Personal and Home Disaster Survival Contributing Factors

Need for Stress

Psychological Aspects of Survival
 Stress is not disease that you cure and
 It takes much more than knowledge and
eliminate. Instead, it is a condition we all
skills to build shelters, get food, make
experience. Stress can be described as
fires, and travel without the aid of
our reaction to pressure. It is the name
standard navigational devices to live
given to the experience we have as we
successfully through a survival situation.
physically, mentally, and emotionally
Some people with little or no survival
respond to life tensions.
training have managed to survive life-
threatening circumstances. Some Survival Stresses
people with survival training have not
 The emotional aspects associated with
used their skills and died. A key
survival must be completely understood
ingredient in any survival situation is the
just as survival conditions and
mental attitude of the individuals
equipment are understood. An important
involved. Having survival skills is
factor bearing on success or failure in a
important; having the will to survive is
survival episode is the individuals
essential. Without a desire to survive,
psychological state or outlook depends
acquired skills serve little purpose and
on the individuals ability
invaluable knowledge goes to.
 There is a psychological to survival. The
 Understanding how various physiological
person in a survival environment faces
and emotional signs, feelings, and
on his many stresses that ultimately
expressions affects one's bodily needs and
impact thoughts and emotions that, if
mental attitude.
poorly understood, can transform a
 Managing to stressful and emotional
confident, well-trained person into an
reactions to stressful situation.
uncertain, ineffective individual with
 Knowing individual tolerance limits, both
questionable ability to survive. Thus,
psychological and physical.
every survivor must be aware of and be
 Exerting a positive influence on companions
able to recognize those stresses
commonly associated with survival.
Additionally, it is imperative that the
Injury, Illness, or Death
survivors be aware of their reactions to
the wide variety of stresses associated  Are real possibilities a survivor has to
with survival. This chapter will identify face. Perhaps nothing is more stressful
and explain the nature of stress, the than being alone in nothing is more
stresses of survival, and those internal stressful than being alone in an
reactions survivors with the stresses of a unfamiliar environment where you could
real-world survival situation. die from hostile action, an accident, or
from eating something lethal. Illness and
injury can also add to stress by limiting
your ability to maneuver, get food and
drink, find shelter, and defend yourself.
Even if illness and injury don't lead to
death, they add to stress through the
pain and discomfort they associated with
the vulnerability to injury, illness, and
 death that survivor can have the
courage to take the risks associated with
survival tasks.
Uncertainty and Lack of Control
 Some people have trouble operating in
setting where everything is not clear-cut.
The only guarantee in a survival
situation is that nothing is guaranteed. It
can be extremely stressful operating on
limited information in a setting where
you have limited control of your
surroundings. This uncertainly and lack
of control also add to the stress of being
ill or injured.
Environment
 Even under the most ideal
circumstances, nature is quite fearful. In
survival, a survivor will have to struggle
with the stresses of weather, terrain, and
the variety of creatures occupying an
area. Heat, cold, rain, winds, mountains,
swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous
reptiles, and other animals are just a few
of the challenges awaiting the survivor
working to survive.
Pain
 Pain, like fever, is a warning signal
calling attention to an injury or damage
to some part of the body. Pain is
discomforting but is not, in itself, harmful
or dangerous. Pain can be controlled,
and in an extremely grave situation,
survival must take priority over giving in
to pain. The biological function of pain is
to protect an injured part by warning the
individual to rest it or avoid it.
 A survivor must understand the
following facts about pain:
1. Despite pain, a survivor can move in
order to live.
2. Pain can be reduced by:
a) Understanding its source and
nature
b) Recognizing pain as a discomfort
to be tolerated
c) Concentrating on necessities like
thinking, planning, and keeping busy.
d) Developing confidence and self-
respect
When personal goals are maintaining life and
returning, and these goals are valued highly
enough, a survivor can tolerate almost
anything.
Thirst and Dehydration
 The lack of water and its accompanying
problems of thirst and dehydration are
among the most critical problems facing
survivors.
The Survivor's Needs Health (Physical and Psychological)
1) The ability to walk or traverse existing
Maintaining Life
terrain.
2) The need to transport personal
> Three elementary needs of a survivors in any
possessions (burden carrying).
situation which are categorized as the essential
3) Self-Aid in the event of injury, the
components of maintaining life are personal
survivors existence may depend on the
protection, nutrition, and health.
ability to perform self-aid.
4) Psychological Health perhaps the
Personal Protection
survivors greatest need is the need for
emotional stability and a positive,
> The human body is fragile. Without
optimistic attitude.
protection, the effects of environmental
5) Returning the need to return is satisfied
conditions (climate, terrain, and life forms) and
successful completion of one both of the
of induced conditions (radiological, biological
basic tasks confronting the survivor:
agents, and chemical agent) may be fatal. The
aiding with
survivors primary defense against the effects of
6) Electronic signaling covers a wide
the environment are clothing, equipment,
spectrum of techniques. As problems
shelter, and fire. Additionally, clothing,
such as security and safety during
equipment, and shelter are the primary defense
combat become significant factors,
against some of the effects of induced
procedures for using electronic
signaling to facilities recovery become
increasingly complex.
1) Nutrition - Survivors need food and water to
7) Visual signaling is primarily the
maintain normal body functions and to provide
technique for attracting attention and
strength, energy, and endurance to overcome
pinpointing an exact location for
the physical stresses of survival.
rescuers. Simple messages or
information may also be transmitted with
2) Water - The survivor must be constantly
visual signals.
aware of the body continuing need for water
8) Travel on Land survivor may need to
(fig. 1-10).
move on land for a variety of reasons,
ranging from going for water to
3) Food - During the first hours of a survival
attempting to walk out of the situation.
situation, the need or food receives little
In any survival episode, the survivor
attentions. During the first 2 or 3 days, hunger
must weight the need to travel against
becomes a nagging aggravation which a
capabilities and/or safety (fig. 1-15).
survivor can overcome. The first major food
crises occurs when the loss energy, stamina,
and strength.
 Conditions Affecting Survival Legal and Moral Obligations
Environmental Conditions  A survivor has both legal and moral
obligations or responsibilities.
Climate Responsibilities influence behavior
during survival episode and influence
 Temperature, moisture, and wind are
the will to survive.
the basic climatic elements.
Examples include feelings of obligation or
Terrain
responsibilities to family, self, and/or spiritual
 Mountains, prairies, hills, and lowlands, belief.
are only a few examples of the infinite
variety land forms which described
"terrain".

The Survivors Conditions

The survivors condition and the influence it has

in each survival episode is often overlooked.
The primary factors which constitute the
survivors condition can best be described by
the four categories shown in figure 1-5.

Psychological
 The survivors psychological state greatly
influences their ability to successfully
return from a survival situation.
Psychological effectiveness in a survival
episode results from effectively coping with the
following factors:
1. Initial Shock-Finding oneself in a
survival situation
2. Pain
3. Hunger
4. Thirst
5. Cold or Heat
6. Frustration
7. Fatigue-Including Sleep Deprivation
8. Isolation- Includes extended duration of
any episode
9. Insecurity - Induced by anxiety and self-
doubts
10. Loss of Self-Esteem
11. Loss of Self-Determination
12. Depression-Mental "lows"
Patterns of Survival (Staying Alive)
S Size Up the Situation (Surrounding,
Physical Condition, Equipment)
U Use All Your Sense, Undue Haste
Makes Waste
R Remember Where you are
V Vanquish Fear and Panic
I Improvise
V Value Living
A Act Only After Thinking
L Live by Your Wits, But for Now, Learn
Basic Skills
S- Size up the situation
Size Up Your Surroundings
 Determine the pattern of the area. Get a
feel for what is going on around you.
Every environment, whether forest,
jungles, or desert, has rhythm or pattern.
This rhythm or pattern includes animal
and bird noises and movements and
insects sounds.
Size Up Your Physical Condition
 The trauma of being in a survival
situation may cause you to overlook
wounds you received. Check your
wounds and give yourself first aid. Take
care to prevent further bodily harm. For
instance, in any climate, drink plenty of
water to prevent dehydration. If you are
in a cold or wet climate, put on
additional clothing to prevent
hydrathermia.
U- Use all your senses, undue haste makes
waste
 The may make a wrong move when you
react quickly without thinking or
planning. That move result in a serious
injury or death. Don't move just for the
sake of taking action. Consider all
aspects of your situation action (size up
your situation) before you make a
decision and a move. If you act in haste,
you may forget or lose some of your
equipment. In your haste you may also
become disoriented so that you don't
know which way to go. Plan your moves.
Be ready to move out quickly without
endangering yourself. Use all your
senses to evaluate the situation. Note
sounds and smells. Be sensitive to
temperature changes. Be observant.
R- Remember Where You Are
 Spot your location on your map and
relate it to the surrounding terrain. This
is a basic principle that you must always
follows. If there are other persons with
you, make sure they also known their
location. Always known who in your
group, vehicle, or aircraft has a map and
compass. If something happens to that
persons, you will have to get the map
and compass from him. Pay close
attention to where you are and to where
you are going. Do not rely on others in
the group to keep track of the route.
Constantly orient yourself.
V- Vanquish Fear and Panic
 The greatest enemies in a survival
situation are fear and panic. If not
controlled, they can destroy your ability
to make an intelligent decision. They
many cause you to react to your feelings
and imagination rather than to your
situation. They can drain your energy
and thereby cause other negative
emotions. More survival training and
 self-confidence will enable you to
vanquish fear and panic.
I – Improvise
 In the United States, we have items
available for all our needs. Many of
these items are cheap to replace when
damaged. Our easy come, easy-to-
replace culture makes it unnecessary for
us to improvise. This inexperience in
improvisation can be an enemy in a
survival situation. Learn to improvise.
Take a tool designed for a specific
purpose and see how many other uses
you can make of it.
V – Value Living
 All of us were born kicking and fighting
to live, but we have become used to the
soft life. We have become creatures of
comfort. We dislike inconveniences and
discomforts. What happens when we
are faced with a survival situation with
its stresses, inconveniences, and
discomforts? This is when the will to
live-placing a high value on living-is vital.
The experience and knowledge you
have gained through life and your
training will have a bearing on your will
to live.
A – Act Only After Thinking
 Animal life in the area can also give you
clues on how to survive. Animals also
requires food, water, and shelter. By
watching them you can find sources of
water and food.
L- Live by Your Wits, But for Now, Learn
Basic Skills
 Learn basic skills now. You need to
know about the environment to which
you are going, and you must practice
basic skills geared to that environment.
For instance, if you are going to a
desert.
PACE Planning
PACE is an acronym for Primary Alternate, B.) Impact Response
Contingency, and Emergency. The method
requires the author to determine the different Triage Categories
parties that need to communicate and then
 Immediate category. These casualties
determine, if possible, the best four forms of
require immediate life-saving treatment.
communication between each of those parties.
 Urgent category. These casualties
require significant intervention as soon
as possible.
What does PACE plan mean?
 Delayed category. These patients will
 This plan is usually expressed in an require medical intervention, but not with
order of communication precedence list any urgency.
called a primary alternate,  Expectant category.
contingency, and emergency (PACE)
plan. It designates the order in which an
element will move through available
communications systems until contact
can be established with the desired
distant element.

Emergency and Disasters Planning PACE

Yourself?

P.A.C.E - is an acronym for Primary,

Alternate, Contingency and Emergency
Planning. If you've read anything on the subject
of planning, whether it's from the military
perspective or the latest popular business
management book, the ultimate objectives are
the same in terms of developing a sound plan
that is:
1) Simple to understand
2) Realistic and implementable
3) Properly resourced and provisioned
4) Read, understood, comprehended and
practiced by all involved
5) Flexible
"Trier" - French word meaning "to sort" by
French physician, Baron Dominique Jean
Larrey
What is SALT triage?
 SALT Triage is the product of a CDC
Sponsored working group to propose
a standardized triage method. The
guideline, entitled SALT (sort, assess,
life-saving interventions, treatment
and/or transport) triage, was developed
based on the best available science and
consensus.
What are the steps of triage? EMERGENCY CODE LIST IN THE HOSPITAL
 Step 1 – Triage is the process of CODE BLUE: MEDICAL EMERGENCY for
determining the severity of a patient's Adult
condition. Patients with the most severe
CODE 13: MEDICAL EMERGENCY for Pedia
emergencies receive immediate
treatment. CODE RED: FIRE EMERGENCY
CODE PINK: ADBUCTION OF A CHILD IN
 Step 2 – Registration process is
THE NURSERY ROOM (PATIENT)
important for two reason: it lets the LED
staff gather information for your patient CODE YELLOW: 1 CHILD IS MISSING
record and we obtain your consent for WITHIN THE HOSPITAL (VISITOR)
treatment.
CODE WHITE: URGENT FOR SECURITY
REQUEST
 Step 3 – Treatment every patient who
comes to the emergency department at CODE ORANGE: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
St. Mary's Regional receives treatment
from an attending physician or mid-level CODE GREEN: EMERGENCY OPERATION
practitioner. PLAN TO BE ACTIVATED (Mass Evacuation)
for Earthquake or other disasters
 Step 4 – Reevaluation an ED physician
or mid-level practitioner will reevaluate
your condition after they receive your
test results because the results may
give them additional insight into the type
of treatment you need.

Step 5 – Discharge part of our job is to keep

you healthy long after you've left the ED. All
patients receive written home-care instructions
to follow when discharged.
STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
1. Secure your space by identifying the
hazard and securing moveable items.
2. Plan to be safe by creating a disaster
plan and how to communicate with other
members in the family
3. Organize immediate food supplies in
convenient or strategic location
4. All important document should be
prepared
Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)
Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)
 A mass casualty incident described as
incident in which emergency medical
services resources, such as personnel
and equipment, are overwhelmed by the
number and severity of casualties.
What is mass casualty incident?
 A mass casualty incident (MCI) is
defined as "as event that overwhelms
that local healthcare system, where the
number of casualties vastly exceeds the
local resources and capabilities in a
short period of time". Any MCI rapidly
exhaust available resources for not only
the MCI but the
What could cause mass casualty incident?
Mass Casualty incidents may be caused by
force of nature or by accidental or intention
explosions and conflagration. The casualties
produced in terrorist attacks often have
associated blast injury and mechanical trauma
in additional to burns.
How do you manage Mass Casualty
Incident?
Mass casualty incidents : 10 things need to
know to save lives
1. Start incident command early –
although it may not come as naturally
EMS responders as it does to fire
department officers ,establishing
incident command on scene as soon as
possible is clearly a best practice
2. Conduct as scene survey – a quick but
thorough survey of these scene is
critical for the safety of providers , care
of the victims and success of the
incident action plan
3. Make the call for more resources
early – Now that you have
establishment incident command and
you know the details of the scene and
the incident, it’s time to make the call for
more help
4. Wear identification to delineate your
role – it’s important the EMS providers
can be clearly identified on scene ,
especially the incident commander.
Whether it’s brightly colored vest , all
cap, or glow stick taped to your shoulder
, wear some sort of clear identification
so that the other responders know that
you are incident command, operations
section chief, EMS branch director or
one of the group supervisors
5. Perform patient triage and tagging –
one of the more controversial portions of
MCI management is patient triage and
use of triage tags . it is clear that we
have not figured out the best way to
triage and tag patients , but that does
not mean that the principles of why we
need to do it are invalid
6. Use checklist and reminder cards- for
most of us , MCIs are not an everyday
occurrence (thank goodness). It may be
months or years since your last mass
casualty training exercise.
7. Keep radio traffic brief , clear and
necessary- time and time again,
communications is one of the biggest
breakdowns in MCI response . To help
address this, responders can try to
reduce the amount of radio traffic we
contribute
8. Notify hospital early and keep them
updated- the hospitals in the area must
be prepared to not only receive the
patients that are transported from the
scene by ambulance , but also for
casualties that self-report
9. Preserve vehicle ingress and egress
routes – when arriving the scene at the
scene , be cautious about where you
park. Besides the concerns of scene
safety , routes to move ambulances and
other emergency response vehicles in
and out must be maintained
 10. Track patients transported from the phase encompasses of both
scene – an often-over looked aspect of rehabilitation and reconstruction
MCI management is the tracking of
What are the activities of disaster
patients transported from the incident
rehabilitation and recovery ?
scene. While patient tracking is not
likely to change or improve the care of  This covers pre and post disaster
the patient during their transport, it can activities from gathering disaster data,
make a significant difference in the big formulating rehabilitation and recovery
picture. plan and its subsequent financing and
implementation, facilitating emergency
procurement, crafting a communications
POST IMPACT RECOVERY , strategy , and instituting monitoring and
RECONSTRUCTION, REHABILITATION evacuation mechanism.
1. Critical incident Stress Debriefing
 Is a facilitator-led
7 stages of Critical Incident Debriefing
group process
conducted soon 1. Assess the critical incident- the
after traumatic initial stage CISD primarily involves
event with the team leaders
individuals 2. Identify safety & Security Issues-
considered to be in this stage, participations are
under stress encouraged , but never forced , to
from trauma exposure open up and provide a brief , factual
account of the event from their own
point of view
What is pre and post disaster ? 3. Allow venting of thoughts , feelings &
emotions – this stages begins by
 While prevention, mitigation and
talking about what people think about
preparedness include pre-disaster
the critical resident
activities focused on reducing the
4. Share emotional reactions – this
human and property losses caused by
phase is the heart of CISD and focuses
potential hazard ; response, recovery
on the event’s impact on the
and reconstruction include the post
participants.
disaster initiatives taken in response to a
5. Review symptoms & the incident
disaster with purpose to achieve early
impact- during the segment ,
recovery .
participants explore and express their
symptoms and the effect of the incident
is having on them
What period is rehabilitation and 6. Teach & bring closure to the incident-
reconstruction ? this education phases helps participants
 The emergency period , which focuses understand their symptoms and effects .
on immediate relief action oriented to it helps them know their reactions are a
saving lives and meeting the most normal response to traumatic events
urgent needs of the population affected 7. Assist in Re-entering the
by the disaster , is followed by the post- workplace/community – as the
disaster recovery phase. The recovery sessions draws to a close , leaders
review and summarize what has been
 discussed and , earned. Sometimes.
Handouts are provided that offer
information , resources and action steps
From Reconstruction to Rehabilitation
The reconstruction of shelter and community
infrastructure, in fact. Forms an important entry
point for the rehabilitation process.
A reconstruction program is the first step
towards restoring and upgrading local habitat.it
introduces improved system of building, sets
up basic building element supply, build up the
skills and management, capacity of families,
local agencies and village artisans in a
restricted area and sets up local information
and knowledge system. All these to enable “
better building” a holistic view of ‘Habitat” that
links the process of housing with the capacity
to make and exercises informed choices w.r.t
building construction habitat improvement and
economic betterment is the larger goal.
Reestablishment of people’s lives through
rehabilitation efforts involves:
 Moving up the ladder from house to
habitat to livelihood
 Local awareness creation including
training for all so that people gain control
over the housing process
 Capacity building and linking to
enterprises livelihood support
 Devising livelihood interventions in the
farm and non-harm sectors based on
new economic opportunities to create
economic surpluses (that can be
directed to responsive housing)
 Creating a basic for community access
to institutional housing finance
A response strategy – facilitating the
creation of sustainable livelihoods
 A effective response strategy is to
understand the need for building
materials , buildings and livelihoods
Mechanism of Response
 Post Disaster response has been
typically at three (now four) levels
 Relief- immediately after the calamity,
lasting from the first 24 hours to about
two to three months and catering to
immediate shelter, food, water and
medical assistance
 Reconstruction- following relief and
extending to a period of approximately
two years, aimed at rebuilding the basic
physical infrastructure and shelter to
enable people to begin afresh.
 Rehabilitation- that looks at more long
term inputs of reinstating lost livelihoods,
introducing new economic opportunities
and improving land and water
management processes so as to reduce
people’s vulnerability and enhance
capacities to handle future calamities
 Readiness- a response which should
ideally have been a proactive
measures , is to enhance preparedness
in identifies vulnerable regions by
introducing mechanisms and methods of
construction that mitigate impacts of
Disaster- an opportunity
Let us look at a disaster situation not as a glass
half empty but half full. Not as a tremendous
loss but as a opportunity now being offered
“again”. An opportunity to begin the process of
development in a more sustainable mode. An
opportunity set in place systems , technologies
and processes that improve the quality of life
and are in sync with regional geo-
environmental conditions.
 BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION
PRECAUTION
 Is a practice of isolating all body
substance of individuals undergoing
medical treatment , particularly
emergency medical treatment of those
who might be infected with illnesses
such as HIV , or hepatitis so as to
reduce as much as possible the PERSONAL
chances of transmitting these illnesses. (PPE)
 Is an alternative infection control method
in which all body fluids and substances
are defined as infectious.
ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS IN HOSPITAL
 Body substance isolation (1987):
 Isolation of all moist & potentially
infectious body substances
(blood, urine, feces, sputum,
saliva, wound drainage, other
body fluids regardless of their
presumed infectious status).
 Stop sign alert (airborne)
 Wear a facemask/gown
 Discard contaminated materials follow
biohazard procedures for disposal
 Clean area thoroughly with disinfectant
 Wash hands thoroughly with soap and
water for atleast 20 seconds
 Wash clothing in hot water
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
 Purpose
- Match the exposure hazard to proper
protection
- Protect emergency series personnel
 From sharp, pointed jagged objects
 From objects that may fall in your head
or feet
 From body substances and includes BSI
precautions
- Gloves
- Other appropriate barriers:
gowns,masks , eye protection
- Immunization

DISADVANTAGES
 Added costs
 Overprotection of personnel
 Difficulty in maintaining routine
application
 lack of hands washing after gloves
removal
 droplet infection

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
In order to avoid discrimination, treat all bodily
and fecal matter as though they may be
infected and observe the following precaution.
 Use barrier protection: cover up any
open wounds or sores before
proceeding
 Wear gloves when handling bodily
fluids or contaminated materials and
other waste
  The Kendrick extrication device ( shown
in figure 1 with a yellow arrow ) is used
in the pre- hospital environment to
stabilize patients complaining of neck or
back pain after car collisions. The KED
is a low-flexibility device that is secured
to the patient’s torso, legs and head to
prevent movement

What are the parts of Kendrick extrication

device?
 A KED wraps a person’s head, back ,
shoulders, and torso in semi rigid brace ,
immobilizing the head, neck, and spine.
Typically there are two head straps ,
three torso straps, and two legs straps
which are used to adequately secure the
KED to the patient.

DRESSING AND BANDAGING

FIRST AID DRESSING AND BANDAGING

 Guidelines in dressing and bandaging
Kendrick Extrication Device- is a device used  Sterile or clean material
in extrication of victims of traffic collisions from  Bleeding is controlled
motor vehicles . Commonly carried  Adequately covers the wound
ambulances , a KED is typically used by an  Not too tight or it may interfere
emergency medical technician paramedic, or with the blood supply and
another first responder. It was originally damage surrounding tissue
designed for extrication of race car drives.  No loose ends that could get
caught on other objects while the
patient is being moved.
What is the rapid extrication technique?  If soaked with blood, leave the
 The rapid extrication technique is first dressing and apply new one
designed to move a patient in a series of
coordinated movements from sitting
position to the supine position on a long 8 BASIC USES FOR DRESSING
background while always maintaining /BANDAGES
stabilization and support for the  Protect wound from infection
head/neck, torso, and pelvis  Protect wounds from further injury or
contamination
When would a Kendrick extrication device  Control external & internal
be used ?
  Act as compress over exposed or
unexposed injuries
 Immobilize an injured part
 Protect an unexposed injury
 Support an injured part
 Hold protective equipment in place
The basic principles for the management of
a wound or a laceration are :
 Hemostasis
 Cleaning the wound
 Analgesia
 Skin closure
 Dressing and follow-up-wounds
RULES OF BANDAGING
1. Bandages must be changed every day
or two
2. The wound must be kept clean and dry
between changes
3. Swelling above or below the bandage
means its too tight
4. If your pet suddenly starts licking or
chewing the bandage , or if there’s a
bad smell . remove the bandage
immediately to be sure there is not an
infection or other problem.
5. Bandages are a short term solution until
treatment from a vet is available
- If a bandage is needed , most
likely a veterinarian will need to
be seen.
WHAT ARE THE 5 RULES OF WOUNDS
CARE?
 In this article , the authors offer five
generalizable principles that colleagues
providing community care can apply in
order to achieve timely wound healing:
1. Assessment and exclusion of
disease processes
2. Wound cleansing
3. Timely dressing change
4. Appropriate dressing choice; and
5. Considered
What are the principles of bandaging?
 A bandage should never be applied
directly over wound; it should be used
only to hold in place the dressing which
covers a wound. A bandage should be
applied firmly and fastened securely. it
should not be applied so tightly that it
stops circulation or so loosely that it
allows the dressing slip
Types of Wounds :
 Penetrating wounds. Puncture wounds.
Surgical Wounds and Incision. Thermal ,
chemical, or electric burns. Bites and
stings . Gunshot wounds, or other high
velocity projectiles that can penetrate
the body.
 Blunt Force. Trauma. Abrasions.
Lacerations. Skin tears
Surgical Wound – Sterile , from scalpel blade
HOW DO YOU APPLY BANDAGE AND
DRESSING?
When applying one :
1. Clean and dry the wound and
surrounding skin.
2. Hold the bandage on either side of the
pad
3. Lay the pad directly on the wound
4. Wind the short end once around the limb
and the pad
5. Wind the other end around the limb to
cover the whole pad
What are the different types of dressing and
bandages ?
 Types of wound dressing & when to use
them:
  Gauze sponges- type of wound
used for all wounds
 Gauze bandage Roll- type of
wound used for all wounds
 Non- adherent pads
 Non-adherent wet dressings
 Foam dressings
 Calcium Alginates
 Hydrogel Dressings
 Transparent dressings
What are the general rules for applying
dressings?
When applying a dressing always wear
disposable gloves. Some dressing have a
wound dressing and bandages attached :
 Wash hands
 Put gloves
 Place dressing on top of wounds
 Secure with adhesive tape or roller
bandage
Cloth bandages cover dressings and hold
them in place
 Dress the wound- put on gloves or use
other protection to avoid contact with the
victims blood
 Cover the bandages – wrap roller gauze
or cloth strips over the dressing and
around wound several times.
 Secure the bandage
 Check the circulation
RESTRAINTS AND STABILIZATION
 What is restraint and types of
restraint?
 It includes mechanical
restraint , physical restraint,
and chemical or
pharmacological restraint.
Mechanical restraint is the
application of devices ( including
belts, harnesses, manacles,
sheets and straps ) to a person’s
body to restrict their movement.
 What are 2 different methods of
restraint?
 The forms pf restraint can be
divided into two types, Physical
and Chemical
 What are restraints use ?
 Restraints may be used to keep a
person in proper positions and
prevent movement or falling
during surgery or while on a
stretcher. Restraints can also be
used to control or prevent harmful
behavior. Sometimes hospital
patients who are confused need
restraints so that they do not :
scratch their skin
 What are examples of restraints?
 Examples of physical restraint
include vests, straps, belts, limb
ties, wheelchair bars and brakes,
chairs tat tip backwards, trucking
in sheets too tightly , and bedside
rails
WHAT ARE THE FOUR TYPES OF
RESTRAINTS ?
Following are some of the different kinds of
physical restraints.
 Belts placed around your waist and
connected to a bed or chair
 Cloth bands placed around your wrists
or ankles
 Cloth vests or “posey’s” placed around
the chest
 Lapboards hooked to chairs that limit
your ability to move
 Mittens placed on your hands
WHAT IS THE RESTRAINT POLICY
  Restraint may only be used to ensure
the immediate physical safety of the
patient , staff or others and must be
discontinued at the earliest possible
time. Alternative and nonphysical
interventions are attempted prior use of
restraints . A. PATIENT RIGHTS.

WHEN SHOULD RESTRAINTS BE

REMOVED?
 Remove restraints as soon as the
patient meets behavior criteria for
discontinuation
 Discontinue restraint use when it
becomes evident that the patient is no
longer a danger to himself/herself or
others, says Kathleen Catalano,RN,JD,
director of administrative projects at
Children’s Medical Center of Dallas

PERSONAL AND HOME DISASTER

SURVIVAL
Psychological Aspects of Survival
 It takes much more than knowledge and
skills to build shelters, get food make
fires, and travel without the aid of
standard navigational devices to live
successfully through a survival situation.
Some people with little or no survival
training have na. Some people with
survival training have not used their
skills and died. A key ingredient in any
survival situation is the mental attitude of
the individuals involved. Having survival
skills is important ; having the to survive
is essential. Without a desire to survive ,
acquired skills serve little purpose and
invaluable knowledge goes to.