ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES
SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO-

ARUSHI SINGH MRS. NIDHI SACHDEVA

SKAND HEMMADY
TANU SHARMA
UDAY PRAKASH MISHRA
 FACTS
• Some of the world's biggest plastic producers, including Coca-Cola and international treaty to tackle plastic
pollution in the sea. PepsiCo, are joining a drive for a new international treaty to tackle plastic pollution in the
sea.

• The weight of about 60,000 blue whales are dumped into oceans each year – weighing more than 11 million
tonnes.
MARINE POLLUTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which
comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This
pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all
organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.

Marine pollution is a growing problem in today’s world. Our ocean is

being flooded with two main types of pollution: chemicals and trash.

CHEMICAL MARINE
CONTAMINATION TRASH
 CHEMICAL
CONTAMINATION
Chemical contamination, or nutrient pollution, is concerning for health,
environmental, and economic reasons. This type of pollution occurs when human
activities, notably the use of fertilizer on farms, lead to the runoff of chemicals into
waterways that ultimately flow into the ocean. The increased concentration of
chemicals, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, in the coastal ocean promotes the
growth of algal blooms, which can be toxic to wildlife and harmful to humans. The
negative effects on health and the environment caused by algal blooms hurt local
fishing and tourism industries.
 MARINE
TRASH
Marine trash encompasses all manufactured products—most of them plastic—that
end up in the ocean. Littering, storm winds, and poor waste management all
contribute to the accumulation of this debris, 80 percent of which comes from sources
on land. Common types of marine debris include various plastic items like shopping
bags and beverage bottles, along with cigarette butts, bottle caps, food wrappers, and
fishing gear. Plastic waste is particularly problematic as a pollutant because it is so
long-lasting. Plastic items can take hundreds of years to decompose
CAUSES
 CAUSES
The main sources of marine plastic are land-based, from urban and
storm runoff, sewer overflows, beach visitors, inadequate waste disposal
and management, industrial activities, construction and illegal
dumping. Marine- based plastic originates mainly from the fishing
industry, nautical activities and aquaculture.
Causes of Marine Pollution
~The marine environment becomes polluted and contaminated through various sources and forms.

~Major sources of marine pollution are the inflow of chemicals, solid waste, discharge of radioactive elements, industrial
and agricultural effluents, man-made sedimentation, oil spills, and many such factors.

~The majority portion of the marine pollution comes from the land that contributes to 80 percent of the marine
pollution;

Sadly, air pollution also carries pesticides from farms and dust into the marine waters.

~Air and land pollution is a major contributor to the growing marine pollution that is not only hampering the aquatic
ecology but also affecting the life on land.

~The non-point sources like wind-blown debris, agricultural runoff, and dust become the major source of pollution.

~Apart from these,

Factors like land runoff, direct discharge, atmospheric pollution, pollution caused by ships, and deep sea mining of
natural resources contribute heavily.
There are copious causes of ocean pollution.
Of all the facts, there is one constant:
Most pollution in our oceans begins on land and is caused by humans.
Here are some of the major causes of marine pollution:

• Nonpoint source pollution

• Oil spills
• Littering
• Ocean mining
• Harmful to marine animals
• A threat to human health
• Reduce chemical fertilizer use
• Opt for reusable bottles and utensils

Let me brief some of them:

Nonpoint source pollution
~Nonpoint source pollution comes from a variety of different locations and sources.
The result of this is runoff, which occurs when rain or snow moves pollutants from the
ground into the ocean.

~ For instance, after a heavy rainstorm, water flows off roads into the ocean, taking oil
left on streets from cars with it.

Intentional discharge
~ Manufacturing plants in some areas of the world release toxic waste into the ocean,
including mercury.

~While it’s intentionally being released into the sea, sewage also contributes to ocean
pollution, as well as plastic products.

Oil spills
~Ships are major contributors to ocean pollution, especially when crude oil spills
occur.

~Crude oil lasts for years in the ocean and is difficult to clean up.

~ It has been estimated only 13% of the ocean area remains as wilderness, mostly in
open ocean areas rather than along the coast.
OIL SPILL
Littering
~Atmospheric pollution, which refers to objects carried by the wind to the
ocean, is a big problem.

~Items such as plastic bags and Styrofoam containers become suspended

in the water and don’t decompose.

Ocean mining
~Deep-sea ocean mining causes pollution and disruption at the lowest
levels of the ocean.

~Drilling for substances such as cobalt, zinc, silver, gold and copper
creates harmful sulphide deposits deep in the ocean.

However,

~Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through

overfishing, habitat loss, the introduction of invasive species, ocean OCEAN MINING
pollution, ocean acidification and ocean warming.
IMPACTS
 IMPACTS
1. Effect of Toxic Wastes on Marine Animals:-
The oil spill is dangerous to marine life in several ways. The oil spilled in the ocean could get on to the gills and feathers of
marine animals, which makes it difficult for them to move or fly properly or feed their children. The long term effect on marine
life can include cancer, failure in the reproductive system, behavioral changes, and even death.

2. Disruption to the Cycle of Coral Reefs:-

Oil spill floats on the surface of the water and prevents sunlight from reaching to marine plants and affects the process of
photosynthesis. Skin irritation, eye irritation, lung and liver problems can impact marine life over a long period of time
3. Depletes Oxygen Content in Water:-
Most of the debris in the ocean does not decompose and remain in the ocean for
years. It uses oxygen as it degrades. As a result of this, oxygen levels go down. When
oxygen levels go down, the chances of survival of marine animals like whales, turtles,
sharks, dolphins, penguins for a long time also goes down.

4. Effect on Food Chain:-

Chemicals used in industries and agriculture get washed into the rivers and from
there are carried into the oceans. These chemicals do not get dissolved and sink at the
bottom of the ocean. Small animals ingest these chemicals and are later eaten by large
animals, which then affects the whole food chain.

5. Affects Human Health:-

Animals from impacted food chain are then eaten by humans, which affects their
health as toxins from these contaminated animals get deposited in the tissues of
people and can lead to cancer, birth defects or long term health problems
6. Acidification:-
The oceans are normally a natural carbon sink, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Because the
levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide are increasing, the oceans are becoming more acidic . The potential
consequences of ocean acidification are not fully understood, but there are concerns that structures made of
calcium carbonate may become vulnerable to dissolution, affecting corals and the ability of shellfish to form shells.

7. Eutrophication:-
Eutrophication is an increase in chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus,
in an ecosystem. It can result in an increase in the ecosystem’s primary productivity (excessive plant growth and
decay), and further effects including lack of oxygen and severe reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal
populations

8. Plastic debris:-
Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Eighty
percent of marine debris is plastic – a component that has been rapidly accumulating since the end of World War
II. The mass of plastic in the oceans may be as high as 100,000,000 tonnes (98,000,000 long tons; 110,000,000
short tons)
 CASE
STUDY
 CASE STUDY
CASE STUDY – 1

Sea food is a part of the human diet and harvesting of marine species provides a source of income to millions. Products from
marine species are used as food additives, animal feed, fertilizer, clothing, jewellery, and cosmetics.But development, over
fishing, pollution and introduction of exotic species in marine habitats has jeopardized marine eco-systems as well as
biodiversity. Construction activities, sewage and pollution from industries in the field large cities threaten coastal eco-systems.

Oil spills and release of waste from tankers at major ports also threaten marine life. About 24% of the world’s coasts are now
at high potential risk of degradation. More than half of the world’s coral reefs, found in the Indian ocean and in the pacific, are
endangered by pollution. Surface run off and discharge of effluents and waste from industries account for almost half of
marine pollution.
 CASE STUDY – 2

Teluk Bahang is a small fishing village located in the north-western of Penang Island, Malaysia. It
has several attractions which include forest reserved park, ecotourism sites, theme parks and
famous for its aquaculture activities. On 18th April 2019, fish farmers in Teluk Bahang
experienced mass mortality of cultured fishes, namely groupers, barramundi, golden and red
snappers due to a sudden change in water quality. Hence, this study was conducted to discuss
marine pollution that occurred in Teluk Bahang that had caused the death of tonnes cultured
fishes. Water samples were collected at the fish cage to investigate the water quality (physical
and chemical parameters), heavy metals content, cell density and phytoplankton composition for
determination of algal bloom that might be the cause of this crisis. Water samples were collected
three times on 19th April 2019, 8th May 2019 and 26th May 2019. The results for physical and
chemical parameters (pH, salinity, surface temperature, nitrate and phosphate) were all within
the permissible limit according to Malaysia Marine Water Quality Class 2 (for aquaculture and
recreation). Almost no harmful dinoflagellate species were detected in the water samples which
indicated that phytoplankton did not cause a direct effect on the fish mortality. The
concentration of heavy metals namely Cu, Cd, Ni, Fe, As and Hg in water samples were measured
by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results showed no detection of As and Hg
concentration. The concentration of Cd, Cu and Fe in water ranged from 0.058-0.065ppm, 0.057-
0.077ppm and Fe 0.326-0.389ppm respectively. These levels exceeded 20-100 times from the
permissible limit. Ni concentration detected at 0.472-0.513ppm which was 990 times exceeded
the permissible levels. These results indicated that metal pollution occurred in the marine water
of Teluk Bahang and the possibility that the area may no longer be suitable for aquaculture or
recreational purposes.
THANK
YOU!