report.

In their sustainability report Cummins put some KPI to measure where it reached to in terms of
its goal. KPI such as CHG emission, Energy consumption, Water use, Water intensity reduction,
energy intensive reduction, CHG energy reduction and recycling rate etc. [Exhibit 2]

These KPIs show that Cummins is making progress in terms of its goal and has ambition to
wasting nothing through circular economy principle till 205.

Principle of Circular economy for Cummins India: Use less, Use better, Use again 13
Key highlights of 2019 sustainability report:

1. Another natural procedure, PLANET 2050, which incorporates science-based goals that
meet or surpass the goals in the United Nations' Paris concession to climate change

2. Reaching three of the organization's 2020 sustainability goals a year ahead of schedule
and barely missing a fourth.

3. Balancing practically the entirety of the organization's energy use in Cummins' central
command territory of Indiana with sustainable power on account of a breeze ranch
extension the organization upheld.

12 https://public.cummins.com/sites/CSP/en-us/Pages/EnvironmentalStewardship.aspx

13 https://www.cummins.com/sites/default/files/2020-08/SPR2020%202019%20Sustainability
%20Progress%20Report%208132020.pdf
 4. Plan to invest more than 1 billion dollars in R&D and engineering as the company brings
new products to market which would fueled by hydrogen and other low-carbon sources.

Exhibit 1
Biological Impact of Diesel Emission Components

Emission Component Atmospheric Reaction Biological Impact

Products
Carbon monoxide - Highly toxic to humans;
blocks oxygen uptake.
Nitrogen oxides Nitric acid, ozone Nitrogen dioxide is a
respiratory tract irritant and
major ozone precursor. Nitric
acid contributes to acid rain.
Sulfur dioxide Sulfuric acid Respiratory tract irritation.
Contributor to acid rain.
Carbon dioxide - Major contributor to global
warming.
Saturated hydrocarbons Aldehydes, alkyl nitrates, Respiratory tract irritation.
(Alkanes, < C19) ketones Reaction products are ozone
precursors (in the presence of
NOx).
Unsaturated hydrocarbons Aldehydes, ketones Respiratory tract irritation.
(Alkenes < C5) Some alkenes are mutagenic
and carcinogenic. Reaction
products are ozone precursors
(in the presence of NOx).

Formaldehyde Carbon monoxide, Formaldehyde is a probable

hydroperoxyl radicals human carcinogen and an
ozone precursor (in the
presence of NOx).

Higher aldehydes (e.g., Peroxyacyl nitrates Respiratory tract and eye

acrolein) irritation; causes plant damage.

Monocyclic aromatic Hydroxylated and Benzene is toxic and

compounds (e.g. benzene, hydroxylated-nitro derivatives carcinogenic in humans. Some
toluene) reaction products are
mutagenic in bacteria (Ames
assay).

PAHs (< 5 rings) (e.g. Nitro-PAHs (<5 rings) Some of these PAHs and nitro-
phenanthrene, fluoroanthene) PAHs are known mutagens
and carcinogens.

Exhibit 2:14

Environment key performance indicator of Cummins Inc.

2017 2018 2019

GHG emissions (thousands of metric tons CO2e) 778 808 753

Energy consumption1 (thousands of MMBtu) 13656 14374 14038

Water use (millions of gallons) 964 949 895

Water intensity reduction (2010 baseline) 44% 50% 53%

Energy intensity reduction (2010 baseline) 25% 29% 31%

GHG intensity reduction (2010 baseline) 33% 37% 42%

Recycling rate 90% 90% 91%

Cummins india establishment

Established in 1990 as an autonomous legitimate substance, the Cummins India Foundation

(CIF) channelizes Cummins' responsibility towards Corporate Responsibility. Every one of its
drives, both in the nearby local area and in different pieces of India where Cummins works, fall
under the three key centre regions and one being Energy and Environment.

While the different undertakings embraced under every one of these key centre regions get
monetary help from the Foundation, Cummins is likewise dedicated to the dynamic contribution
and interest of its representatives in its corporate duty drives.

14 https://www.cummins.com/sites/default/files/2019%20Cummins%20SASB%20report%20862020.pdf
As a command, under Every Employee Every Community drive (EEEC), each representative is
urged to commit at least four working hours towards any of the ventures attempted under these
three centre regions.

Cummins India Foundation is ignored and evaluated by the Steering Committee which
incorporates senior tops of the administrative group as the Board of Trustees. The Foundation
works intimately with city bodies, NGOs, Government and the networks in accomplishing the
association's central goal of "Improving individuals' lives by fuelling a more prosperous world."
with the accompanying objectives:

To make maintainable abundance for every one of our partners - both inside and outside
Cummins

To inspire and enable our representatives to be occupied with working on the networks to
improve them spots to live and work

To make an air of trust and cooperation by collaborating with our partners to drive improvement

To recognize worldwide needs that apply across networks and utilize the worldwide reach of
Cummins to use our endeavours here

Energy and Environment

Each association, huge and little, is dependable towards the climate. Reasonable development for
Cummins is one that doesn't think twice about the ecological effect of its business. Obviously, it
is our main goal to remain ecologically practical.

Cummins takes a straightforward yet amazing course for its endeavours towards the climate to
incorporate exercises like sapling ranches, cleaning of water bodies and lobbying for public
mindfulness, towards a cleaner and better society.

ENVIRONMENT: ENSURING THAT EVERYTHING WE DO LEADS TO A

CLEANER, HEALTHIER AND SAFER ENVIRONMENT.

Alongside being a testimony of collaborative success, these initiatives are a sustainable and
replicable model- capable of creating a ripple of empowerment that spreads to positively
influence the environment in the organization and the community.

LIFECYCLE ANALYSIS

Cummins’ Action Committee for Environmental Sustainability (ACES) is comprised of

functional, business and regional leaders from across the company. Since early 2012, its focus
has been to look at the company’s environmental impact using the lens of the full product
lifecycle, from design and manufacture to end of life. In each phase of the cycle, we asked
ourselves.

DESIGN & VALIDATION OF TECHNOLOGY

Design out waste and pollution
Reduce hot test
Increase sustainable coatings

MATERIALS
Only use what is needed with parts that have a lower embodied energy
Use recycled materials, renewable resources, sustainable partners

PRODUCTION
Reduce machining scrap,packaging and plastic waste
Reduce potable water use, increase water reuse
Reduce energy use and increase renewable energy opportunities
Eliminate pollution from operations

USE
Fuel efficient products
Carbon neutral technologies that address air quality
Keep products and materials in use longer

DISPOSAL - AFTERMARKET
Extend lifetime of resources through reuse, repair, refurbish or remanufacture

2050 ASPIRATIONAL TARGETS