‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

1395 ‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬،1 ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ‬

Plant Pathology Science
Vol. 6(1), 2017

Eight Useful Aspergillus Species

MAHYA RAHIMIZADEH & MEHDI SADRAVI

M.Sc. Student & Associate Professor of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Protection,
Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
(
Corresponding author: msadravi@yu.ac.ir)
Received: 14.11.2016 Accepted: 28.02.2017
Rahimizadeh M. & Sadravi M. 2016. Eight useful Aspergillus species. Plant Pathology Science
6(1): 22-32.
Abstract: Aspergillus species are saprophytic fungi which can live on plant debris in the soil
and water and also on some plant products, stored fruits and grains. They can be identified by
studying the features of colonies, conidiophores, vesicles, phialids and conidia, on selective
culture media. The biocontrol potential of some isolates of A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A.
piperis, A. repens, A. tamarii, A. terrus and A. tubingensis, against some plant diseases such as
cocoa black pod, root galls and Fusarium root rot of tomato, Alternaria leaf spot, Fusarium dry
rot, potato pink and soft rot of tubers has been proven. They also can act as plant growth
promoter and aflatoxin reducer agent in seeds and nuts. Key morphological characteristics of
these eight species of Aspergillus is described in this paper. Most of these species are reported
[ Downloaded from yujs.yu.ac.ir on 2022-04-03 ]

from Iran, thus identification and application of their efficient isolates can be suggested in plant
diseases management as well as the plant growth enhancement programs.
Key words: Aspergillus, Pythium, Fusarium, Phytophthora

Aspergillus ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﺎ رﺣﻴﻤﻲزاده و ﻣﻬﺪي ﺻﺪروي‬
‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻳﺎﺳﻮج‬،‫ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي‬،‫ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎهﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬،‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ و داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

1395/12/10 :‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮش‬ 1395/08/24 :‫درﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬.Aspergillus ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‬.1395 .‫ و ﺻﺪروي م‬.‫رﺣﻴﻤﻲزاده م‬
.22-32 :(1)6
‫ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻓﺮاوردهﻫﺎي‬،‫ آب‬،‫ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﻨﺪرو در ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺧﺎك‬Aspergillus ‫ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬:‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺮ‬.‫ ﻣﻴﻮهﻫﺎي ﺗﺎزه و آبدار آﺳﻴﺐدﻳﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﻮهﻫﺎ و داﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎري ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬،‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪ و ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺣﺒﺎب‬،‫ ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﺑﺮ‬،‫اﺳﺎس وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ‬
[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0 ]

،A. repens ،A. piperis ،A. niger ،A. fumigatus ،A. flavus ‫ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‬.‫ﻛﺮد‬
‫ ﻏﺪه رﻳﺸﻪ و‬،‫ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻬﺎر ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﺎهﺷﺪن ﻏﻼف ﻛﺎﻛﺎﺋﻮ‬، A. tubingensis ‫ و‬A. terrus ،A. tamarii
‫ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ‬،‫ ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﻪﺑﺮﮔﻲ آﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎرﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬،‫ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮﻣﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫و ﻧﺮم ﻏﺪه ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶدﻫﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن و ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﻓﻼﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ در‬

msadravi@yu.ac.ir :‫
ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻪ‬

22
 ‫رﺣﻴﻤﻲزاده و ﺻﺪروي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪Aspergillus‬‬
‫‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫داﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺧﺸﻜﺒﺎر ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪي اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺮح داده‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻛﺜﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‪Phytophthora ، Fusarium ، Pythium ،Aspergillus :‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﻪﺟﻨﺲ ‪ Aspergillus‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮر وﺳﻴﻊ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﻨﺪرو در‬

‫ﺧﺎك‪ ،‬آب‪ ،‬ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ در ﺣﺎل ﻓﺴﺎد‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻮهﻫﺎ و داﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ داراي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ از رﺷﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريزاي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان رﻳﺰﺟﺎﻧﺪار اﻓﺰاﻳﺶدﻫﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎه )‪(Plant growth promotion microorganism‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ)‪.(Klich 2002‬‬

‫‪ -1‬روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ‪Aspergillus‬‬

‫] ‪[ Downloaded from yujs.yu.ac.ir on 2022-04-03‬‬

‫‪ -1-1‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﻲ‬

‫اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬

‫زاﭘﻚ ﻣﺨﻤﺮآﮔﺎر )‪ (Czapek yeast autolysat agar = CYA‬و ﻳﺎ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻣﺎﻟﺖآﮔﺎر ) = ‪Malt extract agar‬‬

‫‪ (MEA‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺖ دﻳﮕﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﺑﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬رﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺒﺎب‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﻻ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ و ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (1‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )‪.(Samson et al. 2014‬‬

‫‪ -2-1‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ روﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ‪ITS1 – 5.8 S – ) rDNA‬‬

‫‪ ،(ITS2‬ژن ﻛﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﻮدوﻟﻴﻦ )‪ ،(CaM‬ژن ﻛﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺎ‪-‬ﺗﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦ )‪ (BenA‬و ژنﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ‬
‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫واﺣﺪ ﺑﺰرگ ‪ RNA‬ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮاز ‪ 2‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )‪.(Samson et al. 2014‬‬

‫‪ -3-1‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ )‪(Extrolite data‬‬

‫در ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و رﻧﮓداﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞاﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ‪ Aspergillus‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﺻﻲ وﺟﻮد‬

‫دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ آنﻫﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ )‪.(Samson et al. 2014‬‬

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 ‫ﺳﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،1‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ‪1395‬‬ ‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫)‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran‬‬ ‫‪Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ -1‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي رﻳﺨﺘﻲ ﺳﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي‪ - A : Aspergillus‬ﻳﻚردﻳﻔﻪ‪ - B ،‬دوردﻳﻔﻪ‬

‫] ‪[ Downloaded from yujs.yu.ac.ir on 2022-04-03‬‬

‫‪Figure 1- Morphological‬‬ ‫‪characters of‬‬ ‫‪the conidial‬‬ ‫‪heads‬‬ ‫‪in Aspergillus species:‬‬
‫‪A- Unicerate, B- Bicerate.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪Aspergillus‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus flavus Link -1-2‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﻫﻔﺖ روز در دﻣﺎي ‪ 25‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮاد‪ ،‬روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ 50 – 60 MEA‬ﻣﻴﻠـﻲﻣﺘـﺮ‪،‬‬

‫‪ 50 – 55 CYA‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ و ‪ 35–40 CZ‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ‪ MEA‬رﻧـﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﺳـﺒﺰ زرد ﺑـﺎ‬

‫رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪ در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ و ﭘﺸﺖ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﻬﻮهاي دارﭼﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ CYA‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ در ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ زرد‬

‫ﺑﺎ رﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪ در ﻟﺒﻪ و ﭘﺸﺖ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﻲ رﻧﮓ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬روي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫـﺎ ﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮمﻫـﺎ زﺑـﺮ ﺑـﻮده و ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و رﻧﮓداﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﻏﻠﺐ ﻳﻚ ردﻳﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دو ردﻳﻔﻪ ﻫﺴـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳـﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻳـﻚ‬
‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫ردﻳﻔﻪ داراي ﺣﺒﺎبﻫﺎي واﮔﺮا ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻪ ﭼﻬﺎرم ﺳﻄﺢ آن را ﻣﻲﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ در دوردﻳﻔﻪﻫﺎ ﺣﺒﺎبﻫـﺎ‬

‫ﻛﺮوي ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮد‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ )‪ (14) 18- 39 (40‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )‪ (450 - 760) × (9 - 16‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ زﺑـﺮ و‬

‫ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ 3/5 – 5‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎف ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ زﺑﺮ و ﺳﺒﺰ زرد ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬

‫اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ‪-‬زرد و ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎي زﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ )‪.(Nyongesa et al. 2015‬‬

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 ‫رﺣﻴﻤﻲزاده و ﺻﺪروي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪Aspergillus‬‬
‫‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺳﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻢ آﻓﻼﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬از ﺳﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦزاي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦزا اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ در اﺛﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻨﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦزا ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ) ‪Jane et‬‬

‫‪ .(al. 2012, Ehrlich 2014, Grubisha & Cotty 2015, Bandyopadhyay & Cardwel 2003‬ﺳﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬

‫‪ AF36‬و ‪ NRRL 21882‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮاورده ﺗﺠﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم آﻟﻔﺎ‪ -‬ﮔﺎرد ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬

‫ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦزا ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ از داﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎدامزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ذرت‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﻪ و ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮوش ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ‬

‫)‪.(Isakite 2011, Junaid et al. 2013‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen -2-2‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻫﻔﺖ روز در دﻣﺎي ‪ 25‬درﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﮔﺮاد‪ ،‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ 24 - 40 MEA‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬

‫‪ 20 - 30 CYA‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ و ‪ 18 - 25 CZ‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ MEA‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺗﻴﺮه ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم‬

‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن دارﭼﻴﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و رﻧﮓداﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬روي ‪ CYA‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ‬
‫] ‪[ Downloaded from yujs.yu.ac.ir on 2022-04-03‬‬

‫ﺗﺎ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﻛﺎﻫﻲ رﻧﮓ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و رﻧﮓداﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮ‬

‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه و ﻳﻚ ردﻳﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺎب ﭼﻤﺎﻗﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 19-31‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ؛ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﻧﺼﻒ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ‬

‫ﭼﻬﺎرم ﺣﺒﺎب را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﺑﺮ ‪ 280-440 × 4/8 -8‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎف و ﻛﺎﻫﻲ رﻧﮓ و ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﻮك ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻧﺪازه ﻫﺎگ‪ 2- 3 ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮد‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻲ زﺑﺮ و ﺳﺒﺰ رﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﻮك ﮔﺴﺘﺮشﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻓﻼﺳﻜﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺒﺎب ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺳﺮ ﻫﺎگ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻮﺗﺎه و ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﺑﺮ و ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻛﻮﭼﻚ اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Nyongesa et al. 2015‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪،Fumitremorgins ،Fumigaclavines A & C ،Fumitoxins ،Fumagillin :‬‬

‫‪،Methyl-sulochrin‬‬ ‫‪،Pyripyropens‬‬ ‫‪،Helvolic‬‬ ‫‪acid‬‬ ‫‪،Pseurotins‬‬ ‫‪،Trypacidin‬‬ ‫‪،Gliotoxin‬‬

‫‪ Verruculogen‬و ‪ Fumiquinazolines‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )‪ .(Samson & Varga 2007‬ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ‬

‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻏﺪه و ﺗﻮده ﺗﺨﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻏﺪه رﻳﺸﻪ در ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Amer-Zareen 2001‬‬

‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از آن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻏﻼف ﺳﻴﺎه ﻛﺎﻛﺎﺋﻮ )‪ (Cocoa black pod‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫‪ Phytophthora palmivora E. J. Butler‬ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Adebola & Amadi 2010‬‬

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 ‫ﺳﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،1‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ‪1395‬‬ ‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫)‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran‬‬ ‫‪Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus niger Tiegh -3-2‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ 45 – 55 MEA‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪ 50 – 60 CYA ،‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ و ‪50 – 65 CZ‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬روي ‪ MEA‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﺧﺮﻣﺎﻳﻲ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﻗﻬﻮهاي اﺳﺖ و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ رﻧﮓداﻧﻪﻫﺎي‬

‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل و ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت اﺳﺖ‪ .‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ CYA‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ زﻳﺘﻮﻧﻲ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﻛﻢرﻧﮓ ﺗﺎ زرد ﺑﻮده و‬

‫داراي ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ رﻧﮓداﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﺳﻴﺎهرﻧﮓ در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ و رﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ دو ردﻳﻔﻪ و ﮔﺮد ﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻛﺮوي ﻋﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺒﺎب ﮔﺮد ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ‪37 – 52‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪ 440 – 680× 6 – 12‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎف و ﻗﻬﻮهاي روﺷﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ ﻛﺮوي ‪4 – 6‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ زﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮد و ﻗﻬﻮهايرﻧﮓ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬داﺷﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻋﺮﻳﺾ و‬

‫ﺑﺰرگ اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Nyongesa et al. 2015, Reddy et al. 2010, Gautam & Bhadauria, 2012‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺎرچ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻏﻼف ﺳﻴﺎه ﻛﺎﻛﺎﺋﻮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪A. niger AN27 .(Adebola & Amadi 2010‬‬
‫] ‪[ Downloaded from yujs.yu.ac.ir on 2022-04-03‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ دو ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶدﻫﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم اﺳﻴﺪ‪-2‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻲﻣﺘﻴﻞ ‪-n-3‬ﻫﮕﺰﻳﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﺪﺋﻴﻚ و اﺳﻴﺪ‪-2‬ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦ‬

‫ﻫﮕﺰﻳﻞ ﺑﻮﺗﺎﻧﻲدﻳﻮدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪ‬

‫و ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و زﻳﺴﺖﺗﻮده ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Mondal et al. 2000‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ‪CH12‬‬

‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮﻣﻲ و ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻏﺪه ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از‬

‫‪ Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel‬و ‪ Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr.‬ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ) ‪Aydi-Ben‬‬

‫‪ .(Abdallah et al. 2015‬ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ روي ﺗﺨﻢﻫﺎ و ﻻروﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ‪Meloidogyne‬‬

‫ﺳﺒﺐ ‪ 93/3‬درﺻﺪ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻻروﻫﺎ ﺣﺘﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ‪ 20‬ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ رﻗﻴﻖ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد‪ ،‬ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ) ‪Dahiya & Singh‬‬

‫‪ .(1985‬در ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﺸﺖ ‪ ،A. niger‬ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ از ﺗﻔﺮﻳﺦ ﺗﺨﻢ و ﺳﻤﻴﺖ روي ﻻروﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ‬

‫‪ M. incognita‬را ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Bhat & Wani 2012‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در‬
‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻏﺪه رﺑﺸﻪ )‪ (M. javanica‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﺎل و ﺗﻮده ﺗﺨﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع‪ ،‬ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪ و وزنﺗﺮ اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﺪ )‪ .(Amer-Zareen 2001‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر‬

‫زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻟﻜﻪﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه )‪ Spilanthes oleracea L. (Acmella oleracea L.‬ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ ‪Alternaria‬‬

‫‪ alternata (Fr.) Keissl.‬ﺷﺪ )‪ .(Thakur & Haresh 2014‬ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻮرم و اﺗﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﺎت ﻛﺸﺖ دو ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ از‬

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 ‫رﺣﻴﻤﻲزاده و ﺻﺪروي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪Aspergillus‬‬
‫‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮم ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ )‪Globisporangium ultimum (Trow‬‬

‫‪ Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish.‬ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Aydi-Ben Abdallah et al. 2014‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus piperis Samson & Frisvad -4-2‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ ،60 – 75 CYA‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ 59 – 78 MEA‬و روي ℃‪64 – 82 CYA37‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﻢﭘﺸﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺎگزاﻳﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻧﻘﺎط ﺳﻴﺎه و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬

‫رﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻢرﻧﮓ و ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺘﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺰرگ )‪ 1 – 17‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ( و روي ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ‬

‫اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻌﺪاً زرد ﺗﺎ ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻗﻄﺮات ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﭘﺸﺖ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻢرﻧﮓ ﺗﺎ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻫﺎي ﻫﺎگ واﮔﺮا‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )‪– 300 × (7) 12 – 15 (20‬‬

‫‪ (300) 400‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ و ﺑﺎ دﻳﻮاره ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎف و ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﺎب ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮض )‪(40) 45 – 50 –(55‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻛﺮوي و دوردﻳﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﻻ ‪ (20) 25 – 30 (35) × 3 – 6‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ و ﺗﻤﺎم ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺒﺎب را‬
‫] ‪[ Downloaded from yujs.yu.ac.ir on 2022-04-03‬‬

‫ﻣﻲﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪ (5/5) 6 – 7/5 (8) × 3 – 4‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ ‪ 2/8 – 3/6 × 2/8 – 3/4‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﮔﺮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﻀﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‪ ،‬ﺻﺎف ﺗﺎ زﺑﺮ و ﺑﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر‬

‫زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺷﺒﻪﻗﺎرچ ‪ Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp.‬ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Jovicic-Petrovic et al. 2016‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus repens (Corda) Sacc -5-2‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ ،CZA‬ﻛﻢﭘﺸﺖ و ﺻﺎف ﺗﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ ﭼﻴﻦﺧﻮرده و ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ زرد ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ و ﭘﺸﺖ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ زرد ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﺰ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬درون آن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺘﻮﺗﺴﻴﻮمﻫﺎي زرد ﺗﺎ‬

‫ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲرﻧﮓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﻧﺎم‪،Erythroglaucin ،Physoion ،Echinulin :‬‬

‫‪ Asperentin ،Flavoglaucin‬و ‪ Asperentin 8-methylether‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ آﺳﭙﺮﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬

‫داراي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ .(Podojil et al. 1978‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر‬
‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻏﻼف ﺳﻴﺎه ﻛﺎﻛﺎﺋﻮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Adebola & Amadi 2010‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus tamarii Kita -6-2‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ MEA‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 50 – 65 CYA ،45 – 55‬و ‪ 50 – 55 CZ‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮاﺳﺖ‪ .‬روي‬

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 ‫ﺳﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،1‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ‪1395‬‬ ‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫)‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran‬‬ ‫‪Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ MEA‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﻬﻮهاي زﻳﺘﻮﻧﻲ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﻗﻬﻮهاي‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و رﻧﮓداﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل و‬

‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ زﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ‪ CYA‬زرد ﻛﺮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ رﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﻛﻲ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﻛﻢرﻧﮓ‬

‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت و رﻧﮓداﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﺪارد‪ .‬روي ‪ CZ‬ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ زرد ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ و در ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ داراي ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﻛﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ دوردﻳﻔﻪ و واﮔﺮا ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازه ‪ 64 – 69‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺒﺎب ﻛﺮوي ﺑﻪاﻧﺪازه )‪ (20) 28 – 43 (50‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ دﻳﻮاره زﺑﺮ و ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ و ﺑﻪاﻧﺪازه‬

‫‪ 640 – 900×9–18‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ ‪ 3 – 5‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮد‪ ،‬زﺑﺮ و ﺳﺒﺰرﻧﮓ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ آن ﺳﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺰرگ و ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ .(Nyongesa et al. 2015‬ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﺸﺖ‬

‫ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ در ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻏﺪه‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع‪ ،‬ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪ و وزنﺗﺮ اﻧﺪام‬

‫ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Amer-Zareen et al. 2001‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus terreus Thom -7-2‬‬

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‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ 31 CZA‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ زرد روﺷﻦ ﺗﺎ زرد‪-‬ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﺗﻴﺮه و رﻧﮓ ﭘﺸﺖ آن‬

‫زرد روﺷﻦ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ MEA‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ‪ 45‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﻗﻬﻮهاي‬

‫زرد و داراي ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﺷﻔﺎف روي ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ MEA‬ﺳﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺸﺮده ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل‬

‫‪ 80 – 160‬و ﻋﺮض ‪ 40 – 50‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﺑﺮ ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ و ﺻﺎف و ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ‪ 100– 225‬و ﻋﺮض ‪4 –5‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ دﻳﻮاره‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺎب ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 10 – 20‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬دوردﻳﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﻻ آﻣﭙﻮﻟﻲﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻃﻮل ‪ 5 – 7‬و ﻋﺮض ‪ 1/5 – 2‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ آﻣﭙﻮﻟﻲﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل ‪ 5 – 8‬و ﻋﺮض ‪ 2 – 1/ 5‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪،‬‬

‫ﻫﺎگﻫﺎ ﻛﺮوي ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 1/6 – 2/5‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )‪.(Afzal et al. 2013, Gautam & Bhadauria 2012‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﺪه رﻳﺸﻪ )‪ (M. javanica‬ﺳﺒﺐ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﺎل و ﺗﻮده ﺗﺨﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ارﺗﻔﺎع‪ ،‬ﻃﻮل رﻳﺸﻪ و وزنﺗﺮ اﻧﺪام ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫)‪ .(Amer-Zareen 2001‬ﻋﺼﺎره ﻛﻠﺮوﻓﻮرم و اﺗﻴﻞاﺳﺘﺎت ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻬﺎر زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎري‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮم ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪ Globisporangium ultimum‬ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪﻃﻮريﻛﻪ در ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ‪ 20‬درﺻﺪ‬

‫)ﺣﺠﻢ‪/‬ﺣﺠﻢ( ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ از رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮ را ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Aydi-Ben Abdallah et al. 2014‬‬

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 ‫رﺣﻴﻤﻲزاده و ﺻﺪروي‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪي ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ‪Aspergillus‬‬
‫‪Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 6(1), 2017‬‬

‫‪Aspergillus tubingensis Mosseray -8-2‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ CYA‬در دﻣﺎي ℃‪ 25‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ 65 – 72‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎه و ﭘﺸﺖ آن‬

‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ‪ ،‬روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪ MEA‬ﻗﻄﺮ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ‪ 56 – 57‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﺳﻴﺎه و ﭘﺸﺖ آن ﺑﻲرﻧﮓ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻧﺪازه‬

‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮمﻫﺎ ‪ 4 – 5‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﻲ ﭼﺮوﻛﻴﺪه ﺗﺎ ﭼﺮوﻛﻴﺪه‪ ،‬ﮔﺮد ﺗﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﮔﺮد و ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻗﻬﻮهاي ﺗﻴﺮه ﺗﺎ ﺳﻴﺎه‪،‬‬

‫ﺣﺒﺎب ﻛﺮوي‪ 45 – 69 ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )‪ .(Mirhendi et al. 2016, Silva et al. 2011‬ﺟﺪاﻳﻪاي از اﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺎده ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ اﻛﺴﻴﺪاز )‪ Glucose oxidase(GOD‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎرچﻛﺶ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﻮي‬

‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎده رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﺎگ ﻗﺎرچ ‪Fusarium solani‬‬

‫‪ (Mart.) Sacc.‬را در ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻬﺎر ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و در واﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﺎگ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮر‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻮده‬

‫ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻣﻲ و واﻛﻮﺋﻞﺳﺎزي ﻣﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮم ﻗﺎرچ را ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‪ .‬وﻗﻮع ﺑﻴﻤﺎري در ﺣﻀﻮر ‪ GOD‬ﺑﻲاﺛﺮ ﺑﻮده و‬

‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ درﻣﺎن ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮيﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪.(Kriaa et al. 2015‬‬

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‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد‬

‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﺸﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪ Aspergillus‬ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﻨﺪرو در ﺧﺎك‪ ،‬آب‪ ،‬ﻣﻮاد ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ در ﺣﺎل‬

‫ﻓﺴﺎد‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻮهﻫﺎ و داﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎري ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪه از رﺷﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﮔﺮﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬

‫ﺷﺪت ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻏﻼف ﺳﻴﺎه ﻛﺎﻛﺎﺋﻮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎي ﻏﺪه رﻳﺸﻪ و ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮﻣﻲ رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻮﺟﻪﻓﺮﻧﮕﻲ‪،‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ آﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎرﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ و ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﺮم ﻏﺪه ﺳﻴﺐزﻣﻴﻨﻲ را دارا‬

‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان رﻳﺰﺟﺎﻧﺪاران اﻓﺰاﻳﺶدﻫﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶدﻫﻨﺪه‬

‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﻓﻼﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ در داﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻧﺒﺎري و ﺧﺸﻜﺒﺎر ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬از ﺑﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ‪،A. flavus‬‬

‫‪ A. tamarii ،A. niger ،A. fumigatus‬و ‪ A. tereus‬از روي زﻧﺒﻮر ﻋﺴﻞ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎدامزﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺰا‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺪق‪،‬‬

‫اﻧﺠﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺒﻪ آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﺪم ﻧﺎن‪ ،‬ذرت‪ ،‬ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎهﺗﺎغ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﻴﺪﺗﺎغ‪،‬‬
‫] ‪[ DOR: 20.1001.1.22519270.1395.6.1.7.0‬‬

‫اﻧﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬اﻧﺎر و اﻧﮕﻮر در اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ )ارﺷﺎد ‪ ،(1388‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺟﺪاﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬

‫آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ آﻓﻼﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

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 1395 ‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬،1 ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ‬ ‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
Plant Pathology Science (ISSN:2251-9270) Yasouj University, RICeST & ISC (Iran) Vol. 6(1), 2017

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 1395 ‫ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن‬،1 ‫ ﺟﻠﺪ‬،‫ﺳﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ‬ ‫داﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
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